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1.
Inhibition of nitrification as a mitigation tool to abate nitrogen (N) losses and improve N use efficiency (NUE) is a promising technology. Nitrification inhibitor (dicyandiamide, DCD) was evaluated in two consecutive wheat-maize rotations (2015–2017), with two different N fertilizer levels applied in wheat (160, 220 kg N ha?1) and maize (180, 280 kg N ha?1). More NH4+-N contents (101% and 102% in wheat and 74% and 73% in maize) and less NO3–-N contents (37% and 43% in wheat and 46% and 57% in maize) were observed at both N levels treated with DCD compared to without DCD. Higher pH, lower EC and reduced NO3–-N accumulation were the other benefits of DCD. The NO3–-N accumulation within the 0–200 cm soil profile was significantly less at both N levels with DCD (66 mg kg?1 and 121 mg kg?1) compared to without DCD (96 mg kg?1 and 169 mg kg?1). Application of DCD also improved the growth and yield in both crops. Increase in NUE from 38% to 49% in wheat and 27% to 33% in maize with DCD at higher N level was also observed. Overall, the effectiveness of DCD in retarding the nitrification process was higher in wheat than maize.  相似文献   

2.
ABSTRACT

Grain protein content is one of the most important quality constraints for bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in eastern Canada. A field experiment was conducted for two years (1999 and 2000) on the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, to study whether split application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer improved grain protein content and nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE). Two cultivars (‘Celtic,’ as N-responsive and ‘Grandin’, as N-non-responsive) were grown using three different N doses and application methods: (1) 100 kg N ha?1 as NH4NO3, soil-applied at seeding with 15N2-labeled NH4NO3 to microplots, (2) 60 kg N ha?1 soil-applied at seeding plus 40 kg N ha?1 foliar-applied at the boot stage with 15N2-labeled urea to microplots, and (3) 90 kg N ha?1 as soil-applied at seeding plus 10 kg N ha?1 foliar-applied at the boot stage with 15N2-labeled urea to microplots. Plants were sampled at heading and maturity. While dry-matter production and grain yields were not affected by the treatments in either year, N application methods influenced tissue N concentration and NUE. In 1999, extended drought stress led to significant yield reduction; in 2000, foliar application of 10 kg N ha?1 at the boot stage significantly increased grain N concentration when grain protein was under the limit for bread quality, suggesting that later-applied N can contribute to grain protein content. At maturity, the average NUE was 22.3% in 1999 and 34.5% in 2000, but was always greater when all N was applied at seeding (42.5%) than when N was foliar-applied at the boot stage (18.5% to 24.5%). We conclude that application of a small amount of fertilizer N at the boot stage can improve the bread-making quality of spring wheat by increasing grain protein concentration.  相似文献   

3.
ABSTRACT

The study was aimed to determine the appropriate nitrogen (N) rate to combine with liming for enhanced maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Two maize varieties [Ikom White (IKW) and Obatanpa-98 (Oba-98)], two lime rates (0 kg ha?1 and 500 kg ha?1) and three N rates (0, 90 and 180 kg ha?1) were used. The treatments were laid as a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The growth attributes, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), harvest index, dry matter, and grain yield increased (P ≤ 0.05) with increases in N rates, especially in plots amended with lime. Oba-98 was better yielding (2.12 versus (vs) 1.88 t ha?1) and absorbed more (P ≤ 0.05) radiation (442.06 vs 409.54 μmol m?2s?1) than IKW. The efficiency indices and partial factor productivity were best optimized at the 90 kg ha?1 N rate with Oba-98 having higher values than IKW. Therefore, liming (500 kg ha?1) plus N at 180 kg ha?1produced the best yield of the hybrid maize, Oba-98.  相似文献   

4.
ABSTRACT

Identification of the combination of tillage and N fertilization practices that reduce agricultural Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions while maintaining productivity is strongly required in the Indian subcontinent. This study investigated the effects of tillage in combination with different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on N2O emissions from a rice paddy for two consecutive seasons (2013–2014 and 2014–2015). The experiment consisted of two tillage practices, i.e., conventional (CT) and reduced tillage (RT), and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer, i.e., 0 kg N ha–1 (F1), 45 kg N ha–1 (F2), 60 kg N ha–1 (F3) and 75 kg N ha–1 (F4). Both tillage and fertilizer rate significantly affected cumulative N2O emissions (p < 0.05). Fertilizer at 45 and 60 kg N ha–1 in RT resulted in higher N2O emissions over than did the CT. Compared with the recommended level of 60 kg N ha?1, a 25% reduction in the fertilizer to 45 kg N ha?1 in both CT and RT increased nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and maintained grain yield, resulting in the lowest yield-scaled N2O-N emission. The application of 45 kg N ha?1 reduced the cumulative emission by 6.08% and 6% in CT and RT practices, respectively, without compromising productivity.  相似文献   

5.
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important impact factors on development and growth of wheat. In this study the effects of nitrogen use efficiency on quantity and quality of grains were studied by agronomic management of N fertilizers on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under field conditions for two years. The experiments were performed at 16 combinations of N application amount and time, including four levels of N at 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha?1 that were used as pre-plant fertilizers, sub-treated with four levels of the same N amount used as top-dress fertilizers. As a result, with an increase in total N fertilizers, grain yield increased in a cubic equitation, but partial factor productivity (PFPN, kg grain yield per kg N applied) decreased exponentially. With total fertilizers, N content and accumulation in vegetative tissues and grains increased linearly, but N uptake efficiency (UtEN, kg nutrient taken up per kg N applied) decreased exponentially. When N was over-applied (>360 kg N ha?1 in this study), grain yield clearly declined, due to decrease in productivity from per unit N. The high N level (240～300 kg N ha?1), the reasonable distribution between pre-plant and top dress from the same amount N fertilizer not only increased grain yield but also enhanced N use efficiency.  相似文献   

6.
Significance of microbial biomass and non-exchangeable ammonium with respect to the nitrogen transformations in loess soils of Niedersachsen during the growing season of winter wheat. I. Change of pool sizes Nitrogen transformations in loess soils have been examined by laboratory and field experiments. After straw application (· 8 t · ha?1), N in microbial biomass (Nmic) increased by about 20 mg · kg?1 soil (· 90 kg N · ha?1 · 30 cm?1) after 9 days of incubation (20 °C). Another laboratory experiment yielded an increase of about 400 mg of NH4+-N · kg?1 fixed by minerals within 1 h after addition of 1 M NH4+-acetate. Defixation of the recently fixed NH4+ after addition of 1 M KCl amounted to only 60 mg · kg?1 within 50 days. In a field experiment with winter wheat 1991, an increase in Nmic of about 80 kg N · ha?1 · 30 cm?1 was observed from March to June. After July, growth of the microbes was limited by decreased soluble carbon concentrations in the rhizosphere. Different levels of mineral N-fertilizer (0, 177 and 213 kg N · ha?1) did not affect significantly the microbial biomass. The same field experiment yielded a decrease of non-exchangeable ammonium on the “zero”-fertilized plot in spring by 200 kg N · ha?1 · 30 cm?1. The pool of fixed ammonium increased significantly after harvest. After conventional mineral N-fertilizer application (213 kg N · ha?1). NH4+-defixation was only about 120 kg N · ha?1 · 30 cm?1 until July.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

The experiment was conducted at Kulumsa, South East Ethiopia, using four levels of nitrogen (N) (0, 50,100 and 150?kg N ha?1) and four levels of phosphorus (P) (0, 35, 70 and 105?kg P2O5 ha?1) fertilizers arranged in 4?×?4 factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications. The available P was increased after harvest due to the application of N and P fertilizer at the rates of 100 or 150?kg N ha?1 and 70 or 105?kg P2O5 ha?1. More specifically, nutrients concentration and nutrient uptake were significantly (p?<?.01) varied among treatment combinations and nutrient use efficiency was declined by increasing N and P after optimum rates. The higher physiological efficiency of N (53.47?kg kg?1) and P (580.41?kg kg?1) and the highest apparent recovery of N (19.62%) and P (2.47%) was recorded from application of 50?kg N ha?1 and P at 70?kg P2O5 ha?1 and the highest agronomic efficiency of N (10.78?kg kg?1) and P (15.25?kg kg?1) was recorded from N at the rate of 50?kg N ha?1 and P at 35?kg P2O5 ha?1, respectively. The combination of N at 100?kg N ha?1 and P at 70?kg P2O5 ha?1 was promising combination that generated highest net benefit 488,878.5 ETB (Ethiopian birr) ha?1 with the highest marginal rate of return (36638%) and gave the highest seed yield (1858.82?kg ha?1) with yield increment of about 57.72% over the control.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

Expansion of grain maize to marginally suitable cool climate regions requires a better understanding of the nitrogen (N) economy of the crop. This study was aimed at yield formation in response to different type of fertilizers. Field experiments with short-season maize variety were conducted in Akademija, Lithuania, in 2015 and 2016. In spring, before sowing, ammonium nitrate, pelletized cattle and poultry manures, green waste compost were incorporated at a rate equivalent to 170?kg N ha?1. Crop N status, based on SPAD measurements, started to differ significantly at the end of the vegetative period with higher values in treatments applied with ammonium nitrate and lower with organic fertilizers. Under favorable conditions maize produced more grain per cob and higher yield. Agronomic N use efficiency (AEN) of pelletized organic fertilizers in the unfavorable season (AEN 2015: 0.1–4.9) was poor and significantly lower than in the favorable season of (AEN 2016: 4.9–11.2).  相似文献   

9.
In a two-year (1999–2000) field experiment four Swiss spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (cvs. ‘Albis’, ‘Toronit’ and ‘Pizol’ and an experimental line ‘L94491’) were compared for genotypic differences in the root parameters that determine uptake potential and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE):root surface area (RSA) and its components, root length density (RLD) and the diameter of the roots. The genotypes were grown under no (N0) and under ample fertilizer nitrogen (N) [ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3); N1; 250 kg N ha?1] supply. Root samples were taken from all the genotypes at anthesis from the subsoil (30–60 cm). Genotypic effects on RLD and RSA were evident only in 2000 and large amounts of N fertilizer usually diminished root growth. Adequate soil moisture in 1999 may have favored the establishment of the root system of all the genotypes before anthesis. Parameters of NUE for each genotype were also determined at anthesis and at physiological maturity. ‘Albis’ the least efficient cv. in recovering fertilizer N (ranged from 36.5 to 61.1%) with the lowest N uptake efficiency (0.47 to 0.79 kg kg?1) had the lowest RLD and RSA in both seasons. Among genotypes ‘Toronit’, a high-yielding cv., efficient in recovering fertilizer N, exhibited the higher NUE (22.4 to 29.3 kg kg?1) and tended to have the highest values of RLD and RSA. Nitrogen fertilization also led to an increase in the proportion of roots with diameters less than 300 μm and decreased the proportion of roots with diameters of 300 to 700 μm. These trends were more pronounced for cv. ‘Pizol’ in 1999 and for cv. ‘Toronit’ in 1999 and 2000. By anthesis in a humid temperate climate, there are no marked differences in the subsoil root growth of the examined genotypes. Some peculiarities on the root growth characteristics of the cultivars ‘Albis’ and ‘Toronit’ may partially explain their different NUE performance.  相似文献   

10.
Timely and fitting nitrogen (N) application decreases costs and pollution risk in maize cultivation. To explore the accumulation and remobilization of dry matter (DM), N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in waxy maize under various N topdressings (0?kg ha?1, LN; 150?kg ha?1, MN; 300?kg ha?1, HN) at the jointing stage, a field trial involving two waxy maize varieties (Suyunuo 5 and Yunuo 7) was conducted in 2013–2016. The highest grain yield was obtained under MN mainly due to the highest grain numbers and grain weight. The increase in grain yield under MN was mainly due to the high DM accumulation post-silking, as well as high N, P, and K accumulation and remobilization pre-silking. Generally, the plants had high harvest index (HI) of DM (N, P, and K), partial N fertilizer productivity, and moderate N utilization efficiency (NUE) under MN.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Pearl millet is a potential dryland crop for Nebraska. Experiments were conducted in eastern Nebraska in 2000, 2001, and 2002, and in western Nebraska in 2000 and 2001. The objectives were to determine optimum nitrogen (N) rate, N uptake, and N use efficiency (NUE) for pearl millet. The hybrids “68×086R” and “293A×086R” and N rates of 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg N ha?1 were used. Hybrids had similar yield, N uptake and NUE responses. In western Nebraska in 2000, pearl millet yield response to N rate was linear, but the yield increase was only 354 kg ha?1 to application of 135 kg N ha?1. In eastern Nebraska, pearl millet response to N rate was quadratic with maximum grain yields of 4040 in 2001 and 4890 kg ha?1 in 2002 attained with 90 kg N ha?1. The optimum N rate for pearl millet was 90 kg N ha?1 for eastern Nebraska. For western Nebraska, drought may often limit pearl millet's response to N fertilizer.  相似文献   

12.
Nitrogen fertilization management under water limited conditions needs to be refined to save environmental ecosystems and increase economic returns. Two-year field studies in a split-plot design were conducted to investigate the response of maize to different nitrogen rates (N100 = 100, N130 = 130, and N160 = 160?kg N ha?1) under two irrigation levels (100 or 75% of water requirements). Under deficit irrigation, water and N were used more efficiently than normal water supply. N-fertilization of drip irrigated maize grown under deficit irrigation with N160 increased the uptake of N, P and K by 35, 29 and 70% compared with N100. Fertilization of maize grown under deficit irrigation with N160 increased the grain, straw and biological yield and water use efficiency by 50, 14, 22 and 33% compared with N100. Based on the obtained results, 160?kg of N ha?1 is the optimum rate of N for maize irrigated by 75% of water requirements.  相似文献   

13.
This paper deals with the problem of mineral N leaching from arable lands due to the fertilization method. The influence of different doses of compost (50 and 100?Mg ha?1) and N-mineral fertilizer (35-70-140 kg N ha?1) on leaching of Nmin in a lysimetric experiment with winter wheat. The area of our interest represents the main source of drinking water for the city of Brno and its neighborhoods. To demonstrate the effect of compost and mineral nitrogen addition, the lysimetric experiment was established there. Seven variants of the experiment with different fertilization schemes were studied during two vegetation seasons (2013 and 2014), each with three repetitions. The experiment was carried out in plastic experimental containers of 0.3 m diameter and 0.5 m height. Therefore, each lysimeter was the same size and was filled with 25 kg of subsoil and 25 kg of topsoil. The highest leaching of Nmin was detected in the variant C2 where 140 kg N ha?1 was applied, in both vegetation periods (5.97 kg Nmin ha?1 after the first vegetation period and 17.02 kg Nmin ha?1 after the second vegetation period). The positive effect of compost application (individually or in combination with the mineral N) on decrease in mineral N leaching was found during both vegetation period in comparison with variant C2. The highest doses of compost (100?Mg per ha) significantly decreased the concentration of mineral nitrogen in the soil eluate in both periods (3.03 kg Nmin ha?1 and 5.79 kg Nmin ha?1, respectively), by 197% and 293% in comparison with variant C2. There is evidence that the application of compost has a positive effect on the reduction of Nmin leaching.  相似文献   

14.
Efficient use of nitrogen (N) by wheat crop and hence prevention of possible contamination of ground and surface waters by nitrates has aroused environmental concerns. The present study was conducted in drainage lysimeters for three years (1998–2000) to identify whether spring wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) that differ in N-related traits differ in N leaching and to relate parameters of N use efficiency (NUE) with parameters of N leaching. For this reason two spring wheat cultivars (‘Albis’ and ‘Toronit’) and an experimental line (‘L94491’) were grown under low (20 kg N ha?1) and ample N supply (270 kg N ha?1). The genotypes varied in parameters of NUE but not in N leaching. Grain yield of the high-protein line (‘L94491’) was, on average, 11% lower than that of ‘Toronit’ but among genotypes had significantly higher N in the grain (%), grain N yield, and N harvest index. Nitrogen lost through leaching was considerably low (0.42–0.52 g m?2) mainly due to low volume of percolating water or the ability of the genotypes to efficiently exploit soil mineral N. There were no clear relationships between N-related genotype traits and N leaching, but across all treatments significantly negative correlations between volume of leachate and the amount of N in the total biomass and grain N yield existed.  相似文献   

15.
Evaluation of any crop response to different nitrogen amounts is important for determining the amount that can be considered as optimum from economical and environmental point of view. This study was conducted to (1) evaluate the growth and yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) under different nitrogen rates and (2) determine the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of pumpkin in two growing seasons (2013 and 2014). In both growing seasons, nitrogen fertilizer (at three rates including 50, 150, and 250 kg ha?1) was band-dressed on the planted side of each furrow, coinciding with 4–6 leaves stage and flowering. Crop performance over 2 years was evaluated by measuring shoot dry matter, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), intercepted PAR (PARi), radiation use efficiency (RUE), shoot nitrogen uptake, water use efficiency (WUE), NUE, and fruit and seed yield. The results showed that in both growing seasons, the highest growth and yield of pumpkin were obtained by applying 250 kg N ha?1 (using urea fertilizer containing 46% nitrogen). Increased nitrogen rate from 50 to 250 kg ha?1 resulted in 87.3%, 27.0%, 62.1%, 87.5%, and 84.5% increase in shoot dry weight, RUE, WUE, fruit yield, and seed yield of pumpkin, respectively, across both growing seasons. However, higher application nitrogen rate decreased the NUE of pumpkin, i.e., the NUE decreased by 62.5% when the nitrogen rate increased from 50 to 250 kg ha?1. The effect of nitrogen applied in 2014 growing season on growth and yield of pumpkin was higher than that in 2013 growing season, which might be due to more suitable weather condition. In conclusion, the nitrogen rate of 250 kg ha?1 produced the highest amount of fruit and seed yield in pumpkin.  相似文献   

16.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(8):1561-1580
Abstract

The Magruder plots are the oldest continuous soil fertility wheat research plots in the Great Plains region, and are one of the oldest continuous soil fertility wheat plots in the world. They were initiated in 1892 by Alexander C. Magruder who was interested in the productivity of native prairie soils when sown continuously to winter wheat. This study reports on a simple estimate of nitrogen (N) balance in the Magruder plots, accounting for N applied, N removed in the grain, plant N loss, denitrification, non‐symbiotic N fixation, nitrate (NO3 ?) leaching, N applied in the rainfall, estimated total soil N (0–30 cm) at the beginning of the experiment and that measured in 2001. In the Manure plots, total soil N decreased from 6890 kg N ha?1 in the surface 0–30 cm in 1892, to 3198 kg N ha?1 in 2002. In the Check plots (no nutrients applied for 109 years) only 2411 kg N ha?1 or 35% of the original total soil organic N remains. Nitrogen removed in the grain averaged 38.4 kg N ha?1 yr?1 and N additions (manure, N in rainfall, N via symbiotic N fixation) averaged 44.5 kg N ha?1 yr?1 in the Manure plots. Following 109 years, unaccounted N ranged from 229 to 1395 kg N ha?1. On a by year basis, this would translate into 2–13 kg N ha?1 yr?1 that were unaccounted for, increasing with increased N application. For the Manure plots, the estimate of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (N removed in the grain, minus N removed in the grain of the Check plots, divided by the rate of N applied) was 32.8%, similar to the 33% NUE for world cereal production reported in 1999.  相似文献   

17.
Herbage growth and nitrogen (N) use efficiency in grazed or mown grasslands are generally low, associated mostly with poor response to fertilizer N. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the short-term response of grass to fertilizer N with respect to herbage yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in order to provide a better basis for improving the efficient use of fertilizer N in grassland ecosystems. Both NO3 ? and NH4 + sources of N were applied to an established grass sward with three moisture levels, i.e., natural conditions (63% water-filled pore space, WFPS), near field capacity level (71% WFPS), and slightly wetter than field capacity (84% WFPS). Herbage yield, i.e., dry matter (DM), N uptake, N recovery efficiency, yield efficiency, and physiological efficiency were determined over a 7–28 d period. Addition of N fertilizers significantly increased the herbage yield and N uptake of grass sward over that of the control. In the plots where NO3 ??N was added as the N source, DM yield was between 1760–1870 kg ha?1, N recovery efficiency was between 24%–43%, and yield and physiological efficiency were in the range of 2.1–3.2 and 6.4–8.8 kg DM kg? 1 N, respectively. In NH4 +?N added plots, the DM yield was between 3190–3700 kg ha? 1, N recovery efficiency was between 39%–48% while yield and physiological efficiency were in the range of 3.5–5.6 and 9.0–11.6 kg DM kg? 1 N, respectively. Results indicated that total DM yield, N uptake, and NUE depend on the source of N and the level of moisture in the field. Assimilation of N is also affected by the stage of plant development after N fertilization. About 50%–54% of applied N was recovered in the initial 14 and 21 d after fertilizer application and thereafter translocation of N slowed. A fall in herbage production and minimal response to N fertilizer has been observed at 84% WFPS, while the maximum herbage yield and N recovery efficiency was recorded in soil near or below field capacity. The grass sward with added NH4 +?N produced a larger yield and had higher NUE relative to the sward with NO3 ??N. Results confirm that applied N was not utilized efficiently by grass sward and a decrease in N uptake and its utilization seem to be the key factors responsible for the poor herbage productivity often observed in pastoral agriculture. These results suggest that both moisture and N source have a substantial effect on herbage yield and N utilization by plants and therefore should be considered for efficient management of N fertilization and recommendations for grass sward.  相似文献   

18.
ABSTRACT

Conservation tillage practices have gained interests. A 2-year field study (2014–2015) was conducted to evaluate four N rates (0, 69, 138, and 207 kg N ha?1) effects on irrigated sweet corn (Zea mays L.) grown with or without wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residue removal and conventional (CT), reduced (RT), or no-tillage (NT) practices near Shiraz, Iran. After 2 years, maximum marketable yield occurred at 156 and 159 kg N ha?1 under CT and NT, respectively, while yield was tended to be increased with increasing N rates under RT. Increasing N rate increased total plant N uptake, shoot, and grain N accumulation. The lowest nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was obtained under NT, while RT and CT either showed similar effects or RT was superior over CT. Soil total N was greater under CT and residue retention showed 18% and 14% higher N concentration than residue removal in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Soil organic matter was the highest (2.59%) under RT with residue retention and 138 kg N ha?1. Conservation tillage needs more N rather than CT during transition from conventional to conservation agriculture practices, but it is based on the short-term results and evaluation of long-term experiment is highly recommended.  相似文献   

19.
Although nitrogen (N) has the highest requirement for plant growth, N use efficiency (NUE) seldom exceeds 40%. NUE may be improved by integrated application of fertilizer N and enriched organic amendments. The present experiment aimed to test the extent of increase in NUE by integrated application of fertilizer N farmyard manure (FYM) and rock phosphate enriched compost (RPEC). Mineralization kinetics and N release from FYM and RPEC were studied by an incubation experiment. Results revealed that maximum potentially mineralizable N as well as N release (283.9, 186.7 mg kg?1 soil, respectively) were from RPEC + fertilizer N treated soils, followed by FYM + fertilizer N. Maximum yield, N uptake, and N recovery were obtained from RPEC + fertilizer N treated soils followed by FYM + fertilizer N. Soils treated with RPEC had shown significantly higher dehydrogenase activity than FYM treated soils. Thus, RPEC might increase yield as well as NUE over FYM. N uptake by plant at maximum tillering stage and flowering stage of wheat correlated positively (R2 > 0.85) with the decay rate (k and kN0) parameter of incubation experiment suggesting their relevance as indicators of plant available N.  相似文献   

20.
Permanent raised-bed is an alternative planting system for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rain-fed areas. However, this system in monoculture conditions produces lower yields compared with wheat in rotation. Our objective was to estimate these yield differences as affected by nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE). Wheat in monoculture and in rotation with maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated for eight years (2002–2009) with four N rates (0, 40, 80 or 120 kg ha?1). Yield response to N in monoculture was consistently lower than for wheat in rotation. Yield reduction in monoculture at low and high N rate was 81 and 99% attributed to NUE out of which 70 and 82% was due to the uptake efficiency (UPE) and 30 and 19% to the utilization efficiency (UTE), respectively. Total N uptake proved to be the parameter that needs to be improved to enhance wheat yield in monoculture.

Abbreviations: NUE: nitrogen use efficiency; UPE: uptake efficiency; UTE: utilization efficiency; Ns: nitrogen supply; NDVI: normalized difference vegetation index  相似文献   

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