共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 203 毫秒
1.
利用2种非线性混合效应模型(2水平)对杉木林胸径生长量的分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
选择2种2水平非线性混合模型对杉木林胸径生长量进行分析,其中模型1为一般的2水平非线性混合模型,模型2在模型1的基础上进一步考虑固定效应参数随某一特定因子水平变化而变化。本文通过对这2种模型的分析,首先确定构建2水平非线性混合模型的基础模型,然后对模型1衍生出的665种模型及模型2衍生出的2703种模型进行计算和比较:对于模型1,有57种模型计算收敛,当形参b0同时考虑区组和样地效应、而b4和b5只考虑区组效应时,模型拟合效果最好,因此把该模型作为模型1的最佳拟合模型;对于模型2,有24种模型计算收敛,当形参b5同时考虑区组和样地效应、b1只考虑区组效应并且固定效应b0的取值与各区组水平有关时,模型拟合效果最好,因此把该模型作为模型2的最佳拟合模型。最后对传统的非线性回归模型、模型1及模型2进行比较:模型1和模型2的拟合效果都比传统的非线性回归模型好,且模型2的拟合效果最好。 相似文献
2.
基于线性混合模型的落叶松枝条长度和角度模型 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以黑龙江省五营林业局丽林林场30株人工落叶松2190个枝条长度和角度数据为例,利用逐步回归技术建立落叶松枝条长度和角度模型:BL=b1+b2DINC+b3DINC2+b4DBH·DINC2,BA=b1+b2DINC+b3DINC2+b4DBH·DINC。利用S-PLUS软件中的LME模块,考虑树木效应拟合线性枝条长度和角度模型。采用AIC、BIC、对数似然值和似然比检验等模型评价统计指标对不同模型的拟合效果进行比较分析。结果表明:当拟合枝条长度和角度模型时,b1,b2,b3同时作为混合参数时模型拟合最好。为了描述混合模型构建过程中产生的异方差现象,把幂函数和指数函数加入到枝条长度和角度混合模型中。指数函数显著提高了枝条长度混合模型的拟合效果,幂函数显著提高了角度混合模型的拟合效果,并且消除了异方差现象。模型检验结果表明:混合模型通过校正随机参数值能提高模型的预测精度。因此,混合模型在应用上不但能反映总体枝条长度和角度预测,而且能通过方差协方差结构校正随机参数来反映树木之间的差异。 相似文献
3.
以黑龙江省五营林业局丽林林场30株人工落叶松2 190个枝条基径数据为例,利用逐步回归技术建立了落叶松枝条基径模型:BD=b1+b2DINC+b3DINC2+b4DBH.DINC2。然后,利用S-PLUS软件中的LME过程,拟合线性枝基径模型。采用AIC、BIC、对数似然值和似然比检验等模型评价统计指标对不同模型的拟合效果进行比较分析。结果表明:当拟合枝条基径模型时,b1、b2、b3同时作为混合参数时模型拟合最好。为了矫正混合模型构建过程中产生的异方差现象,把幂函数和指数函数加入到枝条基径混合模型中。指数函数显著提高了枝条基径混合模型的拟合效果,并且消除了异方差现象。模型模拟表明:对于大小相同树木,枝条基径随着着枝深度(DINC)的增加而增大,对于大小不同的树木,枝条基径随着胸径(DBH)的增加而增大。林木的胸径变量很好地反映了不同大小树木的枝条基径的变化。在不知道详细林分信息的前提下,可以利用树木变量合理地预测兴安落叶松人工林的枝条基径的变化规律。 相似文献
4.
以黑龙江省带岭林业局大青川林场80株人工兴安落叶松解析木数据为例,采用Richards生长模型作为基础模型,利用S-PLUS软件中的NLME过程,分别拟合非线性树高和直径生长模型。采用AIC、BIC、对数似然值和似然比检验等模型评价统计指标对不同模型的精度进行比较分析。结果表明:当对树高-年龄关系进行拟合时,b1、b3同时作为混合参数时模型拟合最好;当对直径-年龄关系进行拟合时,b1、b3同时作为混合参数时模型拟合最好。把相关性结构包括一阶自回归结构AR(1)、一阶移动平均结构MA(1)及一阶自回归与移动平均结构[ARMA(1,1)]加入到树高和直径最优混合模型中,一阶自回归结构AR(1)显著提高了树高混合模型的拟合精度,一阶移动平均结构MA(1)显著提高了直径混合模型的拟合精度。模型检验结果表明:混合模型通过校正随机参数值能提高模型的预测精度。因此,混合模型在应用上不但能反映树高和直径的平均预测趋势,还能用方差协方差结构和误差相关性结构校正随机参数来反映个体之间的差异。 相似文献
5.
《林业科学》2016,(2)
【目的】基于林业上广泛应用的Kozak(1988),Kozak(1994),Kozak(2001)和Kozak(2002)可变指数削度方程,构建适合大兴安岭不同区域兴安落叶松树干削度方程,同时检验不同区域的显著性。【方法】采用大兴安岭3个区域的兴安落叶松样木干形数据,利用SAS软件的非线性回归SUR法拟合4个削度方程,采用调整确定系数(R2adj)、平均误差(MAB)、均方根误差(RMSE)、相对误差(MPB)、预估精度(P%)和多重共线性指标(CN)以及相应的残差分布图等对削度方程进行综合比较分析。区域性检验采用非线性额外平方和方法,该方法需要拟合完整模型和简化模型。【结果】1)Kozak(1988)和Kozak(1994)削度方程拟合和预估精度较高,但是存在较高的多重共线性问题;其他削度方程降低了模型的多重共线性,但可提高对树干上部的预测能力。2)不同区域模型的F检验分析发现,区域3与区域1和区域2的树干削度相差较大,区域1和区域2的树干削度相差较小,任何2个区域的对比检验都是显著的(P0.000 1),说明模型在不同区域不能共用一套参数,应有不同的区域参数估计。3)从不同区域各模型的干曲线模拟可以看出,同一模型在3个区域的干曲线模拟结果不同,尤其模型(3)在3个区域中的干曲线更明显地体现出3个区域的不同。模型(1)、模型(2)和模型(4)在3个区域的干曲线模拟体现在区域1和区域2的模拟结果比较接近,区域3则与其有明显不同,该结果与F检验结果一致。不同区域对树木干曲线有显著影响,削度方程参数估计值在不同区域的错误应用会导致较大误差。【结论】Kozak(2002)可变指数削度方程在拟合统计量、残差分布图和多重共线性等方面都表现出了一致性,预估精度达99%以上,可作为大兴安岭3个区域兴安落叶松的最优削度方程。 相似文献
6.
以黑龙江省七台河市林业局金沙林场9株人工落叶松2 790个样品数据为例,选择6个常用方程进行非线性回归分析,把拟合精度最高的修正Logistic模型作为微纤丝角基础模型y=b1/[1+ exp(b2x)]+b3,然后,利用S-PLUS软件中的NLME过程,拟合非线性微纤丝角模型.采用AIC、BIC、对数似然值和似然比检验等模型评价统计指标对不同模型的精度进行比较分析.结果表明:当对微纤丝角-年龄关系进行拟合时,b1,b2,b3同时作为混合参数时模型拟合效果最好.把相关性结构包括复合对称结构(CS)、一阶自回归结构AR(1)、一阶移动平均结构MA(1)及一阶自回归与移动平均结构[ARMA(1,1)]加入到微纤丝角最优混合模型中,一阶自回归与移动平均模型[ ARMA(1,1)]显著提高了微纤丝角混合模型的拟合精度.模型检验结果表明:混合模型通过校正随机参数值能提高模型的预测精度.因此,混合模型在应用上不仅能反映总体微纤丝角预测,而且能通过方差协方差结构和误差相关性结构校正随机参数来反映个体微纤丝角差异. 相似文献
7.
基于2层次线性混合模型的落叶松木材密度模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以黑龙江省七台河市林业局金沙林场9株人工落叶松432个样品密度数据为例,利用逐步回归技术构建落叶松木材密度模型:WD=β1+β2RN+β3RN2+β4h。利用S-PLUS软件中的LME过程,分别考虑单水平和多水平效应,拟合线性木材密度混合效应模型。结果表明:基于单水平和多水平效应的混合模型拟合精度高于传统的基本模型,并且考虑单水平树高效应和2层次效应时的混合模型精度高于考虑单水平样木效应影响的混合模型。模型检验结果表明:混合效应模型不但能反映总体平均木材密度变化趋势,还能反映分组之间的差异。 相似文献
8.
基于线性混合模型的落叶松人工林节子大小预测模型 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以黑龙江省东北部落叶松人工林为研究对象,应用19块标准地中95株解析木(每块标准地选取5株)的节子剖析数据,采用线性混合效应模型理论建立落叶松节子各因子(节子直径、着生角度、长度)的预估模型。结果表明:节子直径、着生角度和长度都随着树木胸径的增大而增大;节子直径随着着生高度的增大先增大后减小;节子角度随着着生高度的增大而逐渐减小;节子长度随着直径的增大而增大。与固定效应模型相比,考虑混合效应所建立的节子大小预测模型其参数估计更为准确,残差分布更加均匀,模型拟合精度明显得到提高(R2约提高了0.3)。独立样本的检验结果表明:各模型的预估精度均在90%以上,说明所建模型可以很好地描述落叶松人工林节子变化规律。 相似文献
9.
《林业科学》2021,57(5)
【目的】构建树冠最大外部轮廓非线性混合效应模型和非线性分位数回归模型,为准确预测树冠生长发育规律及预估生产力提供科学依据。【方法】以河北省塞罕坝机械林场华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,基于58株解析木数据和1 789个枝条解析数据,利用幂函数、修正Kozak方程、修正Weibull方程选取基础模型,构建华北落叶松人工林树冠外部轮廓非线性混合效应模型和非线性分位数回归模型。【结果】在幂函数、修正Kozak方程和修正Weibull方程中,幂函数拟合树冠外部轮廓效果较好,作为树冠外部轮廓基础模型;林分年龄(Age)、冠长(CL)、胸径(DBH)、树高(HT)、冠高比(CHR)、高径比(HDR)对树冠外部轮廓影响较大。在混合效应模型中,两水平混合效应模型优于单水平混合效应模型,可明显提高模型拟合精度,HDR相关的参数a6考虑样地效应,相对着枝深度(RDINC)、CHR相关的参数a4、a5考虑样木效应,模型确定系数(R2)为0.873,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.319 m,平均相对误差(MRE)为6.642 m。在分位数回归模型中,当分位数q=0.90时模型曲线最接近树冠最大外部轮廓,R2为0.672。【结论】混合效应模型拟合精度较高,可准确描述树冠最大枝条的平均趋势。分位数回归模型可确定树冠最外部轮廓,在预测条件均值之外的研究中发挥重要作用。 相似文献
10.
基于分位数回归的华北落叶松干形曲线模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
干形是反映树干外部形态的重要指标,也是评价干材价值的重要依据,而削度方程是描述树木干形好坏的一个重要定量指标,其对干形模拟的准确性直接决定着树干材积和森林蓄积的估算结果。以河北省塞罕坝机械林场华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,基于4个常见的简单削度方程,模拟了260株样木的干形曲线,采用调整后决定系数(Ra^2)、均方根误差(RMSE)、平均误差(ME)和平均误差绝对值(MAE)评价模型的拟合效果和检验效果,筛选最优的基础模型,并利用分位数回归技术,构建人工华北落叶松干形曲线模型。结果表明,4个简单削度方程中,Kozak方程对华北落叶松干形的拟合效果最好(Ra^2=0.934,RMSE=1.985cm),检验结果也是最优的(ME=0.125cm,MAE=1.212cm)。因此,基于Kozak方程,结合分位数回归技术建立了华北落叶松干形曲线,相较于基础模型,分位数回归模型的拟合优度进一步提高。当分位点设置为0.1时,模型对靠近下部和上部的树干干形拟合效果较好;当分位点设置为0.5时,模型对位于中部的树干干形拟合效果较好;当分位点设置为0.9时,模型对树干基部的拟合效果较好。可见,分位数回归技术使模型具有更强的灵活性。 相似文献
11.
Geneviève Lejeune Chhun-Huor Ung Mathieu Fortin Xiao Jing Guo Marie-Claude Lambert Jean-Claude Ruel 《European Journal of Forest Research》2009,128(5):505-513
We simplified Kozak’s taper model by setting the inflection point at 1.3 m (dbh) without losing accuracy and precision. The
simplification was required to facilitate the estimation of the covariance parameters when using a mixed-effects method. This
method was necessary to take into account the correlation among multiple diameter measurements on an individual stem. The
simple stem taper model was fitted to an extended data set collected across the province of Quebec, Canada. Comparison of
the predicted stem taper and the derived stem volume with those obtained using existing models showed a comparable predictive
power for the simple model. Including a prediction of the tree random effects based on supplementary diameter measurements
of the bole improves the predictive ability of the model around the extra diameter observation. This model offers welcome
simplicity as a means of predicting tree taper at coarse resolution for planning tree harvesting. 相似文献
12.
Segmented taper equation was selected to model stem profile of Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.). The data were based on stem analysis of 74 trees from Dailing Forest Bureau in Heilongjiang Province, Northeastern China. Two taper equations with crown ratio and stand basal area were derived from the Max and Burkhart’s (1976) taper equation. Three taper equations were evaluated: (1) the original equation, (2) the original equation with crown ratio, and (3) the original equation with basal area. SAS NLIN a... 相似文献
13.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):121-126
The aim of the study was to develop methods for estimating the taper curves for trees tallied in a forest inventory. The average stem form in a stand was described by the principal components of the stand effects in the stem dimensions measured in the polar coordinate system. Measurements of diameter at breast height, diameter at a height of 6 meters, and height taken from trees on the sample tree plots were used for determining the first four principal components. Regression models were derived to predict the principal components from the site and growing stock variables. These models were used to estimate the taper curves of the tallied trees. Use of the principal components estimated by the regression models gave less reliable results than use of the principal component estimates based on measurement of the height of one randomly chosen tree on the sample plot. The best result was found with combined use of the principal component estimates and one height measurement per sample plot. 相似文献
14.
Carlos A López-Sánchez Roque Rodríguez-Soalleiro Sacramento Corral-Rivas Juan G Álvarez-González 《Southern Forests》2016,78(2):131-135
Five stem taper models belonging to three different taper function categories were fitted to data corresponding to 282 Pseudotsuga menziesii trees. The trees were selected in the area surrounding 61 research plots installed in Galicia, Asturias and the Basque Country, northern Spain. The models were simultaneously fitted to observed values of diameter outside bark and inside bark. A third-order continuous-time autoregressive error structure was used to account for autocorrelation. Selection of the best model was based on both numerical (goodness-of-fit statistics) and graphical analysis (plots of residuals against position along the stem and against tree size). The three-segmented taper model finally selected has the advantage of being compatible with both a merchantable and a total stem volume equation. 相似文献
15.
A flexible stem taper and volume prediction method based on mixed-effects B-spline regression 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Edgar Kublin Johannes Breidenbach Gerald Kändler 《European Journal of Forest Research》2013,132(5-6):983-997
Modelling stem taper and volume is crucial in many forest management and planning systems. Taper models are used for diameter prediction at any location along the stem of a sample tree. Furthermore, taper models are flexible means to provide information on the stem volume and assortment structure of a forest stand or other management units. Usually, taper functions are mean functions of multiple linear or nonlinear regression models with diameter at breast height and tree height as predictor variables. In large-scale inventories, an upper diameter is often considered as an additional predictor variable to improve the reliability of taper and volume predictions. Most studies on stem taper focus on accurately modelling the mean function; the error structure of the regression model is neglected or treated as secondary. We present a semi-parametric linear mixed model where the population mean diameter at an arbitrary stem location is a smooth function of relative height. Observed tree-individual diameter deviations from the population mean are assumed to be realizations of a smooth Gaussian process with the covariance depending on the sampled diameter locations. In addition to the smooth random deviation from the population average, we consider independent zero mean residual errors in order to describe the deviations of the observed diameter measurements from the tree-individual smooth stem taper. The smooth model components are approximated by cubic spline functions with a B-spline basis and a small number of knots. The B-spline coefficients of the population mean function are treated as fixed effects, whereas coefficients of the smooth tree-individual deviation are modelled as random effects with zero mean and a symmetric positive definite covariance matrix. The taper of a tree is predicted using an arbitrary number of diameter and corresponding height measurements at arbitrary positions along the stem to calibrate the tree-individual random deviation from the population mean estimated by the fixed effects. This allows a flexible application of the method in practice. Volume predictions are calculated as the integral over cross-sectional areas estimated from the calibrated taper curve. Approximate estimators for the mean squared errors of volume estimates are provided. If the tree height is estimated or measured with error, we use the “law of total expectation and variance” to derive approximate diameter and volume predictions with associated confidence and prediction intervals. All methods presented in this study are implemented in the R-package TapeR. 相似文献
16.
INTRODUCTIONWiththedevelopl11entofecono111yandoPeninghn1berInarket.thehlnbersizeiscaredaboutmorea11dl11ol'e.otl1ermse,l11uIhpleproductinventonesrequlresaccurateeshmatesofproductsizes(dial11eteral1dlengths)andvolume.Koreanpine(PinIisko1nIensisSib.etZucc.)isararehn1bersPeciesil1Heilol1roial1gProvince.ItisnecessarynotonlytopredicttI1evolumebasedonvolumetablebutalsotoas-sesstheassotheent.Accordingtothenahol1alhmbercritenonandthewoodqt1ality,thestandqualityisdetenl1i11ed.ThemainPOintofco… 相似文献
17.
Compatible stem volume and taper equations for Brutian pine, Cedar of Lebanon, and Cilicica fir in Turkey 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Compatible segmented taper and volume functions were developed for Brutian pine, Cedar of Lebanon, and Cilicica fir in Turkey. The proposed models generally performed better for the whole tree, especially for Cilicica fir. Average diameter prediction error was less than 2.2 cm and average volume error was less than 0.009 m3. The proposed models provide needed merchantable stem volume and diameter estimates to any point in the bole based on the 10 relative height classes examined for the three species. Model estimates compared well to existing volume tables currently employed for these three important commercial species. 相似文献
18.
《林业研究》2021,(2)
Accurate prediction of stem diameter is an important prerequisite of forest management.In this study,an appropriate stem taper function was developed for upper stem diameter estimation of white birch(Betula platyphylla Sukaczev) in ten sub-regions of the Daxing'an Mountains,northeast China.Three commonly used taper functions were assessed using a diameter and height dataset comprising 1344 trees.A first-order continuous-time error structure accounted for the inherent autocorrelation.The segmented model of Max and Burkhart(For Sci 22:283-289,1976.https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/22.3.283) and the variable exponent taper function of Kozak(For Chron 80:507-515,2004.https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc80507-4) described the data accurately.Owing to its lower multicollinearity,the Max and Burkhart(1976) model is recommended for diameter estimation at specific heights along the stem for the ten sub-regions.After comparison,the Max and Burkhart(1976) model was refitted using nonlinear mixed-effects techniques.Mixed-effects models would be used only when additional upper stem diameter measurements are available for calibration.Differences in region-specific taper functions were indicated by the method of the non-linear extra sum of squares.Therefore,the particular taper function should be adjusted accordingly for each sub-region in the Daxing'an Mountains. 相似文献
19.
用于干形描述的2个少参数削度函数 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Heyns Kotzé 《林业科学》2008,44(6)
以修正的Brink函数和Pain函数拟合尾巨桉干形曲线.材料来源于南非暖温带花岗岩低地草原地区桉树工业用材林53块标准地的153株尾巨桉干形测定数据.2个削度方程均能对调查数据进行很好地拟合,只是在不同的相对高度时有小的偏差.参数少的方程具有十分好的应用前景,因为从理论上来说,可以用参数预估的方法建立一个广义的干形模型.参数预估不能运用于修正的Brink函数,但在Pain函数的基础上建立参数预估模型是可能的甚至是必要的,因为Pain函数是把绝对树干直径描述为相对树干高度的函数.为此,对参数预估模型是否能描述的树形差异或者仅仅是大小的差异作了测度评价.应用结果表明,参数预估模型未必能用于描述树形的差异. 相似文献