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1.
A sero-epidemiological study on canine leptospirosis was conducted in house, stray, farm and hunting dogs, as well as in suspect cases of clinical canine leptospirosis. Serum samples were collected from apparently healthy (vaccinated and non-vaccinated), house dogs. A questionnaire was administered to the owners to elicit information on risk factors for leptospirosis. The microscopic agglutination test was used to screen for leptospirosis using 17 international serovars. Reciprocal titres of between 100 and <800 were considered as evidence of past exposure while reciprocal titres of 800 or greater were classified as suggestive of acute/current infection. Of a total of 419 serum samples tested, 61 (14.6%) were seropositive for Leptospira agglutinins, 23 (5.5%) had mixed infections and 16 (3.8%) had current infection. Amongst 50 suspected cases of clinical leptospirosis, 24 (48.0%) were seropositive and only 13 (26.0%) had current infection compared with 10 (6.3%) and three (1.9%) of 160 apparently healthy house dogs respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05; chi2). Twelve (25.5%) of 47 hunting dogs, 10 (20.4%) of 49 farm dogs and five (4.4%) of 113 stray dogs were seropositive (P < 0.05; chi2). Overall, a total of nine serovars were detected with serovars mankarso, icterohaemorrhagiae RGA, autumnalis and copenhageni being involved in 29 (47.5%), 20 (32.8%), 25 (41.0%) and 10 (16.4%) respectively in 61 seropositive dogs (P < 0.05; chi2). Serovar mankarso was most predominant in seropositive apparently healthy dogs, 37.8% (14/37), suspected clinical cases of leptospirosis, 62.5% (15/24) compared with serovar icterohaemorrhagiae with a frequency of 21.6% (8/37) and 50.0% (12/24), the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.05; chi2). Although all vaccines used for prevention of canine leptospirosis in the country contain serovars canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae, serovar mankarso was mostly associated with infection and disease and may be a good candidate for inclusion in the vaccine used locally. The public health risk posed to owners of dogs infected with Leptospira cannot be over-emphasized considering the zoonotic nature of the disease.  相似文献   

2.
Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in dogs in Trinidad and Tobago   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii agglutinins and to investigate the relationship between various risk factors and occurrence of toxoplasmosis in dogs in Trinidad. Of a total 250 dogs, comprising domestic, hunting and stray dogs, 80 (32.0%) were positive for T. gondii agglutinins at a titre of > or =1:32 using a latex agglutination test. Stray dogs (60.5%) had statistically significantly higher (P<0.001) seroprevalence for toxoplasmosis than hunting dogs (30.5%) and domestic dogs (25.5%). Amongst dogs whose ages were known, the prevalence of toxoplasmosis was significantly highest (P=0.037) in dogs in the >2-3 years age group compared with other age groups. Dogs that consumed home-cooked foods had a seroprevalence of 32.9% compared with those fed commercial dog foods (17.2%) and dogs fed both home-cooked and commercial foods (21.0%). However, the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05; chi(2)). The rather high prevalence of toxoplasmosis in stray dogs is a good indication of the extent of the infection in the environment.  相似文献   

3.
AIMS: To investigate the prevalence of antibodies to endemic and exotic Leptospira serovars in samples from a serum bank, collected from dogs in the lower North Island of New Zealand. METHODS: Sera (n=466), which had been collected from apparently healthy dogs, were screened using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for antibodies to serovars L. borgpeterseni serovar hardjo, L. interrogans serovars pomona, copenhageni and canicola, and L. kirschneri serovar grippotyphosa. RESULTS: Antibody to Leptospiral antigen was found in 14.2% of dogs tested. The highest level of reactivity was with serovar copenhageni, to which 9.5% (41/433) of sera were positive. Antibodies to serovars grippotyphosa and canicola were not detected in this population of dogs. CONCLUSIONS: Leptospira infection is relatively common in dogs in the lower North Island . CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Vaccination of dogs against leptospirosis should be considered using vaccine containing antigen to serovars hardjo, pomona and copenhageni. The presence of moderate levels of copenhageni antibody in dogs in the lower North Island raises the possibility that this serovar has become established in rodent populations in this region.  相似文献   

4.
Cats and dogs are the most popular pet animals worldwide. Cats are the natural reservoir of Toxoplasma gondii and excrete the resistant oocyst to environments. On the other hands, dogs play a role in the mechanical transmission of the parasite. Stray cats and dogs in the Bangkok metropolitan area are becoming a public concern because there is a considerable increase in their number annually. These facts indicate the risk of mechanically spreading zoonoses including toxoplasmosis to humans since human acquire the infection from infected mammals, either directly or indirectly. In the present study, the presence of T. gondii antibodies was examined in 592 cats and 427 dogs from October 2001 to September 2002 by using a latex agglutination test. T. gondii antibodies were detected in 65 (11.0%) of the 592 cats and 40 (9.4%) of the 427 dogs. The antibody titers in the positive animals ranged from 1:64 to 1:2048. Seroprevalence was significantly higher in female cats than in male cats. The present study suggested that T. gondii was widespread in the stray animals in the Bangkok metropolitan area; therefore, it is essential to control the number of stray cats and dogs in order to reduce the transmission of toxoplasmosis to animals and humans.  相似文献   

5.
Serum samples of 113 dogs visiting "outpatient clinics", 52 dogs kept in shelters and 35 animals from a military dog training centre were examined for Toxoplasma gondii specific antibodies using a latex agglutination test. Significant differences in seroprevalences were found between dogs from the training centre (8.6% of positive results) and the other populations examined (40.7% of positive seroreagents in animals visiting outpatient clinics and 44.2% in the group from shelters, respectively). Among clinic patients, dogs fed raw meat were significantly more frequently seropositive (65.2%) than those eating only commercial dry feed or cooked meat (25.7%). No statistically significant differences were noted in males compared to females and in pure breed dogs compared to crossbreed dogs. The antibodies were usually found in low titres under 60 IU/ml (69.6% of positive results). High titres (120-480 IU/ml) were detected in 2 of 3 dogs with clinical toxoplasmosis. In these dogs IFAT T. gondii specific IgM were detected and a favourable response to antiprotozoal treatment was observed. All the dogs with medium and high titres were given raw meat. Age and the presence of cats did not seem to have any influence on T. gondii seroprevalence. Neospora caninum specific antibodies in low titres ranging from 1:20-1:320 were found in 7 (9.7%) of 72 T. gondii positive seroreagents.  相似文献   

6.
A sero‐epidemiological study on canine leptospirosis was conducted in house, stray, farm and hunting dogs, as well as in suspect cases of clinical canine leptospirosis. Serum samples were collected from apparently healthy (vaccinated and non‐vaccinated), house dogs. A questionnaire was administered to the owners to elicit information on risk factors for leptospirosis. The microscopic agglutination test was used to screen for leptospirosis using 17 international serovars. Reciprocal titres of between 100 and <800 were considered as evidence of past exposure while reciprocal titres of 800 or greater were classified as suggestive of acute/current infection. Of a total of 419 serum samples tested, 61 (14.6%) were seropositive for Leptospira agglutinins, 23 (5.5%) had mixed infections and 16 (3.8%) had current infection. Amongst 50 suspected cases of clinical leptospirosis, 24 (48.0%) were seropositive and only 13 (26.0%) had current infection compared with 10 (6.3%) and three (1.9%) of 160 apparently healthy house dogs respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05; χ2). Twelve (25.5%) of 47 hunting dogs, 10 (20.4%) of 49 farm dogs and five (4.4%) of 113 stray dogs were seropositive (P < 0.05; χ2). Overall, a total of nine serovars were detected with serovars mankarso, icterohaemorrhagiae RGA, autumnalis and copenhageni being involved in 29 (47.5%), 20 (32.8%), 25 (41.0%) and 10 (16.4%) respectively in 61 seropositive dogs (P < 0.05; χ2). Serovar mankarso was most predominant in seropositive apparently healthy dogs, 37.8% (14/37), suspected clinical cases of leptospirosis, 62.5% (15/24) compared with serovar icterohaemorrhagiae with a frequency of 21.6% (8/37) and 50.0% (12/24), the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.05; χ2). Although all vaccines used for prevention of canine leptospirosis in the country contain serovars canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae, serovar mankarso was mostly associated with infection and disease and may be a good candidate for inclusion in the vaccine used locally. The public health risk posed to owners of dogs infected with Leptospira cannot be over‐emphasized considering the zoonotic nature of the disease.  相似文献   

7.
Two hundred and forty-five dogs were examined serologically for the presence of antibodies against different serovars of Leptospira interrogans. The dogs belonged to five different groups: group 1 was composed of clinically healthy pet dogs referred for a regular veterinary check-up visit or for vaccination; group 2 was composed of stray dogs; and groups 3, 4 and 5 were composed of dogs maintained in three different kennels which had varying standards of hygiene. Seventy-two out of the 245 dogs examined were seropositive for leptospirosis. In group 1, there were 3-4 per cent seropositive dogs; in group 2, 30.3 per cent; in group 3, 13.8 per cent; in group 4, 38.6 per cent; and in group 5, 49.2 per cent. This study demonstrates that leptospiral infection is common in dogs housed in kennels, despite most of them being vaccinated, and that crowding of animals into unsanitary quarters is associated with a high prevalence of infection. The most common infecting serovars found were bratislava and grippotyphosa, confirming recent observations that demonstrate a significant change in the epidemiology of canine leptospirosis.  相似文献   

8.
Serum samples from Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in the Kanchanaburi, Chiang Mai and Lampang provinces of Thailand were tested using the microscopic agglutination test against 22 serovars of Leptospira interrogans. A titre of more than 1:100 was used as evidence of infection. In northern Thailand, the seroprevalence was 58 per cent and the prevalent serovars were Leptospira interrogans serovar Sejroe, Leptospira interrogans serovar Tarassovi, Leptospira interrogans serovar Ranarum and Leptospira interrogans serovar Shermani. In western Thailand, the seroprevalence was 57 per cent and the prevalent serovars were L Tarassovi, L Sejroe, L Ranarum, Leptospira interrogans serovar Bataviae and L Shermani. These results were similar to studies in domestic livestock and stray dogs in the Bangkok district. Among the elephants from Kanchanaburi there were significant associations between seropositivity and between the camp and between the prevalent serovars and the camp.  相似文献   

9.
Serology plays an important role in the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Few laboratories have the resources, expertise, or facilities to perform the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Thus, there is a need for a rapid and simple serological test that could be used in any diagnostic laboratory. In this study, a genus-specific, heat-stable antigenic preparation from Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona was used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of leptospiral antibodies in dog sera. This antigenic preparation reacted with rabbit antisera against L. interrogans serovars bratislava, autumnalis, icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona and with rabbit antiserum against L. kirschneri serovar grippotyphosa. The ELISA showed a relative specificity of 95.6% with 158 dog sera which were negative at a dilution of 1:100 in the MAT for serovars pomona, bratislava, icterohaemorrhagiae, autumnalis, hardjo, and grippotyphosa. The relative sensitivity of this assay with 21 dog sera that revealed serovars MAT titres of > or =100 to different serovars was 100%. This assay is easily standardized, technically more advantageous than MAT, and uses an antigenic preparation that can be routinely prepared in large amounts. It was concluded that this ELISA is sufficiently sensitive test to be used as an initial screening test for the detection of leptospiral antibodies in canine sera, with subsequent confirmation of positive test results with the MAT.  相似文献   

10.
Serology plays an important role in laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis. Apart from the most often used microscopic agglutination test (MAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) seems to be useful especially in screenings of animal herds. The ELISA used for detection of antibodies against selected Leptospira serogroups in swine serum samples was investigated during the study. An essential element of this test is heat-stable antigenic preparation from cultures of Leptospira interrogans serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona and L. borgpetersenii serovar Sejroe. The aim of the present study was to identify and analyze ELISA heat-stable antigen fractions playing a role in the reaction with leptospiral antibodies indicated in swine serum. Reactivity of the three-component antigenic preparation was compared in immunoblotting with reactivity of six heat-stable antigenic preparations made from the following single serovars: L. interrogans serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Canicola, L. borgpetersenii serovars Sejroe, Tarassovi and L. kirshneri serovar Grippotyphosa. All antigenic preparations were submitted to SDS-PAGE and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane using a semidry system. After the transfer, the membrane was incubated with diluted swine serum containing antibodies specific for one of the six above mentioned Leptospira serovars. For the three-component antigenic preparation and antigens prepared from single serovars the immunoblot revealed reaction of sera with fractions of the 20-26 kDa region and around the 14.5 kDa region. The investigated heat-stable Leptospira antigenic preparation contains fractions demonstrating serogroup- and species-specificity. Fraction 20-26 kDa showed serogroup-specific activity, whereas the fraction around 14.5 kDa showed species-specific activity.  相似文献   

11.
OBJECTIVE: To provide an epidemiologic investigation of the seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in populations of cats and wild rodents in Rhode Island and to address the possible epidemiologic role of wild rodents in the spread of toxoplasmosis. ANIMALS: 200 cats and 756 small wild rodents. PROCEDURE: Serum samples were obtained from 84 cats in animal shelters and 116 cats in veterinary hospitals. Serum samples were also obtained from 756 small wild rodents from multiple sites in Rhode Island. Sera from rodents and cats were assayed for antibodies to Tgondii by use of the modified agglutination test RESULTS: Overall, 42% (84/200) of cats had serum antibodies to Tgondii. Seroprevalence was not significantly different between stray (50%; 42/84) versus client-owned (36%; 42/116) cats, between male (43%; 40/94) versus female (42%; 39/93) cats, or between indoor (26%; 7/27) versus outdoor (39%; 35/89) cats. Seroprevalence rate of trapped rodents was 0.8% (6/756). Six rodents captured in Washington County accounted for of the seropositive rodents. Four of 6 of the seropositive rodents were trapped at a single site in Washington County (an abandoned barn). Five stray cats, known to have resided at the same site in Washington County as 4 of the seropositive rodents, were also found to be seropositive for antibodies to T gondii. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Seroprevalence rate in rodents was not correlated with the seroprevalence rate in cats. Stray cats, especially those known to be feral, may be more likely to perpetuate the cat-mouse cycle of T gondii than client-owned cats.  相似文献   

12.
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13.
Armadillos are primitive mammals used as food, mostly in rural areas. These animals may be sources of toxoplasmosis and leptospirosis infection for humans, but there is little information about their potential risk as reservoirs. In order to determine the prevalence of armadillos infected by Toxoplasma gondii and Leptospira spp., serum samples of 31 nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus), three six-banded armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus), two naked-tailed armadillos (Cabassous tatouay) and two long-nosed armadillos (D. hybridus), captured in the mid-west region of the state of S?o Paulo, were analyzed for leptospirosis using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT-l), and for toxoplasmosis using the Modified Agglutination Test (MAT-t). Only 4/31 (12.90%) nine-banded armadillos were positive for T. gondii, while 3/31 (9.68%) nine-banded armadillos and 1/3 (33.33%) six-banded armadillos presented antibodies to Leptospira spp., demonstrating the potential risk of T. gondii and Leptospira spp. transmission to humans, mainly due the habit of eating the meat of these animals in rural areas.  相似文献   

14.
The clinical features of the disease are presented based on retrospective analysis of the records of eleven dogs diagnosed with leptospirosis using clinical signs and results of the microagglutination test (MAT) between 1991 and 1996. Additionally, Leptospira titres were determined in 30 healthy dogs and 20 hospitalised dogs without clinical or laboratory evidence of leptospirosis. A positive titre for L. grippotyphosa, L. pomona, L. bratislava, L. australis, L. icterohaemorrhagiae and/or L. canicola was found in 16 normal dogs and only one hospitalised patient. Eight of these dogs had titres of > or = 1:800. Only one of them had been vaccinated shortly before sampling. These results suggest that many dogs from the surroundings of Bern, Switzerland have contact with various Leptospira interrogans serovars. In ten healthy dogs, the Leptospira titre was determined before and four weeks after vaccination with leptospiral antigen. Only two of the dogs showed a serologically measurable response to the antigen contained in the vaccine. In dogs MAT titers presumably do not reliably reflect the immune status against leptospiral infections.  相似文献   

15.
Hospitalized animals and stray dogs were serologically tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. In addition, the data were examined for the possibility of toxoplasmosis infection being associated with the clinical diagnosis and with the discharge status (alive vs. dead). Among 1056 hospitalized animals, 17 (20%) of 86 cats, 112 (14%) of 804 dogs, 34 (26%) of 133 horses and 6 (18%) of 33 cattle had serological evidence of infection with T. gondii. Only 22 (6%) of 342 young (median age = one year) stray dogs were seropositive. The difference in antibody prevalence between hospitalized and stray dogs was thought to be due to age and dietary factors. Of 249 dogs grouped by clinical diagnosis, there was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher prevalence of seropositives among dogs with diseases of the kidney or with adrenocortical hyperfunction than among dogs hospitalized for other diseases. Of 19 dogs with diseases of the kidney and 12 with adrenocortical hyperfunction 37% and 42%, respectively, were seropositive.. There was higher risk of being discharged from the hospital dead among seropositive dogs, cattle and horses than among seronegative animals of the same species. The exception was cats, where of 69 seronegative cats 29% were dead at discharge and where of 17 seropositive cats 18% were dead at discharge. The possible effects of stress due to hospitalization need further research.  相似文献   

16.
Sheep and dog blood samples were collected from nine farms in the county of Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil. The indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was used to detect Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. Herein, serum samples from 305 sheep were evaluated, being 29 (9.5%) and 157 (51.5%) seropositives to N. caninum and T. gondii, respectively. Seven (29.1%) and five (20.8%) out of 24 dogs were seropositives to N. caninum and T. gondii, respectively. There were no differences among the sheep serology for N. caninum and reproductive problems, management and animal feeding variables, neurological problems and presence of other animals species on the farm (P>or=0.05). The simultaneous frequency of antibodies between N. caninum and T. gondii was 5.2% in the herds. Age, breed, farm size, semi-intensive activity, mineral salt supplementation, water origin, stage of the pregnancy when reproduction problems occurred, neurological problems in lambs, presence of rodents in the food room and pasture cat access were identified as associated factors for the occurrence of toxoplasmosis in sheep (P<0.05). There were no differences among the seropositivity in dogs for N. caninum and T. gondii and breed, age and sex (P>or=0.05). The present work is the first report on serum prevalence of N. caninum in sheep from the state of Paraná, Brazil.  相似文献   

17.
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is caused by Leishmania donovani complex parasites including L. donovani, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania chagasi. As some studies suggest that L. chagasi and L. infantum may be very similar or even the same species, the aim of the present study was to evaluate a commercial rapid ELISA test, originally designed for L. infantum, in the diagnosis of CVL in dogs naturally infected by L. chagasi. A total of 400 serum canine samples, including 283 positive dogs for CVL from an endemic area, 86 clinically healthy dogs from a non-endemic area and 31 dogs seropositive for confounding infectious agents (Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Babesia canis and Ehrlichia canis) were used for test validation. An overall sensitivity of 94.7% (95% CI=91.41-97.01%) and specificity of 90.6% (95% CI=83.80-95.21%) was found, with a high degree of agreement (k=0.8445) to the indirect ELISA. When confounding infectious diseases were excluded, specificity increased to 100% (95% CI=95.8-100%), with a higher degree of agreement (k=0.8928). In conclusion, the commercial kit designed for L. infantum was a highly sensitive and specific device for detection of L. chagasi infection in dogs, which indicates high immunoreactivity similarities between L. infantum and L. chagasi.  相似文献   

18.
Oral contamination with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts shed by cats into the environment has been linked to severe outbreaks of human toxoplasmosis. Pigeons (Columba livia) are highly susceptible to oral infection with oocysts and indirectly indicate soil contamination, since they feed from the ground. A seroprevalence study was performed on cats and pigeons captured in the city of Lisbon. Serum samples collected from 1507 pigeons captured at 64 feeding sites and 423 stray cats were screened for antibodies anti-T. gondii using a commercial direct agglutination test. Seroprevalence in pigeons was 2.6% (39/1507) (95% CI: 1.9-3.5%) and 37.5% (24/64) of pigeon flocks sampled showed to be infected with T. gondii. The proportion of infected pigeons within seropositive flocks ranged between 4.8% and 21.1%. Among cats, seroprevalence was 44.2% (187/423) (95% CI: 39.5-49.1%). Isolation of T. gondii from animal tissues was attempted by in vitro assay. Inoculation of brain homogenates from 20 pigeons and 56 cats into Vero cell cultures allowed isolation of T. gondii from 13 pigeons (65%) and 15 cats (26.8%). Inoculation of muscle homogenates (heart and limbs) prepared by acid-peptic digestion from a subset of 15 cats resulted in the recovery of T. gondii from 10 cats (66.7%).  相似文献   

19.
A seroprevalence survey and risk analysis of Neospora caninum and Leishmania infantum was conducted in dogs from an area of the Campania region of southern Italy, in order to investigate the co-infection of these two protozoa.Blood samples were collected from 1058 asymptomatic dogs over a 18 months period. Serum samples were tested for antibodies to N. caninum and to L. infantum using the indirect fluorescent antibody test.Epidemiological data (breed, age, sex, and utilization) were collected and statistically analysed in relation to N. caninum and to L. infantum seropositivity and antibody titres.Out of the 1058 sera samples tested, 68 (6.4%) were found to have antibodies to N. caninum, and 222 (21.0%) to have antibodies to L. infantum. The co-presence of antibodies to N. caninum and to L. infantum was found in 46 (4.3%) dogs. Thus, 67.6% of the dogs positive for N. caninum also had antibodies to L. infantum.The major risk factor for N. caninum seropositivity was the presence of antibodies to L. infantum, and the major risk factor for L. infantum seropositivity was the presence of antibodies to N. caninum. In addition, high N. caninum seroprevalence was closely correlated to Boxer breed, and high L. infantum seroprevalence was correlated to masculine gender and Setter and Pit bull breeds. Low L. infantum seroprevalence was closely correlated to Yorkshire breed.The findings of this survey indicate that in the Campania region of southern Italy the co-presence of antibodies to N. caninum and to L. infantum is very common in dogs, and that infection by one protozoan seems to enhance the susceptibility to the other one. This is probably due to the immunological status of the tested dogs.  相似文献   

20.
The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii was surveyed by using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that was targeted to T. gondii B1 gene in German shepherd dogs and stray cats. Sixty-four (46.3%) out of 138 German shepherd dogs and 50 (47.2%) out of 106 stray cats were tested positive by the nested PCR assay, respectively. There was no significant difference in gender or age in German shepherd dogs and stray cats. In the five positive dogs and five positive cats, the nucleotide partial sequence of the T. gondii B1 gene was identified by direct sequence analysis. All the sequences were identical to each other and the corresponding sequence, T. gondii B1 gene (Accession No. AF179871). The results suggest that the prevalence of T. gondii is high, and the nested PCR assay is useful for early detection of T. gondii for asymptomatic dogs and cats.  相似文献   

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