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1.
土壤侵蚀是滇池流域重要的生态问题之一,掌握滇池流域土壤侵蚀敏感性的时空变化特征有助于水土保持工作的实施和改进。以降雨量、DEM、土壤类型和Landsat影像为数据源,选择降雨、土壤、坡度坡长、植被覆盖4个因子建立土壤侵蚀敏感性评价体系,对滇池流域进行土壤侵蚀敏感性评价。结果表明:滇池流域土壤侵蚀敏感性以轻度敏感和中度敏感为主。空间分布上,轻度敏感区主要分布在滇池周边。中度敏感区主要分布在滇池流域山地区域,地形陡峭。时间变化上,1999—2014年滇池流域土壤侵蚀敏感程度呈下降趋势。轻度敏感区域面积增加20.18%,中度敏感区域面积减少20.31%,轻度敏感区的增加来源于中度敏感区的转变,转变区域分布于滇池流域西北部和东南部。在土壤侵蚀敏感性影响因子中,降雨是影响滇池流域土壤侵蚀敏感性的关键因子。研究滇池流域土壤敏感性时空变化,识别滇池流域易发生土壤侵蚀的区域,有助于该区域水土保持措施实施、生态治理和土地利用优化。  相似文献   

2.
A principal challenge in erosion control is the integration of the many technical and non‐technical issues that affect the acceptance of soil conservation measures by land users. This first paper in a three‐part series considers the main criteria at farm level: biophysical efficiency; productivity and sustainability; and socio‐economic acceptability. A model is developed to integrate these various components into a decision‐making framework for soil conservation at the farm level. With the particular conditions of the Loess Plateau in China, land degradation comprises a number of key biophysical and socio‐economic variables. The model components therefore include available water storage capacity of the soil as an index of productivity, the organic matter and mineral soil balance to reflect the major changes to the soil when eroded, and cost‐benefit analysis to determine the economic wisdom of devoting household resources to land improvement. The model is calibrated using data from the Nihegou Catchment near Chunhua in the southern part of the Loess Plateau. Through simulation runs, this model enables a better understanding of erosion–productivity–time relationships. Although relatively simple, the model successfully encompasses the processes of greatest significance to agricultural development in this part of China. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

3.
The question of increasing fallow land assumes significance at national and international levels due to the decline in net cultivated area and increasing population. Biophysical characteristics of farmland and socio‐economic conditions of farmers are responsible for the increasing fallow. This study was carried out to assess the extent of permanent fallow and identify causes for its increase. High‐resolution remote sensing data were used to identify fallow land in two identified blocks of south India, viz. Nanguneri and Kangeyam. The land resources were characterized, and the specific biophysical and socio‐economic factors responsible for the increasing fallow land were assessed. Multiple regression analysis was carried out to identify the factors responsible for increasing fallows. Soil parameters such as erosion, soil texture, soil depth and available nitrogen contributed significantly (P > 0.05) to the increase in fallow land. The size of farm holding, number of farm fragments, distance from the road in Nanguneri and farm size and the distance to the nearest town in Kangeyam were socio‐economic factors that had a strong effect (P > 0.01) on increasing the fallow land. Variable importance rankings in random forest analysis indicated that soil erosion and soil pH had the largest impact on the decision to fallow land in Nanguneri and Kangeyam blocks, respectively. Based on biophysical and socio‐economic constraints, the land resources of fallow land were evaluated for other alternate land use options and policy measures were suggested.  相似文献   

4.
沱江流域土壤侵蚀动态变化及驱动力分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
为了解沱江流域土壤侵蚀的动态演变规律及驱动机制,以沱江流域为研究区,基于GIS和RS技术,运用RUSLE模型测评流域2000—2018年的土壤侵蚀,对其时空动态演变规律进行了探索分析,并结合海拔、坡度、植被覆盖度、地形地貌、土地、降雨、GDP、人口等影响因子,借助地理探测器对其土壤侵蚀进行了定量归因研究。结果表明:(1)沱江流域土壤侵蚀以微度侵蚀为主,主要分布于低矮的平原和坡耕地地区; 2000—2018年,微度侵蚀等级比例随时间在逐渐增大,2018年相比2000年增加了7.03%,剧烈侵蚀等级比例随时间在逐渐减小,2018年相比2000年减小了2.00%。(2)以2010年为分界点,2000—2010年和2010—2018年土壤侵蚀等级微度的变化稳定率都大于75%,两个时间段内土壤侵蚀强度等级降低的范围均大于侵蚀等级升高的范围。(3)地理探测器结果表明,不同影响因子对土壤侵蚀的解释力具有差异性,解释力最强的为坡度,达到48.32%,因子间交互作用均能增强对土壤侵蚀的解释力,坡度与土地利用、坡度与降雨量的交互最为显著,交互作用解释力分别达到61.58%,52.32%,风险探测表明坡度大于35°,海拔大于1 500 m等起伏较大的山区是土壤侵蚀的高风险区,需重点治理。  相似文献   

5.
Soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China is a major concern and the Central Government has initiated the Grain‐for‐Green Programme to convert farmland to forests and grassland to improve the environment. This paper analyses the relationship between land use and soil erosion in Zhongjiang, a typical agricultural county of Sichuan Province located in areas with severe soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In our analysis, we use the ArcGIS spatial analysis module with detailed land‐use data as well as data on slope conditions and soil erosion. Our research shows that the most serious soil erosion is occurring on agricultural land with a slope of 10∼25 degrees. Both farmland and permanent crops are affected by soil erosion, with almost the same percentage of soil erosion for corresponding slope conditions. Farmland with soil erosion accounts for 86·2 per cent of the total eroded agricultural land. In the farmland with soil erosion, 22·5 per cent have a slope of < 5 degrees, 20·3 per cent have a slope of 5∼10 degrees, and 57·1 per cent have a slope of > 10 degrees. On gentle slopes with less than 5 degrees inclination, some 6 per cent of the farmland had strong (5000∼8000 t km−2 y−1) or very strong (8000∼15000 t km−2 y−1) erosion. However, on steep slopes of more than 25 degrees, strong or very strong erosion was reported for more than 42 per cent of the farmland. These numbers explain why the task of soil and water conservation should be focused on the prevention of soil erosion on farmland with steep or very steep slopes. A Feasibility Index is developed and integrated socio‐economic assessment on the feasibility of improving sloping farmland in 56 townships and towns is carried out. Finally, to ensure the success of the Grain‐for‐Green Programme, countermeasures to improve sloping farmland and control soil erosion are proposed according to the values of the Feasibility Index in the townships and towns. These include: (1) to terrace sloping farmland on a large scale and to convert farmland with a slope of over 25 degrees to forests or grassland; (2) to develop ecological agriculture combined with improving the sloping farmland and constructing prime farmland and to pay more attention to improving the technology for irrigation and cultivation techniques; and (3) to carry out soil conservation on steep‐sloping farmland using suggested techniques. In addition, improving ecosystems and the inhabited environment through yard and garden construction for households is also an effective way to prevent soil erosion. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

6.
台湾因地形、地质与气候的关系故崩塌与土壤流失颇多,加上人为过度开发与土地超限利用结果.遂造成不少土砂灾害问题.为了加速国土的复育,水土保持植生工程中常加入黏着剂除使植物种子有效的停留于坡面生长外,也有保护坡面防止土壤冲蚀的目的.研究乃以亚热带地区常见的红壤为试样,喷洒常用的3种粘着剂,并在降雨强度50,80,110 mm/h及坡度16.7°,21.8°与28.8°的情况下进行60 min试验.结果表明:高分子黏着剂较其它2种材料能保持稳定的抗冲蚀效果,压克力树脂于高强度降雨冲蚀较多,德国柏油乳剂则坡度愈陡冲蚀愈多.  相似文献   

7.
[目的]揭示十堰市水土流失时空格局及影响因子,可对该区域水土保持及丹江口水库水质保护工作提供科学依据。[方法]基于2005—2020年十堰市水土流失动态监测数据及监测站点长时序观测数据,探究十堰市水土流失时空变化特征,并借鉴RUSLE模型定量评价其主要影响因子。[结果]十堰市水土流失在2005—2011年处于遏制阶段、2012—2020年处于相对稳定阶段;2020年十堰市中部地区水土流失呈现面积小、强度高的特点,南部三区呈现面积广、强度低的特点,而北部地区呈现面积广、强度高的特点。对于不同土地利用类型的径流小区,裸地小区平均土壤侵蚀模数最高[2 320 t/(km2·a)],随后依次为耕地、经济林和草地小区;3个坡度等级(0°～10°,10°～20°,20°～30°)小区平均土壤侵蚀模数分别为[616.73,1 226.65,2 080.26 t/(km2·a)],表明坡度超过10°后水土流失严重加剧;与天然植被覆盖小区相比,紫穗槐植物篱和土坎梯田小区的水土流失明显减弱,且紫穗槐植物篱的水土保持效果更优;不同土地利用类型小区的土壤侵蚀模数与坡...  相似文献   

8.
基于空间主成分分析的湖北省土壤侵蚀敏感性评价   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
以湖北省为研究区,利用GIS技术将土壤侵蚀与地形坡度、海拔、植被、降水量、土壤类型和土地利用类型等环境背景因素进行叠加分析,计算不同环境背景条件下的土壤侵蚀综合指数,分析土壤侵蚀与这些因素间的关系。在此基础上,运用空间主成分分析法(SPCA)评价不同环境背景下的土壤侵蚀敏感性程度,揭示研究区土壤侵蚀风险的空间分布特征。结果表明,研究区30.6%的地区属于土壤侵蚀非敏感区,55.8%的地区属于轻度和中度敏感区,13.6%的地区属于高度敏感区。土壤侵蚀敏感性高的地区主要位于相对高程150—500 m、坡度8°—15°、植被覆盖度低、土质疏松、土地利用以坡耕旱地为主的地带,这些地区是水土保持综合治理的重点区域。  相似文献   

9.
坡地开垦的径流泥沙响应   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Land use and land cover change is a key driver of environmental change. To investigate the runoff and erosion responses to frequent land use change on the steep lands in the Three Gorges area, China, a rainfall simulation experiment was conducted in plots randomly selected at a Sloping Land Conversion Program site with three soil surface conditions: existing vegetation cover, vegetation removal, and freshly hoed. Simulated rainfall was applied at intensities of 60 (low), 90 (medium), and 120 mm h 1 (high) in each plot. The results indicated that vegetation removal and hoeing significantly changed runoff generation. The proportion of subsurface runoff in the total runoff decreased from 30.3% to 6.2% after vegetation removal. In the hoed plots, the subsurface runoff comprised 29.1% of the total runoff under low-intensity rainfall simulation and the proportion rapidly decreased with increasing rainfall intensity. Vegetation removal and tillage also significantly increased soil erosion. The average soil erosion rates from the vegetation removal and hoed plots were 3.0 and 10.2 times larger than that in the existing vegetation cover plots, respectively. These identified that both the runoff generation mechanism and soil erosion changed as a consequence of altering land use on steep lands. Thus, conservation practices with maximum vegetation cover and minimum tillage should be used to reduce surface runoff and soil erosion on steep lands.  相似文献   

10.
密云水库上游流域次降雨坡面产流产沙特征   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4  
以北京市密云县石匣小流域为研究区,利用2006-2010年连续5 a的坡面径流试验小区观测资料,运用统计方法,分析了密云水库上游流域的降雨、产流产沙特征以及在不同土地利用和不同坡度条件下,降雨量、降雨强度与产流、产沙之间的关系。结果表明:1)该研究区域水土保持治理措施实施的关键时间为每年的7、8月份,当降雨量大于10 mm时,应注意采取水土保持措施;2)在裸地、耕地和林地条件下,高雨量、中雨强型降雨为导致产流、产沙的主要雨型,在草地条件下,中雨量、高雨强型降雨为导致产流、产沙的主要雨型;3)中雨量高雨强型降雨条件下,林地的减流效益最好,低雨量低雨强型降雨和高雨量中雨强型降雨条件下,耕地的减流效益相对较低,草地和林地的减流效益差异不大;在3种不同雨型条件下,耕地、草地和林地的减沙效益差别不大;4)裸地条件下,降雨量与产流量间的关系更为密切,尤其在14.4°坡面下相关性最高;耕地条件下,产流量与降雨量的相关性较好,产沙量则与降雨强度的相关性较好,11.4°的坡面产流量、产沙量与降雨因子间的相关系数最高;草地条件下,降雨强度与产流量间的关系较为密切;林地条件下,产流量、产沙量与降雨因子间的相关性均不显著。研究结果可为密云水库上游水土保持措施及农业面源污染管理措施的科学实施提供依据。  相似文献   

11.
[目的]研究区域土壤侵蚀,揭示水土流失的空间分异规律,为区域水土保持和生态农业建设提供理论指导依据。[方法]应用GIS和RUSLE模型对云南省泸水县的土壤侵蚀进行研究。RUSLE模型中的因子包括降雨侵蚀力、土壤可蚀性、坡度坡长因子、植被覆盖和水土保持措施因子,运用GIS空间分析模块,获取泸水县土壤侵蚀模数空间分布图,根据SL 190-2007的分级标准进行土壤侵蚀强度分级,并分析该区土壤侵蚀强度空间分布格局。[结果](1)从各强度侵蚀面积上看,泸水县2014年土壤侵蚀以微度侵蚀为主,占总面积的86.86%,但从平均土壤侵蚀模数看,土壤侵蚀量为4.24×10~6 t,平均侵蚀模数为1 373.1t/(km~2·a),土壤侵蚀强度属于轻度侵蚀;(2)土壤侵蚀较严重区与未利用地、耕地空间分布基本一致,在坡度25°~50°的范围内,侵蚀面积占总侵蚀面积的75%,并且在该坡度段上的耕地面积占总耕地的63%,剧烈侵蚀集中分布在未利用地上,中度以上剧烈以下强度侵蚀集中分布在该坡度段上的耕地上,说明该坡耕地、未利用地对土壤侵蚀的贡献最大,要加强对未利用地的生态治理。[结论]坡度大,陡坡垦殖和未利用地的不合理利用是该区土壤侵蚀加重的主要原因,坡度在25°以上的地区不适宜耕种,应优化农业产业结构如实施退耕还林还草等措施,才能有效的保持水土。  相似文献   

12.
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13.
M. Koulouri  Chr. Giourga   《CATENA》2007,69(3):274-281
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14.
In areas susceptible to erosion, there is the need for a comprehensive soil conservation programme so as to be able to prevent catastrophic soil erosion problems. The absence of such a programme in central eastern Nigeria, that has a total land area of 20 000 km2, necessitated the drawing up of a soil conservation strategy for the area. The aim was to provide information for better land-use planning and proper environmental and soil management. To achieve this, topographic, soil and landform maps of the area at the scale of 1:50 000 were used to delineate into slope land units, viz: 0–4 per cent, <4 per cent, drainage basins and headwaters. These slope units and estimated soil erosion hazard units using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) were employed to form a general purpose land classification based on the USDA land capability classification and FAO framework on land evaluation.The soil loss tolerance of the area falls between 1·16 and 1·30 Mg ha−1 yr−1, while the erosion hazard units are considered generally suitable for the various land utilization types, with a number of limitations the main ones being erosion and waterlogging. The soil conservation measures proposed involved the application of bioenvironmental processes in the area and appropriate watershed management. The techniques proposed are those based on low input technology, affordable by rural farmers. It is concluded that these soil conservation measures will be adequate for sustainable agricultural production in the area. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
The numerous estuarine, marshy and marine ecosystems along the coastline of Mauritius Island are potential sinks for sediment especially during intense rainfall events when delivery ratios are high at basin outlets. For sustainable environmental management, soil and water conservation measures are needed, as these will better protect the cultivated lands and aquatic ecosystems from the damages associated with excessive soil loss and sediment deposition. Conservation program usually requires focusing available resources on a limited number of priority action areas. Such areas typically have the highest erosion risk and are connected to aquatic ecosystems. An erosion risk mapping model has been applied in this work to find the priority action areas of Mauritius and new datasets representing rainfall erosivity and topographic factors were used compared to a previous application of the same model. Rainfall erosivity was mapped with Fournier Index instead of rainfall depth. The topographic effect was mapped using a function combining slope length and slope gradient (LS) and was based on the unit contributing area algorithm along with land parcels effect. These new datasets improved the erosion risk mapping and the identification and prioritisation of high erosion areas. The prioritisation was done at basin and subbasin scales and considered the location of wetlands. This enabled the identification of basins and subbasins with the greatest erosion risk and towards which conservation measures can be directed for protecting lands on-site and wetlands off-site from environmental damages.  相似文献   

16.
为评价小浪底库区30年来土壤侵蚀特征及其影响因素,基于RUSLE模型,估算小浪底库区1990—2020年土壤侵蚀模数,分析土壤侵蚀时空变化特征,并结合地理探测器定量分析植被覆盖度、土地利用类型、海拔、坡度和降雨量等影响因子对土壤侵蚀格局的影响。结果表明：(1)小浪底库区土壤侵蚀模数从1990年的3 150 t/(km2·a)下降至2020年的1 554 t/(km2·a),土壤流失总量减少50.00%。高等级土壤侵蚀持续向低等级侵蚀转变,从1990—2020年,剧烈、极强烈、强烈、中度和轻度侵蚀面积分别下降53.92%,64.51%,55.65%,39.68%和3.28%,而微度侵蚀面积则上升41.13%。现阶段土壤侵蚀强度以微度侵蚀为主,其次是轻度侵蚀,两者分别占总侵蚀面积的60.02%和24.08%。(2)小浪底库区严重的土壤侵蚀主要分布在库区西南部(平陆县、陕州区)、东南部(济源市、孟津县)和中部(垣曲县)等人类活动集中的部分地区,但在时空上呈收缩聚集的特征。(3)植被覆盖度与土地利用类型对小浪底库区土壤侵蚀强度的解释力高于其他因子,植...  相似文献   

17.
龙门山地震带坡耕地土壤侵蚀对有机碳迁移的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
坡耕地土壤再分布对土壤有机碳(SOC,soil organic carbon)迁移的作用机制研究已成为土壤侵蚀学研究的热点,然而目前极少有研究关注地震后生态脆弱的龙门山地震带坡耕地土壤侵蚀机理及其导致的土壤有机碳再分布规律。该研究选择龙门山地震带内(都江堰市)一块陡坡耕地和一个梯田系列,采用137Cs法和野外调查,对比分析强震导致田埂垮塌和未受损情况下坡耕地土壤侵蚀空间变化特征和有机碳运移变化机理。结果表明,该区黄棕壤有效137Cs背景值为1 473 Bq/m2;坡度较小的坡式梯田内部上坡表现为侵蚀,下坡表现为沉积,同时,上部梯田的侵蚀速率高于下部梯田,但整个梯田系列净侵蚀量非常小,这表明梯田之间由于缺乏田埂的保护,水力也起着侵蚀、搬运上坡梯田土壤的作用,但是整个坡式梯田系列可以起到较好的保土作用,同时,坡式梯田内部主要以耕作侵蚀为主,是造成梯田上部坡位土壤流失严重的主要原因;陡坡耕地的地形为复合坡,由于田埂垮塌导致其土壤侵蚀速率显著高于坡式梯田系列,在整个坡面上,除了坡顶土壤侵蚀速率高之外,下坡坡度变大(曲率较大)的部位土壤侵蚀速率也非常高,同时,土壤沉积也发生在2个坡位(中下坡坡度较缓的部位和坡脚部位);在梯田系列和陡坡耕地上,SOC与土壤137Cs的空间变化规律较为一致。研究结果表明,在龙门山地震带,质量较好的石埂梯田仍然发挥着较好的土壤保持效果,同时,耕作侵蚀是该区坡耕地上一种重要的土壤侵蚀形式,在制定相应的土壤保持措施时,必须充分考虑耕作侵蚀的作用,才能有效地控制土壤侵蚀,此外,该研究结果还表明采用137Cs核素示踪技术可以比较科学地解释该区域的土壤侵蚀速率和SOC的空间变异规律。  相似文献   

18.
关于土地退化及其综合整治   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
水土保持对于山区、丘陵区和风沙区退化土地的治理 ,对于协调人与自然的关系具有重要作用。我国退化土地广泛分布 ,土壤水蚀是严重的土地退化现象。长江上游水蚀面积 3 5 2万km2 ,年土壤侵蚀量达 15 6亿t。综合整治长江上中游山地环境 ,要合理调整土地利用结构 ,坚决实行陡坡退耕还林 ,积极推广坡地改梯田、坡地绿篱、横坡种植等措施 ,对城镇、矿山、道路等基础设施建设实行严格的管理和监测  相似文献   

19.
Most climate change scenarios predict a significant increase in the frequency of high intensity rainfall events especially in the dry areas, which will increase runoff and soil erosion. Understanding the factors that control soil erosion is crucial to recommending appropriate measures to protect soils and reduce their vulnerability. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of rainfall intensity, slope, land use and antecedent soil moisture on soil erosion and runoff. Twelve sites from Al‐Muwaqqar watershed, Jordan, were selected to represent six slope angles: 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9%. Two sites, one cultivated with barley and one as rangeland, were selected within each slope. Erosion was measured under three rainfall intensities: 3, 5 and 10 mm h−1; and three different antecedent soil moisture contents: dry, wet and very wet; using a rotating disk rainfall simulator. Regression equations indicated that rainfall intensity was the most important factor affecting soil erosion and that erosion could occur at a relatively small intensity on wet soils as a result of subsequent rainfall events. Soil erosion on cultivated land was primarily affected by moisture content, while on uncultivated land, it was mostly affected by slope steepness. Rainfall intensity, slope and antecedent moisture explained 84–89 and 59–66% of the variation in runoff and soil loss, respectively. The results indicated the significant influence of cultivating the land on soil erosion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

20.
This paper focuses on the analysis of the slope and catchment erosion dynamics in a typical Mediterranean context and its sensitivity to recent climatic and socio‐economic changes. The main objective of the present study is to test the reliability of digital photogrammetric analysis to evaluate the time and space evolution of erosion processes mainly triggered by surface running waters and landslides for about the last 60 years. The selected test area is the Landola catchment, a minor tributary of the Upper Orcia River Valley (Southern Tuscany). The Upper Orcia valley is a key site for the comprehension of denudation processes typically acting in Mediterranean badland areas thanks to the following: (i) the availability of long‐lasting erosion monitoring datasets (20 years' long direct measurements at erosion ‘hot spots’); (ii) its representativeness as a sub‐humid Mediterranean badland area; and (iii) the rapidity of development of erosion processes, which makes it suitable as an open‐air laboratory for the study of badland dynamics. The outputs of this work highlight that the application of high‐resolution digital photogrammetric methodologies can represent a powerful and low‐cost tool to evaluate rates and spatial–temporal distribution of denudation processes, as confirmed by the validation through field point monitoring in areas close to the study area. The results obtained for the study area confirm that high erosion rates are a persistent environmental problem for the Upper Orcia Valley, which is not solved up to now, despite various land conservation interventions. The performed multi‐temporal analysis shows a slight decrease in the average water erosion rate during the last 60 years and a parallel increase in the frequency of mass wasting events. These variations are most likely related to a complex interplay between land use changes that have affected the study area during the studied period, revealing a very delicate equilibrium between farming activities and erosion processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

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