首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
After simulating acid rain on 2-year-old spruce seedlings (Picea abies. Karst.), potted in soil of a damaged stand, no signs of stunted roots or mycorrhizal injury could be achieved. Liming had some effect on the status of the Hartig net. The findings must be seen as a result of changes in soil chemistry and successful competition of the established mycorrhiza.  相似文献   

2.
To clarify the early steps of symbiotic establishment, we studied the dynamics of Pinus pinaster (Ait.) Sol. tap root colonization and mycorrhiza formation by an IAA-overproducing mutant of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum Romagnesi and by the corresponding wild type strain. Differences between wild type and mutant strains were quantitative rather than qualitative and were detected two days after inoculation. Both fungal strains established a typical Hartig net when they colonized the tap roots. Consequently, colonized tap roots exhibited features of a true mycorrhiza and fungal colonization enhanced plant growth. Fungal colonization and Hartig net formation were more rapid with the mutant than with the wild type. Colonization, especially with the mutant strain, increased rhizogenesis and the production of mycorrhizas. The mutant formed a hypertrophic Hartig net in tap roots and mycorrhizal short roots and we obtained evidence that the process of short root transformation into mycorrhiza started before their emergence from the tap root. Hyphae of the Hartig net in the tap root penetrated the cortex of young lateral roots at the beginning of their elongation, after the endodermis layer broke under the pressure of the elongating lateral root. Colonization was inhibited when triiodobenzoic acid was added to the culture medium, providing circumstantial evidence that auxin is involved in mycorrhiza formation.  相似文献   

3.
[目的]通过板栗幼苗人工接种食用菌根菌固体菌剂,分析其对板栗幼苗生长指标和根系菌根化的效果,以验证大红菇(菌株编号2014-10)、红绒盖牛肝菌(菌株编号2014-14)和美味牛肝菌(菌株编号50559)这3种食用菌根菌固体菌剂作为板栗接种体的有效性及其促生效应,为进一步探索"板栗食用菌根菌新型经济林栽培模式"提供基础。[方法]在板栗播种时分别接种上述3种食用菌根菌固体菌剂,并设空白作对照。对当年生幼苗苗高、地径、根系干质量、侧根数、侧根总长、幼苗侵染率、吸收根侵染率等指标进行调查和分析,并制作菌根石蜡切片进行微观结构观察。[结果]表明:(1)上述3种食用菌根菌在人工接种下均能侵染板栗幼苗根系,平均幼苗菌根化率分别达95.8%、87.0%和96.7%,平均吸收根菌根化率分别达57%、53%和50%,达较高的侵染强度;经微观观察,板栗幼苗根系均形成典型的菌根结构——菌丝套和哈蒂氏网。(2)与对照幼苗相比,3个菌种处理幼苗的平均苗高分别提高32.5%、24.0%和22.7%,平均地径分别提高19.4%、14.1%和5.0%,差异显著(P0.05);平均根系干质量分别提高18.9%、25.3%和14.1%,平均侧根数分别提高16.0%、14.1%和12.1%,平均侧根总长分别提高26.8%、28.9%和44.8%,差异极显著(P0.01)。[结论](1)上述供试食用菌根菌均与板栗根系建立了共生关系,幼苗菌根化效果良好,吸收根菌根化强度高,形成了菌根的典型结构,即菌丝套和哈蒂氏网,验证了上述菌种固体菌剂的有效性,认为其可以作为板栗食用菌根菌栽培的接种体而用于生产实践,为探索"板栗食用菌根菌新型经济林栽培模式"提供了基础。(2)上述供试菌种接种后,对板栗幼苗各项主要生长指标均有不同程度的促进作用,说明上述食用菌根菌对板栗幼苗具有显著的促生效应。  相似文献   

4.
The presence of humus was evaluated as a factor affecting the establishment and development of mycorrhiza in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta ssp. latifolia Engelm.) during the first growing season after outplanting on two clear‐cut sites. Humus proved to be of minor importance for the formation of mycorrhizae. Instead, the colonisation showed a patchy pattern, indicating spatial variation in the amounts of active inoculum. This variation may reflect differences in soil microhabitat and perhaps the mycorrhizal distribution in the logged stands. Total mycorrhizal short‐root frequency increased from 10% at outplanting in June to 40–65% in October. The nursery mycorrhiza accounted for 80–95% of the total mycorrhiza at the end of the investigation. However, by this time 60–90% of the seedlings had, to some extent, indigenous mycorrhiza with fungi from the clear‐cut sites. Piloderma croceum tended to be formed at a higher rate in the presence of humus than in its absence while another mycorrhizal type increased faster in the mineral soil.  相似文献   

5.
A simple method to inoculate seed plants of heather Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull with its fungal associate was tested in peat soil under greenhouse conditions. This resulted in colonization of all the pots where inoculation was carried out. The average percentage colonization was 27. Colonization was not observed in the non-inoculated pots. This opens the way for experiments designed to create knowledge of the significance of ericaceous mycorrhiza to the members of the family Ericaceae that typically dominates nutrient-poor sites such as heathland, raised bog and tundra in the Northern Hemisphere. In association with the inoculation, experiments were carried out to determine differences between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal seed plants of heather, as regards the concentration of nutrients (NPK) in the shoots. No significant increase of nutrient concentrations in shoots or aboveground biomass due to the presence of mycorrhiza was observed. Phosphorous concentration was 16% lower in the shoots from the plants inoculated with mycorrhiza; this result was the only significant effect that could be ascribed to mycorrhiza. Increased growth rate in the plants with mycorrhiza dilutes the nutrient concentrations in the shoots from these plants. The mean nitrogen content (g N/pot) in shoots of heather was 10% higher in mycorrhizal plants than in non-mycorrhizal plants, whereas the difference in concentration (g N/g dry matter) was only 2% in favor of mycorrhizal plants. This indicates that the presence of mycorrhiza rather increases the growth rate than the nutrient concentration in the shoots. Fertilizer application experiments were carried out on the same plants. When 10 kg N ha−1 was supplied as NH3–N in aqueous solution, the concentration of N in the shoots was increased by 14%, from 0.75 to 0.86%. Both these concentrations are lower than those observed in nature. The total growth was increased by 32% in the potassium-fertilized (10 kg K ha−1) pots. The percentage colonization was positively correlated to the N:P ratio in the shoot tissue. None of the treatments influenced the percentage colonization significantly.  相似文献   

6.
Bücking H  Heyser W 《Tree physiology》2001,21(2-3):101-107
Microautoradiographic studies were carried out to examine the distribution and exchange of phosphate and labeled carbohydrates in mycorrhizal roots of Populus tremula x Populus alba L. following application of 33P-orthophosphate (Pi) and 14CO2. Labeled Pi was not homogeneously distributed along the mycorrhizal longitudinal axis. The fungal sheath and the Hartig net contained more 33Pi in the median parts of the root than in the apical or basal root zones, indicating that uptake and transfer of Pi to the host plant was localized mainly in this area. The Pi was translocated by the Hartig net and the interfacial apoplast to the host plant. It was distributed by way of the stele within the plant. Young leaves and meristematic tissue in the shoot tip were the main sinks for Pi. In plants that were left in the dark for 5 days before 33Pi application, the reduced carbohydrate supply caused a decrease in Pi absorption by mycorrhizal roots. Microautoradiography of mycorrhizal roots after assimilation of 14CO2 revealed that: (1) the fungal partner had a high capacity to attract photosynthates; (2) the main transfer of carbohydrates was localized in the median zone of a mycorrhizal root; (3) carbohydrates that were absorbed by the mycorrhizal fungus were translocated to the fungal sheath and were homogeneously distributed; and (4) in the main exchange zone, cortical cell nuclei showed a high sink capacity, indicating increased metabolic activity in these cells. We postulate that (1) the phosphate demand of the host plant regulates absorption of Pi by the fungus, and (2) a bidirectional transfer of carbohydrates and Pi occurs across the same interface structure in ectomycorrhizal roots of Populus.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Ball and burlap Fraxinus americana (Autumn purple ash) trees were evaluated for their response to subsurface feeding of mycorrhizal inoculum with root biostimulant (mycorrhiza Roots) and nitrogen fertilizer (Coron 28-0-0) on difficult sites in the Colorado front range. Two root ingrowth cores were installed around each of twelve trees following planting in fall 1998 and excavated in fall 1999. Inoculation with mycorrhiza Roots alone resulted in sigificantly increased dry root weights and mycorrhizal colonization percentage on treated purple ash trees (p ≤ 0.05). Mycorrhiza Roots with Coron also significantly increased dry root weights and mycorrhizal colonization percentage on treated ash (p ≤ 0.05). Increases in root growth were dramatic. Purple ash trees treated with mycorrhiza Roots and Coron had greater than 3.5 times the dry root weights in excavated root ingrowth cores compared controls. Trees treated with mycorrhiza Roots alone had greater than 3 times the dry weights compared to controls. Trees treated with mycorrhiza Roots alone had more than 12 times higher mycorrhi-zal colonization percentage compared to controls. Control trees were poorly colonized by mycorrhizal fungi. This study indicates that subsurface feeding of purple ash ball and burlap trees following outplanting with mycorrhizal inoculum and root biostimulant can greatly improve root growth and mycorrhizal colonization.  相似文献   

8.
During the last decades, ectomycorrhiza has been identified to be of major importance for ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling and tree growth. Despite this importance, mycorrhiza has largely been neglected in ecosystem models or regarded only implicitly by a static mycorrhiza term. In order to overcome this limitation, we integrated the dynamic mycorrhiza model MYCOFON (Meyer et al. in Plant Soil 327:493–517, 2010a, Plant Soil 327:519, 2010b) into the ecosystem modelling framework MoBiLE (Modular Biosphere simuLation Environment) and coupled it to available forest growth and development process models. Model testing was done for different beech and spruce forest sites in Germany. Simulation results were compared to a standard model set-up, that is, without explicit consideration of mycorrhiza. Parameters were set in order not to violate previous findings about C partitioning into aboveground and belowground biomasses. Nevertheless, the explicit consideration of mycorrhiza let to considerable differences between sites and deposition scenarios with respect to simulated root biomass, plant nitrogen supply, and gaseous soil C and N emissions. The latter was mainly a result of differences in soil N concentration and dynamics. Our simulation results also show that the C supply to mycorrhizal fungi by plants as well as the importance of mycorrhizal fungi for plant N uptake, that is, the allocation of C and N between plants and fungi, depends on the magnitude of N deposition. This effect is neglected by standard model approaches so far. Therefore, explicit consideration of mycorrhiza in ecosystem models has a high potential to improve model simulations of ecosystem C and N cycling and associated biosphere–hydrosphere–atmosphere exchange processes and consequently simulation of soil CO2 and N trace gas emissions from forest sites.  相似文献   

9.
Pure culture synthesis of Pinus cembra mycorrhizae + Suillus placidus. The fungus forms an extremely thick mantle and a strongly developed Hartig net.  相似文献   

10.
The tree species Alnus acuminata and Morella pubescens, native to South America, are candidates for soil quality improvement and afforestation of degraded areas and may serve as nurse trees for later inter-planting of other trees, including native crop trees. Both species not only form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), but also with N2-fixing actinobacteria. Because tree seedlings inoculated with appropriate mycorrhizal fungi in the nursery resist transplanting stress better than non-mycorrhizal seedlings, we evaluated for A. acuminata and M. pubescens the potential of inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi for obtaining robust tree seedlings. For the first time, a laboratory-produced mixed AMF inoculum was tested in comparison with native soil from stands of both tree species, which contains AMF and EMF. Seedlings of both tree species reacted positively to both types of inocula and showed an increase in height, root collar diameter and above- and belowground biomass production, although mycorrhizal root colonization was rather low in M. pubescens. After 6 months, biomass was significantly higher for all mycorrhizal treatments when compared to control treatments, whereas aboveground biomass was approximately doubled for most treatments. To test whether mycorrhiza formation positively influences plant performance under reduced water supply the experiment was conducted under two irrigation regimes. There was no strong response to different levels of watering. Overall, application of native soil inoculum improved growth most. It contained sufficient AMF propagules but potentially also other soil microorganisms that synergistically enhance plant growth performance. However, the AMF inoculum pot-produced under controlled conditions was an efficient alternative for better management of A. acuminata and M. pubescens in the nursery, which in the future may be combined with defined EMF and Frankia inocula for improved management practices.  相似文献   

11.
Tricholoma matsutake/Pinus densiflora mycorrhizas andP. densiflora roots were collected from beneath matureT. matsutake fruit-bodies in a Shiro in central Japan and investigated for evidence of endophytic infection.Tricholoma matsutake infection was determined microscopically on cleared, bleached and stained mycorrhizas by the presence of both a thin, discontinuous mantle and highly branched, sparingly septate Hartig net mycelium within the root cortex. Endophytic infection of Matsutake mycorrhizas was characterized by intracortical sclerotia, simple septate mycelium within the cortex and vascular cylinder and intracellular spore masses within the root cortex. This research was supported by a grant from the Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (BRAIN).  相似文献   

12.
The fungicides benomyl, captan, hymexazol, iprodione, propamocarb hydrochloride and thiram were applied in a combined schedule to Pinus halepensis seedlings grown under nursery conditions to study their effect on mycorrhiza formation and plant growth. The inoculated fungi Pisolithus tinctorius (strains 3SR and Mx) and Lactarius deliciosus formed mycorrhizas when fungicides were applied. However, fungicide application led to a significant decrease of mycorrhizal plants with Pisolithus tinctorius strain 3SR (from 62% without fungicides to 35% with fungicides). This effect could be attributed to a direct effect of fungicides on mycelial growth. The morphometric and nutritional parameters were very similar in plants treated with or without fungicides, and no differences on sanitary status of plants were noted. The use of preventive fungicide treatments in plant production, which may have a harmful effect on the environment, is therefore questioned.  相似文献   

13.
Standard 14‐cm plastic‐petri dishes were used as root substrate chambers allowing controlled inoculation, regular inspection under the dissecting microscope, and manipulation of root infections with pathogens and mycorrhizal fungi under nonsterile conditions. Roots of young pine seedlings were placed on the root substrate and, especially those growing on the substrate surface under the lid, were very easy to manipulate. Mycorrhizal species and inoculation methods were compared and the infection process followed continuously under various conditions. The air pockets formed between the lid and the substrate favoured mycorrhiza formation. Brief, periodic flooding prevented formation of mycorrhizas in two mycorrhizal species having hydrophobic hyphae but did not prevent it in less hydrophobic species. IAA treatment of roots led to heavy production of mycorrhizas. Fruiting body formation in Lacearia laccata was induced and followed in the dish cultures. Pure mycorrhizal stock cultures were able to be revitalized in the dish cultures and reisolated in pure culture. The infection strategy of a weak root pathogen, Cylindrocarpon destructans, was studied with the same technique, which was also used for investigating treatments predisposing seedlings to pathogen infection.  相似文献   

14.
There has been conflicting debate over many years regarding the trophic status ofTricholoma matsutake (Ito et Imai) Sing., and further investigations are necessary to better understandT. matsutake physiology, particularly carbon nutrition, during ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. For this purpose, we developed a technique to rapidly synthesizein vitro ectomycorrhizas betweenPinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. andT. matsutake on artificial substrate (vermiculite: perlite: peat: beech sawdust; 5:5:1:1.), without added sugar in the nutrient solution. Only 1 week was required before the first rudimentary Hartig net ‘palmetti’ could be observed in roots. Well-developed Hartig net structures appeared in taproots after 2 weeks and in lateral roots after 3 weeks. Such rapid root infection may be attributed to the quality of the substrate and the inoculum used. This research was supported by a grant from the Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (BRAIN).  相似文献   

15.
Our study aimed to assess the effect of dual inoculation with the selected Rhizobium strain KWN35 and the arbuscular mycorrhizal isolate BEG 176 (Glomus etunicatum) on the growth of Calliandra calothyrsus cultivated under irrigation in the field in Senegal (Dakar) over a period of 24 months. Although plants inoculated with both microsymbionts grew better (height and root collar diameter) than plants from three other inoculation treatments (control, single inoculation with KWN35 or BEG 176), these results were not statistically different except at 1 and 5 months after field transplantation. KWN35 was present in a relatively high percentage of nodules harvested from plants inoculated with this rhizobial strain either alone or with mycorrhiza (approximately 60% and 40% 1 and 2 years after field transplantation respectively). The percentage of mycorrhizal root infections was around 60% in the inoculated plants after 12 months with significantly higher N, P and K foliar contents of trees compared with the non-inoculated controls. However, as for nodulation, by 24 months after transplantation, there were no significant differences between treatments. We conclude that field inoculation of C. calothyrsus with Rhizobium strain KWN35 and arbuscular mycorrhizal isolate BEG 176 did not have a long-lasting effect on the growth of trees, even when a majority of nodules were occupied by the inoculated rhizobia and the roots infected by the mycorrhiza. Several reasons can be postulated for these results, such as a possible effect of soil fertility on the efficiency of the nodules.  相似文献   

16.
In order to re-inoculate soil with mycorrhizal fungi, small amounts (about 150 ml) of soil from an established Douglas-fir plantation were added to planting holes when Douglas-fir seedlings were planted on an old, unrevegetated clearcut in the Klamath Mountains of Oregon. Seedlings were lifted throughout the growing season to determine the influence of soil transfer on the rate of root tip initiation and mycorrhiza formation. Six weeks after planting, seedlings receiving plantation soil had formed 62% more root tips than controls; however, no statistically significant differences were apparent 15 weeks after planting. By that time, a small percentage of root tips were visibly mycorrhizal; seedlings receiving transferred soil had the most colonization (13.6 vs 3.5 per seedling, p 0.05). Of seedlings receiving transfer soil, 36.6% survived the first growing season, compared to 11.3% of control seedlings. At this high elevation, soils often remain frozen well into spring, leaving only a brief period betwen the time when soils become warm enough for root growth and the onset of summer drought. Under these conditions, the rapid root growth and mycorrhiza formation stimulated by plantation soil increases the ability of seedlings to survive the first growing season.This is Paper 2341 of the Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University.  相似文献   

17.
The formation of mycorrhiza on Pinus tabulaeformis (Pt) seedlings by ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF), the protective effect of the ECMF on damping‐off caused by Rhizoctonia solani and the expression of pathogenesis‐related proteins (PR‐proteins) induced by Amanita vaginata and/or R. solani in Pt seedlings were investigated. The results indicated that: (i) among the 10 ECMF tested, five species (Gomphidius viscidus, Suillus laricinus, Suillus tomentosus, A. vaginata and Basidiomycetes no. 058) formed mycorrhiza with Pt seedlings. There was a positive correlation between mycorrhizal colonization levels and protective effects (r = 0.9207). Among the five species, A. vaginata had the highest colonization level and the best protective effect against damping‐off; however, G. viscidus had no protective effect even though it had a high mycorrhization level. (ii) Chitinases, β‐1,3‐glucanases and PR‐proteins in the seedlings were not induced by A. vaginata colonization, but were induced when A. vaginata‐mycorrhizal seedlings were attacked by R. solani. It is possible that chitinases, β‐1,3‐glucanases and 108, 97, 78, 44, 37 and 14‐kDa PR‐proteins induced both by A. vaginata and R. solani protect Pt seedlings from R. solani infection.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

Mycorrhizal fungi contain chitin in their cell walls and may be influenced by transgenic chitinases. This study examined the ability of a transgenic tree, silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), constitutively expressing the sugar beet chitinase IV gene, to form ectomycorrhizae with Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. Eight transgenic lines showing varying levels of sugar beet chitinase IV expression and the non-transgenic control plants were inoculated by P. involutus in vitro, and the morphology of the mycorrhizae, mycorrhization efficiency and shoot and root fresh weights were studied. All the transgenic birch lines were able to form normal ectomycorrhizae containing distinctive mantles and Hartig nets. The level of sugar beet chitinase IV expression had no significant influence on mycorrhizal colonization. The only significant differences between transgenic and control plants were detected in weight parameters. According to these results, the expression of sugar beet chitinase IV in silver birch is not deleterious to formation of ectomycorrhizae between birch and P. involutus.  相似文献   

19.
铁皮石斛是我国传统的名贵中药材,具有很高的药用和经济价值。菌根真菌对铁皮石斛种子萌发、植株生长及活性成分的积累具有重要的促进作用。本文综述了铁皮石斛菌根形成的特点、菌根真菌对铁皮石斛的共生专一性与促进作用、菌根真菌的分离及鉴定等方面的研究进展,并展望了铁皮石斛菌根真菌的应用前景。  相似文献   

20.
A Tuber melanosporum plantation established in 1994/1995 on Kibbutz Bar’am (in the Upper Galilee, Israel) gradually lost its T. melanosporum mycorrhiza. In 1999, T. aestivum inoculated seedlings were inadvertently introduced into the plantation to fill the gaps between trees. A single T. melanosporum fruit body was found in 1999. Although no truffles were found after 1999 and until 2009, in that year and in 2010, truffles were collected. Morphological and molecular analyses proved these to be T. aestivum. Thus, the intentionally introduced T. melanosporum mycorrhiza was replaced by that of another introduced mycorrhizal fungus, T. aestivum. Local oak species produced higher yields compared to introduced host species known to be good T. melanosporum plant symbionts. The yield was comparable to that reported for young commercial orchards, but the fruiting season was earlier than in Europe.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号