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1.
Takeshi Kanaya Hitoshi Watanabe Hisashi Kokubun Kiyoshi Matsubara Goro Hashimoto Eduardo Marchesi Laura Bullrich Toshio Ando 《Scientia Horticulturae》2010
To study the morphological diversity of the popular ornamental crop Calibrachoa, traded since the 1990s, floral and vegetative characters of 91 commercial cultivars were compared to those of natural species. Floral colours were classified according to the ISCC-NBS system and the CIE LAB system. The numerical data obtained by measuring 19 floral and vegetative characters was tested with principal component (PC) analysis. Floral colour classes of commercial cultivars were divided into 37 groups according the ISCC-NBS system, whereas those of natural species were divided into 9 groups. These tendencies were readily observable in the scatter diagrams of the a* vs. b* values and the C* vs. L* values. As the result of PC analysis, six PCs were obtained. For PC4, which negatively correlated with the degree of nocturnal corolla limb closure, the majority of natural species showed negative scores whereas the majority of cultivars had positive PC4 scores. In terms of PC2 (flower size), PC3 (growth form), PC5 (floral shape) and PC6 (leaf shape), natural species were dispersed in a range wider than the cultivars. These results suggest that Calibrachoa cultivars possess more highly variable floral colour than natural species, and breeding programmes to diversify the floral colour seem to have progressed rapidly. The tendency of natural species to close the corolla limb toward evening has been removed almost completely from the cultivars. The floral size, growth form, floral shape and leaf shape of the cultivars were rather uniform compared to those of natural species. 相似文献
2.
Orchids are commercially important plants with flowers that are unique and very specialized in shape and color. The flowers consist mostly of sepals, lateral petals, lip (labellum) and column, and are zygomorphic and resupinate. Whereas most orchid species have petaloid tepals in the first and second whorls, Habenaria radiata has a flower with greenish sepals and white lateral petals and lip. ‘Hishou’, one of the cultivars of H. radiata, is a floral homeotic mutant and has a petaloid median sepal and lip-like lateral sepals in the first whorl. Additionally, this cultivar often has non-resupinate flowers whereas wild-type H. radiata flowers are resupinate. In the present study, we investigated the genetic inheritance of these characters in the ‘Hishou’ cultivar by crossing it with wild-type plants. Some intraspecific hybrids, which were confirmed by PCR-RFLP analysis, had flowers with a petaloid median sepal and lip-like lateral sepals in the first whorl, indicating that these were dominant characters. Since the remainder of the intraspecific hybrids had wild-type flowers, these characters must be heterozygous in ‘Hishou’ plants. Although ‘Hishou’ plants had non-resupinate flowers, intraspecific hybrid flowers were resupinate, even though they had the petaloid median sepal and lip-like lateral sepals. This result indicates that non-resupination must be a recessive character. Since sepal-petalization and triple lip characters of ‘Hishou’ inherited dominantly, these characters can be utilized for the breeding of Habenaria species by intra- and interspecific crosses. 相似文献
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Xie Jirong Xiong Yunhai Liang Guolu Cheng Zaiquan Tang Kaixue Huang Xingqi 《Scientia Horticulturae》2008
To investigate the floral fragrance new genes, scent mutant of rose was used here. The suppressive subtraction hybridization (SSH) technique and micoarray analysis of the clones were used to isolate the cDNA fragments, which showed differential expression between the rose scent mutant ‘Wangriqinghuai’ and wild type ‘Jinyindao’ (Rosa × hybrida), and RT-PCR was used to identify up-regulated expressed genes. 16 positive contigs of JSSH were obtained. Some ESTs such as RcOMT1, RcOMT2, RhMYB92 and RhGP1 were known to regulate scent metabolism, and 5 ESTs with no homology in NCBI may represent new genes involved in rose flower fragrance metabolism. SSH technique combined with cDNA micoarray would be useful for analysis and isolation of the genes related to rose floral scent. 相似文献
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Analysis of petal anthocyanins to investigate coloration mechanism in herbaceous peony cultivars 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Petal coloration and anthocyanin compositions of 41 herbaceous peony cultivars were analyzed. Anthocyanins were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI-MSn) coupled with photodiode array detection (DAD). Peonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pn3G5G), pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pg3G5G), cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Cy3G5G), peonidin-3-O-glucoside (Pn3G), and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3G) were the five major anthocyanins in herbaceous peony cultivars. Deep purple or reddish purple cultivars contained 4–5 anthocyanins, whereas pink cultivars only contained Cy3G5G and Pn3G5G, and their contents were much lower than those of purple cultivars. According to the chemical structures of three anthocyanidins in association with petal coloration, flowers were classified into three phenotypes: 1. “Pn, Cy, and Pg” (all purple flowers including two pink flowers); 2. “Pn, Cy” (pink flowers); 3 “Pn” (light pink and white flowers). The coloration mechanisms of cultivars with the pink and purple flowers were quite different. Correlations between lightness (L*) and chroma (C*), chromatic component a* and total anthocyanins (TA) value, a* and co-pigmentation index (CI) showed opposite tendencies, whereas L* and TA showed the same tendency in each group. High contents of Pn3G5G and Pg3G5G may responsible for the purple coloration of herbaceous peony cultivars. 相似文献
5.
蝴蝶石斛兰花色表型及类黄酮成分分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用分光色差计测定了不同颜色蝴蝶石斛兰品种的花色表型,采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术检测花朵中类黄酮色素的组成,探讨花色表型与所含类黄酮含量之间的关系。结果表明,蝴蝶石斛兰品种花色主要分布在紫红色和粉红色区域,且唇瓣颜色比花瓣和萼片暗。花色与类黄酮含量之间存在着线性关系,而花青素苷是影响蝴蝶石斛兰花色的主要因素：总花青素苷含量与花色的明度L*值和色相b*值以及色相角h值负相关,与色相a*值正相关。从蝴蝶石斛兰花朵中共检测出28种花青素苷（均为酰基化的矢车菊素–3,7,3’–三葡萄糖苷）和19种黄酮醇苷（苷元有槲皮素、山奈酚和异鼠李素3种）,由此推测了蝴蝶石斛兰品种花中的类黄酮代谢途径。 相似文献
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Mango, the king of fruits in India is cultivated commercially in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Undoubtedly, mango malformation is a serious disease affecting mango production in India and many other countries around the world. It is now shown that the malady is inflicted by Fusarium, a fungus, and also that the plants have the capacity to suppress or reduce pathogen attack by inducing the synthesis of antimicrobial metabolites such as chitinase and/or the synthesis of lignin, both of which may enhance plant defense system. The present study was aimed at investigating the variability and relationship between activities of chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase and content of lignin in the leaves using 12 mango cultivars with the different degree of resistance to floral malformation. Results revealed that the activity of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in the leaves were significantly high in mango cultivars resistant to malformation (r = −0.90 and r = −0.91, respectively) during the flowering period, whereas lignin content did not show a significant correlation with malformation. The highest activity of chitinase (1.977–2.011 units) and β-1,3-glucanase (80.54–82.06 units) was recorded in resistant mango cultivars Bhadauran and Elaichi. In contrast, these activities were less than 1.010 and 25.21 respectively in highly susceptible mango cultivars such as Amrapali, Eldon and Neelum. Lignin content was highest in resistant cultivar Bhadauran, but it did not show significant relation to the malformation intensity of the cultivars. Thus, leaf chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase may be contributing towards resistance to malformation in mango and that the relative activities of these enzymes can be used as a criterion to predict and screen the mango germplasm and cultivars for resistance to floral malformation. 相似文献
8.
Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. is of prime importance for horticulture, as well as potentially for pharmaceutical industries, agriculture and environmental industries. However, its floral development is not yet well understood. A detailed study on floral structure and floral organography in the species was first completed using microscopy of paraffin microtome sections of buds. The results were indicated as follows: first, the three trumped flowers in the cymose inflorescence develop asynchronously. Secondly, Varieties with multi-whorl bracts do not develop any sexual organs, i.e., perianth, pistil and stamens. Thirdly, the wall of the two-loculus anther consists of two kinds of cells: the inner wall, consisting of thick-cytoplasmed cells and the outer wall, consisting of fibrous cells. Fourthly, the pollen grains, with three germination colpi, vary substantially in the form and size in summer under the highest day temperature of 40 °C. Fifthly, the pistil is characterized with betalain-acumulating stylar brush. Followed the developmental course, only one basal ovule is developed in the superior ovary. Finally, organs of one flower develop consecutively from the outer to the inner, i.e., from bracts, to calyx, stamen, and carpel while the three flowers bloomed one by one in one cymose inflorescence. It almost takes 1 week from first bud to the third flower blooming. Our research showed a series of special characteristics of reproduction organography of B. spectabilis which can be useful for understanding its reproduction biology and its sterility. 相似文献
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Avocado trees of a range of cultivars growing in Darwin, northern Australia (average yearly maximum 33°C, minimum 23°C), were observed for flower and shoot development. Terminal buds of the cultivars ‘Fuerte’, ‘Rincon’ and ‘Edranol’ sampled in July were not floral. Buds which did not burst were sampled in September and they contained developing flowers with perianth primordia. Vegetative extension growth resulted from laterals proximal to the inhibited terminal buds.Avocado trees of the cultivars ‘Fuerte’ and ‘Hass’ which had initiated floral buds were transferred to controlled environment chambers with 33°C day, 23°C night () or 25°C day, 15°C night () with a 12-h photoperiod and photon flux density of 400 μmol m?2 s?1 (400–700 nm). At the trees had fewer flowers and a shorter flowering period than at . Inhibited floral buds and lateral vegetative extension resulted at , as observed in northern Australia. The unburst buds had developing flowers with perianth and stamen primordia.The controlled environment experiments showed that the abnormal flushing behaviour of Mexican- and Guatemalan-type avocados growing in northern Australia was due to high temperature. Floral development was inhibited at the stage of stamen differentiation. 相似文献
12.
Double-flowered lilies, in which stamens are converted to petaloid organs, are valuable for horticulturists. ‘Elodie’ is a double-flowered lily cultivar in which stamens are homeotically converted into petaloid organs in whorl 3. The ‘Elodie’ cultivar shows individual variation in stamen structure and it was therefore classified into the following three types according to the strength of petaloidy of the stamens: weak (type-I), intermediate (type-II), and strong (type-III) phenotypes. The AGAMOUS (AG) gene is a class C floral identity gene in Arabidopsis thaliana that is involved in the formation of stamens and carpels. An AG-like gene was isolated from ‘Elodie’ (LelAG1) and its expression was compared between flower types. The LelAG1 gene was expressed in whorls 3 and 4, but not in whorls 1 and 2 in all flower types. In type-I flowers, LelAG1 was expressed strongly in whorls 3 and 4, while its expression was significantly decreased in whorl 3 in type-III flowers. In type-II intermediate phenotype flowers, the expression level of LelAG1 in whorl 3 was reduced by 60%. These results suggest that the expression level of AG-like genes is correlated with the degree of petaloidy of the stamens. 相似文献
13.
桂花不同品种开花过程中香气活性物质的变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以12个桂花品种盛花期的花瓣为材料,用气质联用法检测到59种挥发物,其中占主导地位的是萜烯类化合物。选择相对含量均高于0.05%的21种挥发性物质进行主成分分析,12个桂花品种可分成3类,花色为黄色或金黄色的金桂和四季桂(6个品种)为一类,花色为白色或浅黄色的银桂(3个品种)为一类,花色为橙色或红色的丹桂(3个品种)为一类。黄色桂花中以‘柳叶金桂’香气活性物质贡献率最高,达56.75%;白色桂花中以‘厚瓣银桂’贡献率最高,达51.91%;橙色桂花中以‘镉橙丹桂’贡献率最高,达58.88%。以此3个品种为代表材料,用气相色谱—嗅闻技术测定了其开放过程中香气活性物质的变化。结果表明,3个品种在铃梗期都以释放具有罗兰香/木香/果香型的物质为主。初花期到盛花期,橙色花的‘镉橙丹桂’以释放花香型物质为主,白黄色花的‘厚瓣银桂’以释放香草香型物质为主,黄色花的‘柳叶金桂’以释放紫罗兰香/木香/果香型物质为主;到了末花期,‘镉橙丹桂’与‘柳叶金桂’中都是青草香/清新香型的物质占主导地位,而‘厚瓣银桂’中依然是香草香型物质居多,这可能是银桂香气更持久的原因。 相似文献
14.
The floral response of the type A avocado cultivars ‘Reed’, ‘Wurtz’, ‘Rincon’ and ‘Jalna’, and the type B cultivars ‘Bacon’, ‘Ryan’, ‘Edranol’, ‘Sharwil’ and ‘Hazzard’ was tested under growth-cabinet conditions of 17° C day, 12° C night, with a 12-h photoperiod and photon flux density of 400 μE m?2 s?1 (400–700 nm). Most of the flowers of all type A cultivars and the type B cultivar ‘Bacon’ had both a female and a male stage. None of the flowers of the other type B cultivars had a female stage but opened in the male stage only. Hand pollination resulted in some ovule penetration in the cultivars with female stage flowers. In those with only male-stage flowers, the pollen tubes grew no further than the style. Maintenance of fertility under low-temperature conditions during flowering appeared to be partly, but not entirely, linked to the type A flowering cycle. 相似文献
15.
A. Peñaranda M.C. Payan D. Garrido P. Gómez 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(4):579-584
SummaryResults from two trials carried out under different environmental conditions indicated that the high temperatures reached in greenhouses during the Spring-Summer growing season are the main environmental factor inducing production of zucchini fruits with attached flowers. The fact that the incidence of this characteristic is genotypedependent, with the percentage of fruits with attached flowers varying from 1.4 – 73% among the different cultivars grown during the Spring-Summer season, provides an opportunity for direct counter-selection for this trait in current zucchini squash breeding programmes. High temperatures in the Spring-Summer growing season also induced male-ness in all the cultivars analysed, delaying the production of female flowers, and increasing the number of male flowers on the main stem. Indeed, those flowers that remained attached to harvested zucchini fruits were transformed into bisexual flowers, exhibiting different degrees of stamen development, and were arrested as immature, closed floral buds. A detailed analysis of the maturation and abscission times in female and male flowers of different zucchini cultivars indicated that, although abscission time did not differ, maturation time was longer in male than in female flowers. By comparing sexual expression in different cultivars in different environments, we concluded that inhibition of female flower bud maturation occurs concomitantly with a delay in flower abscission, a process accompanied by the conversion of the female bud into a bisexual bud. Given that Spring-Summer conditions promote the maturation of both female and male flowers, and that the arrest of female flower maturation and abscission are associated with floral sex determination, it is possible that the arrest of female flower maturation is not directly induced by high temperatures, but is mediated instead by hormones such as ethylene or gibberellins. 相似文献
16.
A perusal of literature showed that a little is known about the metabolic changes related to senescence in orchid flowers. It was observed that unpollinated flowers of Cymbidium pendulum (Roxb.) Sw. remained fresh for 20 days and senesced within 8 days after pollination (DAP), while that of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. took 18 days when unpollinated but showed senescence in 7 DAP. A higher level of electrolyte leakage was recorded in all the floral organs of pollinated flowers in both the species. There was a concomitant increase in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); indicators of oxidative damage, in all the organs for both the species. Ascorbic acid, on the other hand, decreased significantly. Higher amount of electrolyte leakage, MDA and H2O2 content were recorded in C. pendulum as compared of the other species while the ascorbic acid, on the other hand, was observed to be decreased and this decrease was more in C. pendulum than C. aloifolium suggesting a higher oxidative damage to the floral organs in the former species than the latter. TIBA, i.e. tri-iodobenzoic acid (an auxin inhibitor; 0.25 μM) and silver nitrate (ethylene inhibitor; 0.25 μM) application to pollinated flowers partially prevented the elevation of oxidative damage and consequently senescence suggesting the involvement of these hormones in governing these changes in orchid flowers. Comparatively, AgNO3 was more effective than TIBA in delaying senescence. 相似文献
17.
《Scientia Horticulturae》2001,88(4):309-317
The variation in morphology and essential oil components in 63 regenerated plantlets of Lavandula vera was investigated. Ten regenerated plantlets appeared dwarf-like and exhibited reduced spike lengths and floral stalk lengths. Phenotypic variants were obtained using plant growth regulators at all concentration regimes, but 4.4×10−6 M of 6-benzylamino purine (BA) for shoot induction produced the highest frequency of dwarfism (30.8%). None of the regenerated plantlets produced as much essential oil as the original plant. However, three regenerated plantlets had a different fragrance from other regenerated plantlets and the original plant. In a comparative analysis, these three plantlets exhibited much higher levels of linalool and lavandulol than linalyl acetate and lavandulyl acetate. From these results, we suggest that the activity or quantity of acetyltransferases may be reduced in those plants. However, neither the shoot or root induction medium altered the essential oil compositions. These results suggest that somaclonal variation may be useful to produce variants with different fragrance in L. vera. 相似文献
18.
F. Jiao Q. Liu G.F. Sun J.Z. Zhang 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2016,91(6):573-581
Traditional breeding objectives focusing on flower type and colour have resulted in the lack of floral fragrances in modern daylilies. Headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to determine the contributions of floral volatiles to floral fragrances in 46 daylilies (seven species, one variety, and 38 cultivars). Thirty-seven floral volatiles were identified, including 30 terpenoids, five benzenoids, and two nitrogenous compounds. Sensory evaluation and HS-SPME-GC-MS revealed that variations in the relative emission rates and proportions of (E)-β-ocimene and linalool were mainly responsible for different fragrance patterns in Hemerocallis. The studied daylilies were grouped to six fragrance patterns: (1) intense herbaceous and pungent scent, having the highest (E)-β-ocimene emission level; (2) intense flowery and pungent scent, having medium (E)-β-ocimene and low linalool emission levels; (3) medium flowery and sweet scent, having very low (E)-β-ocimene and the highest linalool emission levels; (4) low flowery and fresh scent, having low (E)-β-ocimene and no linalool emission levels; (5) very low herbaceous and fresh scent, having very low (E)-β-ocimene and linalool emission levels; and (6) no scent, having trace amounts of floral volatiles. 相似文献
19.
Movement of a putative florigenic promoter from leaves to buds was investigated in two cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.) over two flowering seasons through examination of the minimum number of leaves on each stem necessary for floral induction and movement of this component over various distances from stem to stem in isolated branches. The minimum number of leaves on individual stems necessary to induce flowering was less than 1/4 of a cross-cut leaf per stem. The putative florigenic promoter moved from donor stems bearing as few as one leaf to induce flowering in five receiver stems located as far down branches as 100 cm from the donor stem. Evidence suggests that movement of the putative florigenic promoter occurs in phloem and that far more of this component is available in trees than is necessary for floral induction of initiating shoots during cool, floral-inductive conditions of the subtropics. 相似文献
20.
Five waterlily cultivars, with good pod setting and completely formed flowers, from the subgenus Nymphaea (hardy waterlily) were used as pod (female) parent. Waterlilies from subgenera Anecphya (2 entities) and Brachyceras (20 entities), specifically the blue-flowered ones, were used as pollen (male) parent for transferring blue-flowered characteristic to the hardy waterlily. Hybridization of subgenus Nymphaea with subgenus Anecphya was unsuccessful. A successful crossing was obtained between the subgenera Nymphaea and Brachyceras, yielding one pod with 244 seeds, from which only 39 seeds germinated and yielded 20 good intersubgeneric hybrid plants. The characteristics of the hybrids were categorized by their flower colors into two groups, a pink-flowered group with 17 hybrids and a blue-flowered group with 3 hybrids. In the blue-flowered group, there was a prominent one with beautiful blue-purple flower, which was determined by PCR-RFLP markers to be a hybrid between Nymphaea and Brachyceras subgenera, as well as inherited some plant characteristics, for example, ovary carpel, leaf (pad), rootstock, position of flower at flowering from the parent. The blue-purple flowered hybrid had important characteristics inherited from the hardy waterlily (subgenus Nymphaea); therefore, the hybrid has been named Nymphaea ‘Siam Blue Hardy’ to honor the birth place and its distinct flower color. 相似文献