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1.
Current year shoot cuttings were collected in October and August from three growth habits of peach (Compact, Pillar, and Standard) and treated with one of four concentrations of indole butyric acid (0, 250, 1250, and 2500 mg L−1 IBA). Rooting response was measured after 5 weeks in the greenhouse. Little or no rooting occurred with cuttings from any growth habit that was collected in October or in August when treated with 0 and 2500 mg L−1 IBA. In August, the number of shoots that rooted was greater in cuttings from Pillar (79 and 45%) than Compact (13 and 3%) treated with 250 and 1250 mg L−1 IBA, respectively. Cuttings from Standard trees had intermediate rooting of 56 and 6% at 250 and 1250 mg L−1 IBA, respectively. Pillar trees consistently grew more roots with greater root length per cutting than the other growth habits. It is proposed that differences in rooting response among the growth habits may be associated with differences in endogenous auxin concentration that had been found in previous studies. Within peach and possibly other fruit trees, the capacity of shoot cuttings to develop adventitious roots can vary by cultivar and successful root induction with exogenous plant growth regulators may depend, in part, on endogenous hormone levels.  相似文献   

2.
'Georgia Red' peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and TU-82-155 sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] were grown in monocultured or intercropped recirculating hydroponic systems in a greenhouse using the nutrient film technique (NFT). The objective was to determine whether growth and subsequent yield would be affected by intercropping. Treatments were sweetpotato monoculture (SP), peanut monoculture (PN), and sweetpotato and peanut grown in separate NFT channels but sharing a common nutrient solution (SP-PN). Greenhouse conditions ranged from 24 to 33 degrees C, 60% to 90% relative humidity (RH), and photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 200 to 1700 micromoles m-2 s-1. Sweetpotato cuttings (15 cm long) and 14-day-old seedlings of peanuts were planted into growth channels (0.15 x 0.15 x 1.2 m). Plants were spaced 25 cm apart within and 25 cm apart between growing channels. A modified half-Hoagland solution with a 1 N: 2.4 K ratio was used. Solution pH was maintained between 5.5 and 6.0 for treatments involving SP and 6.4 and 6.7 for PN. Electrical conductivity (EC) ranged between 1100 and 1200 microS cm-1. The number of storage roots per sweetpotato plant was similar for both SP and SP-PN. Storage root fresh and dry mass were 29% and 36% greater, respectively, for plants in the SP-PN treatment than for plants in the SP treatment. The percent dry mass of the storage roots, dry mass of fibrous and pencil roots, and the length-to-diameter ratio of storage roots were similar for SP and SP-PN sweetpotato plants. Likewise, foliage fresh and dry mass and harvest index were not significantly influenced by treatment. Total dry mass was 37% greater for PN than for SP-PN peanut plants, and pod dry mass was 82% higher. Mature and total seed dry mass and fibrous root dry mass were significantly greater for PN than for SP-PN plants. Harvest index (HI) was similar for both treatments. Root length tended to be lower for seedlings grown in the nutrient solution from the SP-PN treatment.  相似文献   

3.
The rooting ability of one-node leafy cuttings of Eucalyptus globulus decreased rapidly with distance from the (decapitated) apical node. The young and immature leaves close to the shoot apex usually promoted rooting whereas the apex itself had little effect or was detrimental. In apical cuttings with an equivalent complement of leaves, increasing stem volume (and woodiness at the base of the cutting) slightly reduced rooting. The swelling of the stem at the base of shoots from coppice or potted plants also reduced rooting when present at the base of the cutting, whereas the inclusion of the root/shoot junction of seedlings promoted rooting. Cuttings from small seedlings rooted well and the roots sometimes emerged directly from the stem, whereas in non-seedling cuttings, roots nearly always arose from callus. The survival of cuttings in the propagation environment varied between trials. In apical cuttings with the same leaf complement, survival tended to increase with woodiness at the base of the cutting, but in contiguous one-node cuttings this tendency was overcome by the leaves, the soft apical nodes surviving better than the more proximal woodier nodes.  相似文献   

4.
The effects of collection time, cutting age, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and putrescine application on the rooting of cuttings of Italian hazelnut cultivars ‘Tonda Gentile Romana’, ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ and ‘Nocchione’ were investigated. Samples collected during late June, late July and early September from newly formed and 1-year old part of twigs to be utilized to produce leafy cuttings, after being treated with 1000 and 2000 ppm IBA, respectively. In addition, the September cuttings were also treated, respectively, with 1000 and 2000 ppm IBA and 1600 ppm putrescine. Rooting ability was evaluated 2 months after planting for each treatment and collection time. Satisfactory rooting of hazelnut leafy cuttings was observed when collection time occurred in June and September, whereas leafy cuttings collected in July showed a limited capacity of rooting in all cultivars tested. On average, the rooting of the newly formed leafy cuttings was more than the 1-year old cuttings. Rooting was also promoted by IBA treatments, mainly in ‘Nocchione’ and ‘Tonda di Giffoni’. In contrast, young cuttings collected from ‘Tonda Gentile Romana’ in early September rooted poorly when treated with IBA alone, but showed the best rooting (∼80%) after the application of a combination of 1000 ppm IBA and 1600 ppm putrescine. The current findings confirm that putrescine can be a useful substance for increasing rooting percentage and root quality in cuttings of some hazelnut cultivars as obtained from ‘Tonda Gentile Romana’ cultivar.  相似文献   

5.
An additional wound at the base of one-node stem cuttings of Eucalyptus grandis increased rooting. Girdling intact shoots reduced rooting in cuttings harvested from them, while girdling cuttings at setting had little effect, suggesting that the internal phloem was active in basipetal transport in the stem. The vertical distribution of roots in additionally wounded cuttings also suggested a changed pattern of efflux from the internal phloem, as well as an increase in water uptake. In one-leaf cuttings more roots emerged from the leaf trace sector of the stem than from the trace of the absent leaf. In two-leaf cuttings the circumferential distribution of roots was uniform except in cuttings (a) reduced to a half-round cross-section at the base, in which rooting was more profuse at the lower of two sites of root emergence, and (b) from lateral coppice shoots whose stems were red-pigmented above with anthocyanins, in which there was less rooting than expected in the red sector. Stem volume was well related to rooting ability, largely explaining variation due to the original position of the cutting within the shoot and crown.  相似文献   

6.
To examine the effect of root restriction on the nitrate uptake and the nitrate transport system activity, 2-year old “Fenghou” grapevines (Vitis Vinifera × V. Labrasca) were planted in pots with volume 2 L and 12 L served as root restriction and the control, respectively. The pots were filled with perlite and watered with rainwater and nutrient solution. Vine growth and kinetics of nitrate uptake in vine roots were evaluated. The results showed that root restriction significantly inhibited the shoots and roots growth, enhanced the nitrate uptake rate, decreased the kinetics parameter Km value and increased Vmax value, that is to say, root restriction depressed the affinity of nitrate high-affinity transport system (HATS) and improved the nitrate uptake rates of both high (HATS) and low-affinity transport system (LATS). However, root restriction significantly decreased the amount of net nitrate uptake, which led to the low nitrate concentration in leaves and roots.  相似文献   

7.
Phenolic acid composition and antioxidant activity in roots of 14 commercially important sweetpotato genotypes were evaluated. Significant differences in total phenolics, individual phenolic acids, and antioxidant activity were found among the different sweetpotato genotypes. Total phenolic content, expressed in terms of chlorogenic acid equivalent, in different genotypes ranged from 1.4 to 4.7 mg g−1 dry weight (DW). Antioxidant activity was evaluated as Trolox equivalent, ranging from 1.3 to 4.6 mg g−1 DW. The highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were observed in a purple-fleshed genotype. Chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were the predominant phenolic acids, while caffeic acid was the least abundant in most genotypes. The highest content of chlorogenic acid (422.4 μg g−1 DW) was present in a white-fleshed cultivar ‘Quarter Million’ imported from Jamaica. However, a purple-fleshed genotype had the highest amounts of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic (485.6 μg g−1 DW), 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic (125.6 μg g−1 DW), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic (284.4 μg g−1 DW), and caffeic (20.5 μg g−1 DW) acids.  相似文献   

8.
In newly planted orchards, special attention must be paid to fertilization to build up the permanent structure of the trees so that high yield and fruit quality can be reached later on. Nitrogen (N) plays a major role in the fertilization plan, although few studies have assessed its use efficiency in young non-bearing trees, especially in field conditions. In this work, 1–3 years old ‘Rocha’ pear trees, grafted on quince BA29, were planted in a Mediterranean region, and fertigated with 6 g N tree−1 year−1 as ammonium nitrate with 5 at.% 15N enrichment to study the fertilizer N uptake during the vegetative cycle, the overall fertilizer N use efficiency at the end of each year, and the plant–soil N balance for this period. Nitrogen remobilization and the re-cycling of N from senescent leaves were also studied by fertilizing some pear trees with 10 at.% 15N enrichment.  相似文献   

9.
Since the response of cuttings to raised CO2 concentration is not documented, controlled atmosphere (CA) storage of kalanchoe cuttings at combinations of high carbon dioxide and low oxygen levels was investigated to study the feasibility of using CA to sustain quality of cuttings prior to planting. During storage, stomata opening and plant fresh weight (FW) were measured, and root formation (RF) was recorded post storage. Storage atmosphere composition (10/2, 15/2, or 15/5; kPa CO2/kPa O2), storage duration (9 or 19 days), and cutting type (rooted or un-rooted) affected stomata conductance (Gs), and influenced FW and subsequent RF in cuttings of kalanchoe ‘Yellow Josefine’. In CA stored plants, Gs was high, 60–160 mmol m−2 s−1, indicating open stomata, whereas in control plants Gs was low, 5–14 mmol m−2 s−1, indicating closed stomata. Generally Gs values were higher for un-rooted than for rooted cuttings. Overall, cutting FW was reduced by CA storage with no significant differences in FW reduction between the CA treatments. RF of un-rooted CA stored cuttings was comparable to that of controls, whereas for rooted cuttings controls grew better than CA stored cuttings. CA at 10 kPa CO2 and 2 kPa O2 for 2–3 weeks could sustain un-rooted cuttings, in a pests-free state whilst retaining the ability of the cuttings RF. The results showed that stomata aperture may be altered by high CO2 concentration combined with low O2, and results indicated that this effect was not only caused by high CO2 but also by low O2 concentration. In addition, the results indicated that CA storage, stomata conductance, and water stress of kalanchoe cuttings may be correlated. Monitoring Gs of leaves of cuttings could be used as a non-destructive indicator of storability and quality status. Based on the novel positive preliminary results reported here, a protocol that focuses on minimising water loss should be developed and optimised for kalanchoe.  相似文献   

10.
Protected horticultural crops as well as those planted in open fields particularly in the Mediterranean region have to cope with increasing salinization of irrigation water. High salinity of the supply water has detrimental effects on soil fertility and plant nutrition and reduces crop growth and yield. This study was conducted to determine if pre-inoculation of transplants with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi alleviates salt effects on growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Cv. Marriha) when irrigated with saline water. Tomato seeds were sown in polystyrene trays with 20 cm3 cells and treated with AM fungi (AM) or without (nonAM) Glomus mosseae. Once the seedlings were reached appropriate size, they were transplanted into nonsterile soil in concrete blocks (1.6 m × 3 m × 0.75 m) under greenhouse conditions. The soil electrical conductivity (ECe) was 1.4 dS m−1. Plants were irrigated with nonsaline water (ECw = 0.5 dS m−1) or saline water (ECw = 2.4 dS m−1) until harvest. These treatments resulted with soil EC at harvest 1.7 and 4.4 dS m−1 for nonsaline and saline water treatments, respectively. Root colonization with AM fungi at flowering was lower under saline than nonsaline conditions. Pre-inoculated tomato plants with AM fungi irrigated with both saline and nonsaline water had greater shoot and root dry matter (DM) yield and fruit fresh yield than nonAM plants. The enhancement in fruit fresh yield due to AM fungi inoculation was 29% under nonsaline and 60% under saline water conditions. Shoot contents of P, K, Zn, Cu, and Fe were higher in AM compared with nonAM plants grown under nonsaline and saline water conditions. Shoot Na concentrations were lower in AM than nonAM plants grown under saline water conditions. Results indicate that pre-inoculation of tomato transplants with AM fungi improved yield and can help alleviate deleterious effects of salt stress on crop yield.  相似文献   

11.
The response to IBA treatments in different planting seasons of four plum cultivars, as measured by rooting and field establishment, was investigated during 1986 and 1987. Among the four cultivars, ‘Santa Rosa’ gave the largest rooting percentage, number of primary and secondary roots per cutting, length and diameter of roots and field survival. The European cultivars ‘Greengage’ and ‘Early Transparent Gage’ showed poor rooting and field establishment. The cuttings planted during summer under mist gave better rooting and field establishment than dormant season- or autumn-planted cuttings. Similarly, IBA treatment of cuttings with 2000 mg l−1 during summer and 3000 mg l−1 during dormant and autumn seasons gave the largest rooting and survival percentages, high numbers of primary and secondary roots per cutting, and greater length and diameter of primary roots.  相似文献   

12.
Either before or after curing their cut surfaces for 5 days, 7 cm- and 15-cm-long decapitated Hylocereus trigonus cuttings were treated by soaking their apical or basal ends in benzyladenine (BA) solution. They were then planted and grown in a greenhouse.For the 7 cm-long cuttings, BA (25–100 mg l?1) applied to the apical ends for 24 h increased the ratio of cuttings with sprouted buds to 64–100%, the number of sprouted buds to 1.9–3.1 and of shoots to 1.6–2.8, and the shoot length to 35–60 mm, compared to the water control which showed 13%, 1.0, 1.0 and 12.5 mm, respectively. Soaking the basal part had only a small effect.Naphthylacetic acid (NAA) applied to the basal ends of cuttings immediately after cutting increased the number of sprouted buds and shoots by inducing early rooting. The number and length of BA-induced axillary shoots in the longer cuttings was greater than those in the shorter ones.In the 15-cm-long cuttings, increasing the soaking time from 5 min to 24 h resulted in a greater promotive effect of BA on shoot formation. BA applied before curing showed the same effect as that given after curing but caused necrosis of the tissue just under the cut surface. Enlarging the area soaked in BA solution from 5 cm to 10 cm decreased the number of sprouting buds and shoots.  相似文献   

13.
Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. is an important medicinal twining herb belonging to the family sapindaceae. A method for rapid micropropagation of C. helicacabum through plant regeneration from leaf and nodal explant derived calli has been developed. The nodal and leaf segments were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D; 0.5–9 μM) for callus induction. Callus production was highest at 5 μM 2,4-D where 96 and 90% of cultured leaf and nodal cuttings produced callus, respectively. The viable calli were maintained at reduced concentration of 2,4-D (2 μM). These calli were transferred to MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA; 2–10 μM) or kinetin (2–10 μM) alone or in combination with indole 3-acetic acid (IAA; 0.2–1.0 μM) for shoot regeneration. The addition of low concentrations of IAA into BA or kinetin containing medium significantly increased the frequency of shoot regeneration in both nodal cuttings and leaf-derived calli. The highest number of adventitious shoots (28 per callus) formed at 8 μM Kin and 0.5 μM IAA. For rooting of the shoots, half-strength MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of indole 3-acetic acid, indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) and (alpha)-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) 1–5 μM was tried. The optimal result was observed on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 2.5 μM IBA, on which 91% of the regenerated shoots developed roots with an average of 4.2 roots per shoot within 45 days. The in vitro raised plantlets were acclimatized and transferred to soil with 90% success. This in vitro propagation protocol should be useful for conservation as well as mass propagation of this medicinal plant.  相似文献   

14.
‘Swingle’ citrumelo [Citrus paradisi MacFaden × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] has been extensively used as a rootstock in several citrus growing regions of the World, including Southern Brazil where ‘Rangpur’ lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) is still the predominant variety despite being affected by several important pathogens. In this case, ‘Swingle’ citrumelo is used to produce nursery trees to establish new orchards or to be inarched in adult and healthy groves in order to change the rootstock. We report herein a system to produce trees on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo more rapidly by budding onto non-rooted cuttings, as well as assessing potential to rapidly multiply ‘Swingle’ through rooting of non-budded cuttings. Therefore, two potential products are described: budded trees and rooted rootstock cuttings. ‘Valencia’ sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] was budded at different heights on cuttings derived from eight-month old rootstocks. Grafted and additional non-budded cuttings were then treated with indole-3-butyric acid (500 mg L−1) or left untreated before rooting. Three types of cuttings were evaluated: softwood, semi-hardwood and hardwood. The use of nursery trees derived from pre-budded hardwood cuttings of ‘Swingle’ citrumelo is an alternative grafting method on this cultivar. Softwood cuttings with one leaf pair were considered the most adequate material for rapid multiplication of ‘Swingle’ citrumelo by cutting. This could be particularly useful for inarching production or conventional budding after transplant of cutting-derived rootstocks.  相似文献   

15.
Effects of the commercial product TrichoFlow WP™ (Agrimm Technologies Ltd., New Zealand), based on the fungus Trichoderma harzianum, on quality characteristics and yield of bulb onion was investigated. Bulb sets of the local cultivar Kantartopu was planted in soil with in and between row distances of 0.15 m and 0.40 m, respectively. The product, at considerably high dosages of 5 g m−2, 10 g m−2 and 15 g m−2, was mixed with water and sprinkled once to the plots at planting. Analyses of data at harvest did not show statistical significance for Trichoderma effect on total bulb yield, bulb diameter, leaf length, number of shoot apex, %titratable acidity, number of internal (fleshy) leaves, number of external (papery) leaves, %soluble solids and %bulbs with diameters of 20–39 mm, 40–69 mm and ≥70 mm. The yields obtained from the plots treated with the dosages of 5 g m−2, 10 g m−2 and 15 g m−2 and the control plots were 1063.7 kg da−1, 1051.0 kg da−1, 1066.5 kg da−1 and 985.0 kg da−1, respectively. Our results showed that high dosages of the Trichoderma product were not effective in enhancing onion bulb and yield characteristics under the given conditions.  相似文献   

16.
A thermal time-based approach using growing degree days was used to describe the onset of morpho-anatomical features associated with storage root developmental stages in the sweetpotato cultivar ‘Beauregard.’ Initially, we calculated accumulated growing degree days corresponding to adventitious root initiation, the onset of storage root formation (appearance of anomalous cambium), and appearance of visible storage roots with localized thickening and pigmentation in sweetpotatoes grown under greenhouse conditions. Subsequently, we performed field calibration of this approach to verify the timing of these storage root developmental stages under natural growing conditions. Under field conditions, transplants required relatively fewer calendar days to achieve the thermal time corresponding to each developmental stage in comparison to greenhouse-grown plants. Further calibration of this approach for ‘Beauregard’ and other sweetpotato varieties grown in diverse environments will help enhance our understanding of the effects of management and agroclimatic variables on sweetpotato yield determination. This study demonstrates the advantage of using thermal time vs. calendar days in estimating storage root development in sweetpotatoes.  相似文献   

17.
 以陕西杨凌试验区大田栽培的3 年生‘长富2 号’苹果为材料,结合凤翔、永寿和蒲城等 试验区的调查,研究比较矮化中间砧（M26）入土深度对富士苹果树基砧根系生长分布、根系激素含量和 果实产量品质的影响。结果表明,矮化中间砧入土深度为15 cm 时,树体细根（＜ 2 mm）主要分布在0 ~ 40 cm 土层,细根数比其他处理多13.6% ~ 41.5%,总根数多18.2% ~ 33.3%,根系干质量多11.2% ~ 68.4%, 果实产量高,单果质量大,可溶性固形物含量高,硬度大,可滴定酸含量少,着色率高,品质较好。矮 化中间砧入土深度为15 cm,树体根系中促进生长的IAA、ZR、GA 含量较高,抑制生长的ABA 含量较 少,（IAA + GA + ZR）/ABA 比值较大,有利于刺激根系的生长。研究表明矮化中间砧入土深度为15 cm 时,根系生长旺盛,细根数量较多,能够为果树生长发育提供较多养分,果实品质较好。  相似文献   

18.
The effects of nitrogen (N) fertigation rates on levels of nitrogenous and carbohydrate compounds were determined in young ‘Fuyu’ persimmon trees. Total N amounts of 0 g, 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, and 40 g were distributed, respectively, to a 50-L pot by fertigation as different volumes of 1% (w/v) urea solution every week from May 15 to September 25. Fruits were sampled on November 2, and shoots and roots on November 17. High N fertigation rates significantly increased the N and amino acids in all the tree parts and protein in fruits and shoots. In contrast, the concentration of soluble sugars significantly decreased in the fruits and perennial parts as the N rate increased from 10 g to 40 g. A notable reduction of starch was also found in the shoots and roots of trees with high N fertigation rates. The percentage of shoots died due to cold injury during the winter was the highest at the 0 g N rate; however, it was 2.3-fold greater at the 40 g N rate as compared to the 10 g N rate. We concluded that high N fertigation could interfere not only with sugar accumulation of fruits through increased N metabolism, but also reserve carbohydrates of perennial organs.  相似文献   

19.
Commercial greenhouse cut rose plants commonly have shallow root systems, even in well-drained substrates. We studied rose plant responses to a wide range of soil air-filled porosity values to determine tolerance to low soil aeration. ‘Kardinal’ rose plants on ‘Natal Briar’ rootstock were grown for 11 weeks in containers holding 2.5 l of Yolo loam soil. The soil had been treated with a polyacrylamide soil conditioner to stabilize aggregates after they had been separated into three size fractions: coarse (1–2 mm), medium (0.1–1 mm), and fine (<0.1 mm). Plants were irrigated frequently to keep the soil at container capacity. Total new root growth was greatest in the medium and coarse soil fractions, which had average air-filled porosities of 7.6% and 15.9%, respectively. The fine soil fraction, which had an average air-filled porosity of 1.3%, had almost no root growth. In all soil fractions, roots were absent or scarce in regions of soil that were anaerobic or hypoxic. Highest root length densities occurred at air-filled porosity values of 12–17%, and no new roots grew at air-filled porosity values below 3%. Shoot yields were lower for plants in the substrate with low air-filled porosity, and their leaves had lower stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, mid-day water potential, and macronutrient concentrations. Frequent irrigation that precludes aeration of the lower regions of the substrate profile will result in shallow root systems and could lead to decreased yields.  相似文献   

20.
Production of a useful mutant by chronic irradiation in sweetpotato   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Sweetpotato cultivar Kokei No. 14 was planted in a 60Co gamma field. Shoot apices from the plants irradiated with different doses were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D for the induction of embryogenic calluses and the formation of somatic embryos. Embryogenic calluses with somatic embryos were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l ABA to induce the germination of somatic embryos. Plantlets from somatic embryos developed into whole plants on the basal MS medium. The regenerated plants were transplanted in a field and from them one mutant with alteration of root flesh color and yield was obtained. The root flesh color had changed from light-yellow in the wild-type plant into orange in the mutant. The yield of storage roots increased significantly from 218.8 ± 60 g (FW) in the original plant to 646.9 ± 150 g (FW) in the mutant per plant. Carotenoids content of the storage roots in the mutant had significant difference compared to the wild-type at the 1% level. Peroxidase isozymes and RAPD polymorphism were also analyzed between the mutant and the wild-type plants.  相似文献   

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