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1.
Predictions of the air pollution impact of a proposed opencastlimestone quarry have been made using meteorological data, information on various quarrying activities and their associatedemission factors, baseline air quality and a validated modelconditions. Results have indicated that the haul routes and ore processing plant are the major sources of suspended particulatematter (SPM) emissions. The emission rates of other air pollutants are insignificant. It has been predicted that 24-hraverage SPM concentrations due to quarrying activities would be around 360 μg m-3 in the work zone and less than 130 μg m-3 beyond the site boundary. The total 24-hr average SPM concentration beyond the site boundary would be below 500 μg m-3, which is the national air qualitystandard for SPM in an industrial area. Therefore, the impact of opencast extraction on the local air quality would be acceptable. However, implementation of a green belt comprisingof various tree species which will act as a dust attenuator of40 m width around the site boundary, along with efficient control measures at source, would effectively mitigate and minimize pollution impacts from the quarry. The effectivenessof the green belt around the quarry site has been assessed and a sensitivity analysis has been carried out for different parameters, namely, tree height, width of green belt, and distance of receptor from the source. The technique for designing a green belt around a quarry site has also been described. 相似文献
2.
Coal mining is one of the core industries that contribute to the economic development of a country but deteriorate theenvironment. Being the primary source of energy coal has becomeessential to meet the energy demand of a country. It isexcavated by both opencast and underground mining methods andaffects the environment, especially water resources, by discharginghuge amounts of mine water. The mine water may be acidic orneutral depending upon the pyrite content in the coal asinorganic impurities. Acid mine drainage occurs in those mines in which sulphur content is found in the range of 1–5% in the form of Pyrite (FeS2). It degrades the water qualityof the region in terms of lowering the pH of the surrounding water resources and increasing the level of total suspended solids, total dissolved solids and some heavy metals. In non acidic mines, water quality shows high hardness, TSS and bacterial contaminants. The leachate water from overburden dump are found enriched in metal concentration especially Fe, Cu, Mn and Ni except in one of the clayey dumps. High values ofhardness of mine water reduces it's utility in domestic purposes.The article illustrates the quality of acidic and non acidic minewater and leachate characteristics of opencast coal mining OBdumps. Pollutants such as TSS, TDS, oil and grease and heavy metalare found in the coal mining waste effluents. Management ofthese liquid waste at the primary level and secondary level havealso been suggested to control the pollution level at the source. 相似文献
3.
风化煤施用对复垦土壤理化性质酶活性及植被恢复的影响研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对黄土高原气候特征以及露天矿区复垦土壤存在的土壤土体松散、抗蚀能力弱、有机质含量低、养分贫乏等问题,利用风化煤为修复介质,通过室内模拟分析试验,研究了种植不同品种紫花苜蓿后,冻融交替作用和水分状况对矿区复垦土壤理化性质、酶活性及植被恢复的影响。结果表明,合理施用风化煤对露天煤矿复垦土壤物理、化学、生物学性质有明显的改良效果。各个指标间存在显著的相关性,有机质含量的提高能够促进其他物理、化学、生物学指标的改善,团聚体百分含量最大达到95．80％,较对照增加1．20％;脲酶活性最高达到0．181（NH4-Nmg·g^-1·24h^-1）,较对照增加88％。土壤水分状况对复垦土壤性质影响显著,含水量10％处理的土壤水稳性团聚体百分含量显著高于含水量5％和15％的处理,适当的水分条件,对改良效果有明显的促进作用。经历冻融交替作用后,施用风化煤对紫花苜蓿种植区土壤的理化性质、酶活性均有显著的良性影响。研究结果显示施用风化煤可有效促进矿区土壤的结构改良及生态重建。 相似文献
4.
露天矿区生态环境质量与资源利用评价——以平朔安太堡露天煤矿为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
以山西省平朔安太堡露天煤矿为例,针对露天矿生态环境的影响因素及其资源利用情况,提出了能够体现露天矿区生态环境质量与资源利用主要特征的定性、定量评价指标体系,利用层次分析和模糊数学等方法,对露天矿生态环境质量与资源利用进行综合评价。研究结果表明:矿区生态环境与资源利用水平由1995年前的5级变为2000年的4级,又转为2005年的2级,未来的理想状况会向1级水平发展。说明矿区生态环境质量与资源利用正在向好的方向发展。 相似文献
5.
基于RS和GIS技术的露天矿区土地利用变化分析 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10
以安太堡大型露天煤矿为研究对象,以研究区4期Landsat TM卫星影像为数据源,将露天矿区土地利用类型按照剥离区、采挖区、复垦区和原地貌进行分类,采用监督分类与人机交互解译相结合的方法,获得研究区4个时期土地利用类型图,将不同时期土地利用类型图叠加,分析了露天矿区土地利用变化过程。结果表明,研究区原地貌15a间平均每年减少1km2左右,并由于近年来煤炭产量的逐步增加原地貌面积有加速减少的趋势,采挖区的面积基本保持在7km2左右,剥离区与复垦区面积有不断增长的趋势,但复垦区增长速度较剥离区增长速度快,预计在2015年复垦面积与剥离面积基本保持平衡;按照目前的采煤速度,研究区一期工程的原地貌到2008年将全部消失。运用RS和GIS技术对大型露天矿区土地利用变化分析,可快速准确地掌握露天矿区土地利用的时空结构、不同时期不同土地类型的转移情况及其发展趋势,为大型露天矿区土地复垦与生态重建规划提供决策支持。 相似文献
6.
以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟胜利矿区一号露天煤矿为例,分析了露天煤矿水土流失的成因,划分了水土流失预测单元和预测时段。介绍了该项目水土流失预测的内容和采用的方法,得出了水土流失强度和水土流失量预测的结果。通过分析,揭示出露天煤矿水土流失的危害,为其治理奠定了基础。 相似文献
7.
基于CT分析露天煤矿复垦年限对土壤有效孔隙数量和孔隙度的影响 总被引：4，自引：7，他引：4
露天煤矿排土场由于排土过程中大型机械压实等作用会对土壤的孔隙结构产生影响,重构适合于植被生长的土壤孔隙结构是排土场土地复垦的重要工作。为对排土场重构土壤孔隙结构进行定量分析,该文采用高精度无损计算机断层扫描技术(CT)对山西平朔矿区安太堡露天煤矿排土场平台全黄土母质覆盖的不同复垦年限(0、20、23 a)以及原地貌的土壤进行分层扫描成像,并利用Photoshop和Arcgis软件对扫描图像进行处理和统计分析,探讨了排土和复垦对土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度的影响,分析了排土场重构土壤大、中和小孔隙的变化。结果表明:原地貌土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度最大,其次是复垦23和20 a的土壤,排土后未复垦土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度最小。采矿和排土等活动由于大型机械压实作用降低了土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度,尤其是大孔隙数量和大孔隙度;土地复垦对增加土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度有一定的作用,但是过程比较缓慢。采矿和排土等活动对表层土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度的影响要高于底层土壤。该研究可为黄土区大型露天煤矿排土场重构土壤结构的优化与土地复垦措施选择提供依据。 相似文献
8.
露天煤矿开采项目水土流失量预测——以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟胜利矿区一号露天煤矿为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟胜利矿区一号露天煤矿为例,分析了露天煤矿水土流失的成因,划分了水土流失预测单元和预测时段。介绍了该项目水土流失预测的内容和采用的方法,得出了水土流失强度和水土流失量预测的结果。通过分析．揭示出露天煤矿水土流失的危害,为其治理奠定了基础。 相似文献
9.
为揭示西北干旱荒漠区露天煤矿风蚀特征，选取该区域内具备代表性的典型露天矿区，对其不同场地下垫面进行分析，通过野外实地监测，分析了矿区不同下垫面风沙流特征。研究结果显示：随高度增加，块石植被低覆盖干燥（RLd）下垫面风沙流输沙量垂向特征表现为先依次递减后增加，其余下垫面则总体表现为随高度增加而减少；0.2 m为风沙流的主要输移层，砾石覆盖度、植被覆盖度与地表湿润度的增加，会有效降低风沙流水平通量。近地表土壤结构受大型机械循环作业活动变的疏松、风蚀物质粒径减小，同时因自身地表干燥，研究区近地表土壤风蚀可蚀性增加；水平通量在风季时期因人为干扰作用，沙尘加快了运移。在车工机械的影响下，矿内生产活跃区下垫面风沙流空间结构特征较其他下垫面出现向高层偏移的现象，主要开采区域风蚀程度严重，且人为干扰程度越强，偏移现象越明显。矿区周边沙地下垫面水平通量较大，地表可风蚀性质较强，受研究区盛行风及人为采矿导致地表凹陷等因素影响，该区域是矿区大粒径风蚀物质的主要来源地。因地表湿润度与植被覆盖度的增加，部分下垫面风沙流结构最优关系式为指数函数的形式，表现为随高度增加输沙量变化较急剧，其余下垫面风沙流结构最优关系式函数类型为幂函数。矿内主要开采活跃区下垫面的输移物质主要为极细粉沙，且主要粒径组风蚀物影响范围超过1.5 m，是造成露天矿区能见度下降的主要原因。研究成果可为西北干旱荒漠区露天矿区沙害防治提供理论依据和科技支撑。 相似文献
10.
黄土区露天煤矿排土场复垦后土壤与植被的演变规律 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：12
恢复受损的土壤和植被是矿区生态恢复的关键,植被恢复过程的实质是植被-土壤复合生态系统相互作用的过程。该文通过典型小区调查的方法,选择山西平朔州安太堡露天煤矿复垦排土场为研究区,分析了不同复垦年限（3、5、10、12和17 a）土壤环境因子和乔木林地植被生物量的动态演变规律,建立了黄土区露天煤矿排土场复垦土壤环境因子和乔木林地植被生物量Logistic演替模型,并构建了土壤-植被交互影响的偏微分方程组。相关系数及显著性检验表明所建立的土壤各环境因子演变模型和乔木林复垦地的植被生物量演变模型有效,能够很好地反映排土场的土壤因子和植被生物量的动态演变过程;随着复垦年限的增加,研究区土壤环境因子质量不断提升并逐渐接近原地貌,土壤因子和植被生物量都呈S型变化,符合Logistic生长演替模型;土壤环境因子与植被生物量二者交互作用明显,符合Kolmogorov捕食模型。该研究可为黄土区露天矿排土场土地复垦与生态恢复提供理论依据。 相似文献
11.
黄土高原矿区煤炭产量占全国70%以上,大规模开采活动导致区域内生态环境退化与土壤侵蚀加剧。然而,当前鲜有矿区土壤侵蚀时空特征及其与环境变化关系的定量研究,限制了煤矿区土地复垦与生态修复进展。为了探究矿区土壤侵蚀特征及其与环境变化的关系,为黄土高原煤矿区生态环境治理提供理论指导,该研究以彬长矿区为研究区,利用修订的通用土壤流失方程(revised universal soil loss equation,RUSLE)分别模拟了矿区全区2003—2019年及沉陷区2014—2019年土壤侵蚀速率,探究了矿区全区及沉陷区土壤侵蚀特征,定量研究了降雨、地形和植被对土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明：1)2003—2019年间,彬长矿区土壤侵蚀速率整体呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),年份间差异较大,2003年土壤侵蚀最为严重,侵蚀速率为85.56 t/(hm2·a),2009年侵蚀程度最低,侵蚀速率为15.54 t/(hm2·a)。微度、轻度侵蚀主要分布于城区、黄土塬和河流阶地等平坦地区,其空间分布在不同年份间基本保持一致,其余侵蚀类型主要分布于煤矿开采区... 相似文献
12.
露天矿大型排土场水蚀特征及其植被控制效果研究--以安太堡露天煤矿南排土场为例 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
以山西省平朔露天煤矿安太堡矿南排土场1993～2002年径流小区定位观测为基础,对排土场未复垦、复垦种植2年、复垦种植10年等3个阶段产流产沙特征及其植被措施的减流减沙效果进行分析,初步建立了小区暴雨-产流-产沙经验模型,比较了不同植被及其配置模式的减流减沙效果,并提出了适合的植被与改进措施。 相似文献
13.
Opencast coal mining is an anthropogenic activity that changes the antecedent soil profile, and it was important to understand the distribution characteristics of soil pore and then select suitable land rehabilitation measures. To better quantify the pore distribution characterization of reconstructed soils in opencast coalmine dumps, high-resolution and non-destructive computed tomography (CT) method was used to study the effect of opencast coal-mining and land rehabilitation on the soil pore distribution by scanning soils from the Antaibao Opencast Coal-mine in China. The soils were taken from the dump platforms with different rehabilitation time and an unmined site. ImangeJ 2 was used to process the scanned images and the soil pore densities and porosities of different pore sizes were used to analyze the distribution characteristics of soil pore. Opencast mining activities decreased soil pore density and soil porosity, especially in macropores. Compared to unmined soils, the total porosity of the non-rehabilitated soils reduced by 25.0%, 20.5%, 17.7% at the depths of 0–25, 25–50, 50–75 cm, respectively. Vegetation rehabilitation should be used to develop soil pore structure and improve the proportion of different pore sizes. 相似文献
14.
Abstract. The effect of various cultivation sequences on the performance of field drainage systems was investigated in a number of case studies carried out on former opencast coal mining land. Comparisons of drain flow patterns before and after cultivation indicated marked deteriorations in performance following preparation of the final seedbed. Neither mouldboard ploughing nor discing alone affected drain flow.
Soil moisture, hydraulic conductivity and drain flow data suggested that drainage performance may have deteriorated as a result, initially, of secondary drainage channels being blocked with fine materials translocated from the seedbed. A subsequent collapse of tilth to form a surface pan reinforced this adverse effect. It was not clear to what extent the failure of secondary drainage channels contributed to this collapse.
Implications for the management of former opencast land and the advantages of various cultivation techniques are discussed. 相似文献
Soil moisture, hydraulic conductivity and drain flow data suggested that drainage performance may have deteriorated as a result, initially, of secondary drainage channels being blocked with fine materials translocated from the seedbed. A subsequent collapse of tilth to form a surface pan reinforced this adverse effect. It was not clear to what extent the failure of secondary drainage channels contributed to this collapse.
Implications for the management of former opencast land and the advantages of various cultivation techniques are discussed. 相似文献
15.
天然地形和人工沙棘风障对排土场平台植被恢复的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以霍林河露天煤矿为例 ,通过对排土场不同地段植被的观察、野外小区实验和室内分析的方法 ,调查研究了天然地形风障以及人工沙棘风障对半干旱地区露天煤矿排土场平台植被恢复状况的影响。研究结果表明 ,地形与人工沙棘风障不仅起到防风作用 ,还可以改善土壤理化性质 ,促进其它植物的生长 ,防治水土流失 ,加速排土场的植被恢复与生态重建的进程。 相似文献
16.
黄土区采煤排土场生态复垦工程实施成效分析 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
以复垦20a的平朔露天煤矿排土场生态系统为研究对象,从土壤重构到先锋树种筛选及生态系统恢复不同阶段植被演变、动物定居、微生物、土壤养分变化等方面,系统分析了其生态重建技术的实施效果。结果表明,平朔矿区已形成＂黄土母质直接覆盖表层培肥熟化＂特色复垦技术;筛选出刺槐×油松×柠条,刺槐×油松,刺槐×沙棘,刺槐纯林等多种植被配置模式;随着复垦年限的延长,野生物种大量入侵,土壤种子库逐渐形成,物种多样性增加,植被群落组成趋于稳定,动物、微生物和土壤养分呈现增加趋势,表明矿区生态系统已进入正常的演替过程。但受矿区特殊生境和自然客观条件的限制,演替过程中某些植被出现病虫害、种内或种间的水分竞争等问题已导致部分植被退化,因此植被恢复成功后其生态管理还需进一步研究。 相似文献
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18.
S. M. Siegel B. Z. Siegel C. Lipp A. Kruckeberg G. H. N. Towers H. Warren 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1985,25(1):73-85
British Columbia is commonly considered to be highly mercuriferous. Regional plant-soil Hg distribution patterns in B.C. and adjacent Alberta distinguish not only Hg-rich sites with histories of thermal activity, but also many more sites with Hg-levels at or below reference levels established at Prince George. In the Fort St. James-Pinchi Lake area nearby, environmental Hg sources include residues from a now abandoned but once productive mine, and ore bodies from the extensive Pinchi Fault system lode deposits. In the study of plant-soil Hg relations in this area horsetail, plantain and dandelion were found to be useful indicator plants. In addition however, samples of aquatic macrophytes, waters, sediments, and air were taken to broaden the picture of plant-environment Hg distribution. After comparing our findings with various mine/smelter and other emission models, we concluded that mining activities were intensely polluting locally but the polluting species were not highly mobile. Elsewhere in the Fort St. James area, distribution patterns point to many low level widely dispersed sources, possibly the result of both re-emission of bioaccumulated Hg and its degassing from Pinchi fault deposits. 相似文献
19.
为对煤矿区生态储存估算及其对土地利用的综合响应进行评价,以山西省位于长河流域的晋煤集团11个集中连片煤矿区为例,在生态服务功能理论的基础上,通过收集研究区10a的土地利用类型以及矿区与非矿区的相关数据,分析各类土地利用类型的面积、分布和变化方向,并建立评价指标体系以估计不同时期的生态储存,进而得出煤矿区基于煤炭开采的生态储存的响应。研究结果:研究区整体的生态储存呈下降趋势,除了天安圣华,其他煤矿区的生态都出现不同程度的退化,且矿区的退化速度远高于非矿区;12个区域中(11个煤矿区和1个非煤矿区)有一半以上区域的生态储存等级为第3级,研究区11个煤矿区的生态储存能力普遍较高,生态改善的可能性较大,可为煤矿区生态保护规划以及相应的管理提供基础数据和应用借鉴。 相似文献
20.
《European Journal of Soil Biology》2002,38(2):137-143
Immigration to and colonisation of recultivated opencast coal mining areas by soil organisms were investigated in eastern Germany during the period 1996–1998 in freshly exposed substrates (immigration test) and two up to 46-year-old afforested mine soils (stage-dependent succession). The results indicate that immigration by air is characteristic for protists, soil microarthropods and spiders, while active locomotion is more important for the soil macrofauna. Testate amoebae assemblages showed no evident differences between 30–37-year-old Tertiary afforestations (ash-ameliorated, pyrite-rich, low soil pH) and 46-year-old Pleistocene sites (liming, low pyrite content, moderate soil pH), while comparisons in soil animals revealed pronounced differences in abundance, biomass and species composition. Earthworms, for example, reached a mean biomass up to 108 g m–2 in the Pleistocene deciduous afforestation. The Tertiary site had only 7–12 g m–2. Generally, all investigated soil animal groups indicated taxon-specific immigration and colonisation strategies with pronounced site preferences, dependent on substrate quality, age and afforestation. Within 40 years, a consistent trend is visible from an open pioneer to a woodland community. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that long-term investigations as well as numerous taxa of different trophic levels are essential for a comprehensive evaluation of recultivated mine dumps. 相似文献