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1.
第2代杉木林速生阶段营养元素的空间分布特征和生物循环 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
利用 2a定位观测数据 ,本文对速生阶段的第 2代杉木人工林内N、P、K、Ca、Mg 5种养分元素的含量、积累、空间分布和生物循环进行了研究 ,结果表明 :各组分养分含量排列顺序为草本层 >灌木层 >树叶 >树枝 >树皮 >树根 >树干。树枝中Ca的含量丰富 ,树皮中K的含量丰富。凋落物层养分元素含量低于树枝和树叶 ,反映了凋落时养分元素向林木体内迁移回收的现象。杉木富集N、P、Ca 3种元素。 5种元素积累总量为 85 4 6 5kg·hm- 2 ,是第 1代的 1 5倍。第 2代杉木生产 1t干物质所需养分量为 11 6 2kg ,高于第 1代 ,第 2代杉木林将消耗更多的林地养分。林冠枝叶与树皮养分积累量占林木总积累量的 75 % ,采伐利用应仅取走树干而在林地中留下其它部分 ,让其分解使养分元素归还给土壤。草本层、灌木层与凋落物层三者的养分积累量为 88 13kg·hm- 2 ,是重要的养分库。第 2代杉木中养分元素的年积累量为 93 13kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ,略高于第 1代杉木林的养分年积累量。总归还量为 89 4 9kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ,其中凋落物归还 17 4 6kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ,略低于第 1代 ,淋溶的养分量 72 0 4kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ,是凋落物的 4倍多。吸收量为 182 6 2kg·hm- 2 a- 1 。与第 1代相比 ,第 2代杉木林中土壤K、P的含量高 ,而N、Ca、Mg 3种养分 相似文献
2.
巨桉人工林凋落物数量、养分归还量及分解动态 总被引：24，自引：3，他引：24
研究四川洪雅县4种不同密度下巨桉人工林的凋落物量、养分归还量及分解动态.结果表明:巨桉人工林凋落物产量随密度增大而递增;4个巨桉人工林年凋落规律相似,5月是全年凋落物产量的高峰期,1月凋落量最低;4个巨桉人工林凋落物大量元素年归还总量分别为95.32、86.90、67.72和66.37 kg·hm-2,且N＞K＞Ca＞Mg＞P,叶是养分归还的主要组分,春夏两季叶养分归还量最大;枝、叶的平均年失重分别为18.2%和36.1%,分解系数分别为0.176～0.214和0.383～0.445,半衰期分别为3～4年和1～2年,周转期分别为14～17年和6～8年.5种元素释放率大小顺序为Mg＞Ca＞K＞N＞P,养分归还1年后,P出现富集,N先富集后释放,大部分K、Ca、Mg被释放. 相似文献
3.
在福建省永春县桃城镇大坪村湖内,采用样地法对50年生油杉人工林凋落物进行为期1 a的定位监测,研究油杉人工林凋落物及其碳氮归还规律。结果表明:油杉人工林年凋落量为5629.60 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),叶是凋落物的主要形式。凋落物量有着明显的季节变化,呈现双峰形态,即2014年10月和2015年5月出现2次高峰;凋落物碳元素含量月动态比较稳定,碳元素平均含量介于469.306~498.817 g·kg-1之间;而氮元素含量受油杉生理活动的影响,月动态变化较大,氮元素平均含量最大值是最小值的1.51倍;碳、氮元素含量大小排序均为叶枝杂。碳、氮元素年归还量分别为2578.325、68.434 kg·hm~(-2);落叶碳、氮元素年归还量分别占总量的54.40%、55.01%;落枝碳、氮元素年归还量分别占总量的36.26%、35.87%;其它杂物凋落物碳、氮元素年归还量分别占总量的9.34%、9.12%。 相似文献
4.
海南麻竹林凋落物及养分动态研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
研究了海南麻竹林凋落物量及其养分动态.结果表明:麻竹林凋落物全年总量为6 862.8 kg·hm-2.N、P、K、Ca、Mg的年归还量分别为74.847、3.264、25.921、45.924、11.902kg·hm-2,大小顺序为:N＞Ca＞K＞Mg＞P,养分总的年归还量是161.858kg·hm-2·a-1.凋落物分解失重率达95%的分解期为11.59个月,每年产生的凋落物全部归还于土壤. 相似文献
5.
华西雨屏区慈竹林凋落叶分解过程养分释放对模拟氮沉降的响应 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过原位试验,研究华西雨屏区慈竹林凋落叶养分释放对模拟氮沉降的响应.试验设4个施氮水平:对照(CK,0 kg·hm-2a-1)、低氮(LN,50 kg.hm-2a-1)、中氮(MN,150 kg·hm～a11)和高氮(HN,300 kg·hm-2a-1).结果表明:1)在凋落叶分解过程中,C,P和Mg元素含量总体上呈下降趋势,N元素表现为下降-上升-下降,K元素则为上升-下降-上升,ca元素先升后降.各处理C,P,Ca和Mg元素都表现为直接释放,K元素为富集-释放,而N元素CK呈现淋溶-富集-释放,LN,MN和HN却为直接释放.2)氮沉降可促进凋落叶C,N,P,K,Ca,Mg元素的释放,其中MN促进作用最强;氮沉降对N元素的影响程度最大,LN,MN和HN周转期分别比CK(2.835 a)缩短0.090,0.816和0.709 a.3)分解过程中各处理C/N变化趋势为先升高后降低;总体上,分解前2个月N沉降可降低凋落叶C/N值,而2个月后提高其C/N值. 相似文献
6.
福建柏和杉木人工林凋落物性质的比较 总被引：20，自引：5，他引：20
对福建柏和杉木人工林凋落物数量、组成、季节动态、养分和能量归还及物质化学组成进行了 3a的研究 ,结果表明 :福建柏、杉木林的年均凋落物量分别为 731 83g·m- 2 、5 4 6 85g·m- 2 ,前者是后者的 1 34倍 ,其中落叶分别占总凋落量的 6 5 2 9%和 5 8 2 9% ,而福建柏林落枝、落果和其它组分占总凋落量的比例则比杉木林的低。福建柏林凋落物总量在 5月 (2 0 0 0年为 2月 )和 11— 12月出现两次峰值 ,且第 2次峰值远比第 1次高 ;杉木林总凋落物量 1年出现 3次峰值 (4或 5月、8月和 11月 ) ,且峰值较为接近。福建柏林凋落物年养分和能量总归还量分别为 13 96 1g·m- 2 和 14 6 36 5 8kJ·m- 2 ,杉木林的则分别为 12 0 0 5g·m- 2 和 12 2 91 17kJ·m- 2 ,前者分别是后者的 1 16倍和 1 19倍 ,其中福建柏林通过落叶归还的养分和能量则分别是杉木林的 1 6 3倍和 1 2 9倍。福建柏落叶N、P浓度和易分解物质 (水溶性物、半纤维素和粗蛋白 )含量高于杉木 ,而难分解物质 (如纤维素、木质素 )的含量低于杉木 ,且C N、C P、木质素 N及木质素 P的比值也比杉木落叶的低。说明福建柏林凋落量比杉木大 ,落叶质量亦比杉木的高。 相似文献
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本文选择川西亚高山针叶纯林和针阔混交林作为研究对象,并于2007年7月～12月采用收集框法研究了森林凋落物量以及N、P、K养分归还量。结果表明,混交林凋落量(2 090.47 kg·hm-2)比针叶林凋落量(1 189.59kg.hm-2)高出43%,林分凋落动态和归还动态呈单峰型,其高峰都出现在10月份。混交林中阔叶对凋落量的贡献达69%。同时,阔叶的养分归还量大于针叶的养分归还量。混交林和针叶林养分归还量都表现为N﹥K﹥P,针阔混交林凋落物养分归还量大于针叶林。在川西亚高山地区针阔混交林比针叶纯林具有更强的自肥能力。 相似文献
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对珠江三角洲8年生池杉Taxodium ascendens林网中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Na、Cl等7种元素的贮量、归还、释放进行了研究.结果表明:8年生池杉林网中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Na、Cl 7种元素的贮量分别为352.84、62.96、116.23、333.16、47.51、110.45、127.67 kg·hm-2,池杉各器官中以树干的贮量最大,土壤层0～40 cm中7种元素的贮量分别为555.91、54.64、586.72、11 629.04、9 943.50、655.03、934.91 kg·hm-2,以Ca、Mg、Cl的贮量为较高;8年生池杉年凋落量较大,达3 586.70 kg·hm-2,凋落物干物质年失重率达57.48%,凋落物中7种元素的年归还量分别为38.70、4.95、22.49、38.05、29.63、10.51、39.78 kg·hm-2,年释放率分别为56.67%、73.91%、92.68%、62.52%、98.79%、88.44%、98.20%,释放量分别为21.91、3.65、20.82、23.79、29.26、9.32、39.08 kg·hm-2;池杉凋落物在凋落180 d之后才有比较快的分解. 相似文献
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根据定位观测的数据,探讨了杉木人工林凋落物量及其分解过程中碳素释放率.结果表明,14～16年生杉木人工林平均每年约有1 201.24 kg*hm-2凋落物,其中以针叶为最多,占凋落物总量的69.8%,其次是小枝,占24.54%,落果和其它碎屑物质仅占5.63%.不同组分的碳素含量高低顺序排列为:针叶＞落果＞碎屑＞枯枝,变异系数在3.36%～8.24%之间.针叶、枯枝的碳素含量均随时间的推移而下降,而其释放率均随时间的推移而增大,针叶中碳素的释放速率明显高于枯枝中碳素的释放速率.凋落物中碳素的释放规律与总干物质的分解速度并不完全一致.杉木人工林年凋落物碳素释放量约为149.25 kg·hm-2a-1,占凋落时碳素量(548.24 kg·hm-2a-1)的27.22%.经一年的分解后,针叶释放碳素量为120.12 kg·hm-2a-1,占总释放量的81.03%,枯枝、落果及其它碎屑释放碳素量为29.13 kg·hm-2a-1,占总释放量的18.97%. 相似文献
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2006年5月至2007年4月在广西凭祥市中国林科院热带林业实验中心伏波实验场,采用塑料网框收集法对米老排、西南桦、红椎、火力楠、马尾松、杉木6种人工林分凋落物的凋落量及凋落节律进行了研究,结果表明:不同树种林分凋落物的动态变化规律不同,凋落量也各异.在6种林分中,叶、杂物的凋落量以米老排最高,分别达4 748.23、1 881.07 kg·hm-2·a-1,西南桦最低,分别为2 641.32、153.88 kg·hm-2·a-1;枝凋落量以马尾松最高,达902.94 kg·hm-2·a-1,杉木最低,仅149.93 kg·hm-2·a-1.林分的年总凋落量也以米老排最高,达7 095.76kg·hm-2·a-1,西南桦最低,仅3 309.05 kg·hm-2·a-1,米老排林分的年总凋落量是西南桦的2.14倍,而红椎、杉木、马尾松、火力楠4种林分的年总凋落量比较相近,为5 555.61～5 864.87 kg·hm-2·a-1,相差不足6%.6种林分年总凋落量的差异极显著,多重比较显示,米老排与另外5个树种比较都达到了极显著差异,红椎和杉木与西南桦、火力楠、马尾松比较达极显著差异;火力楠、马尾松与西南桦比较达极显著差异. 相似文献
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This study presents data on the biomass and net aerial primaryproductivity (NAPP) of two contrasting East Anglian salt marshes.One site was at Tollesbury, Essex where the marshes are of theestuarine type and are subject to marsh degradation and erosionwhile the other site was 130 km to the north at Stiffkey, Norfolkwhere the barrier-type marshes are still actively developing withno signs of erosion. The NAPP was determined by the method ofSmalley with quadrats being harvested monthly with replacement.At the lowest levels at Tollesbury there was Pioneer Marshwhich was dominated by a mixture of Salicornia spp. and Astertripolium. At higher levels at Tollesbury there was LowerMarsh which was dominated by a mixture of Atriplex portulacoides andPuccinellia maritima. Over the four years of the studyPuccinellia became the dominant species following a markeddecrease in the extent and vigour of Atriplex. At Stiffkey theMiddle Marsh was at a much higher level and the vegetation waspredominantly a short dense sward with Atriplex portulacoides,Puccinellia maritima and Limonium vulgare together with smallerquantities of Armeria maritima and Plantago maritima. The meanNAPPs over three years of the Pioneer and Lower Marsh atTollesbury (467 & 519 g m-2 yr-1respectively) were similar butin 1993 the NAPPs recorded at Tollesbury were higher than thoserecorded at Stiffkey (625 & 583 compared with 458 g m-2yr-1).Smalleys method is difficult to apply to communities wherespecies dominance is variable, especially when dominance isshared between species with markedly different growth patterns.The results for NAPP obtained from the salt marshes at Tollesburyand Stiffkey are discussed in relation to results obtained byother workers from comparable areas in England and theNetherlands. Attention is also drawn to the possibly largerbelow-ground component of production that is frequentlyoverlooked. The importance of salt marshes in relation to othercoastal communities lies in the export of a proportion of theorganic matter produced and this mainly depends on theabove-ground production. 相似文献
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采用野外调查与查阅标本相结合的方法,对东莞蕨类植物区系及其分布特点进行研究,结果表明:东莞市有蕨类植物37科66属125种,其区系特点为:①分布区类型在科、属、种的水平上皆以热带、亚热带性质为主,占各自总数的64.87%、75.76%与61.60%。②科与属的分布区类型显示出东莞蕨类植物区系从热带向亚热带过渡的性质,与温带蕨类植物区系的联系较弱;在种的水平上,温带成分占总数的28.80%,呈现出热带蕨类植物区系向温带蕨类植物区系过渡的特点。③在种的水平上热带亚洲分布及东亚分布类型构成了东莞蕨类植物区系的主体,各占38.40%和20.80%。④与周边4个地区的比较中,与深圳的相似性为最高,与乐昌的相似性为最低;总体上,东莞蕨类植物区系与周围地区关系较为密切。 相似文献
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Staline Kibet 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(6):949-957
The Kenyan coastal forests make up one of the World 25 Biodiversity Hotspots. They consist of over 140 fragments (the majority with areas less than 0.5 km2) of the once extensive Zanzibar-Inhambane lowland moist forest. The over 60 known Mijikenda sacred Kaya forests and groves scattered along the coastal hinterland form the greater part of this ecosystem. The forests are of biological and cultural significance, and this has been recognized nationally and internationally, with some now listed as World Heritage Sites. The forests are protected by councils of Kaya elders who regulate use of their resources. Increasing human population and subsequent rise in demand for forest products and land for settlement has put a strain on these relic forests. Farm encroachment and extraction of forest products in different Kaya forests have affected the vegetation ecology at varying levels. This study investigated the spatial species distribution, association and regeneration potential of commonly utilized plants in one of these traditionally managed ecosystems. A modified nested plot method was used to collect data in the field.Using TWINSPAN multivariate, and indicator species analysis, two plant communities (Asteranthe and Bridelia) and an undifferentiated vegetation type were identified. Species association in Asteranthe consisted largely of forest dependant species, with a significant presence of woody climbers. It was comprised of two sub-communities namely Manilkara and Scorodophloeos. In contrast the second plant community, Bridelia, was dominated by light demanding species. It comprised one sub-community (Catunaregam) and a seral stage (Keetia). The species diversity and richness was higher in the Asteranthe community compared to Bridelia. Some of the forest species commonly utilized by the local people were observed to regenerate both in open and closed forest habitats while others had seedling recruitment confined to closed forest.Despite some coastal forests showing physiognomic similarity, detailed study shows intra-variation linked to topography, exposition, type and intensity of human perturbation both currently and in the distant past. Clearly, vegetation patterns of coastal forests of eastern Africa change at fairly short intervals.Recruitment of forest specialists is likely to decline if closed forests are opened up by farm encroachment, however their less specialized counterparts can pioneer in re-colonization of disturbed sites if conservation is strengthened. There is need to invigorate traditional management systems of forests with cultural significance by recognizing and giving increased legal mandates to the local custodians. 相似文献
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Responses of swamp bay,Persea palustris,and avocado,Persea americana,to various concentrations of the laurel wilt pathogen,Raffaelea lauricola 
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下载免费PDF全文 M. A. Hughes S. A. Inch R. C. Ploetz H. L. Er A. H. C. van Bruggen J. A. Smith 《Forest Pathology》2015,45(2):111-119
Laurel wilt, caused by the fungus Raffaelea lauricola and transmitted by the exotic ambrosia beetle Xyleborus glabratus, has killed members of the Lauraceae plant family throughout the southeast United States. A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effects of inoculum concentration on the development of laurel wilt in swamp bay, Persea palustris, and avocado, Persea americana. In each experiment, host plants were inoculated with aqueous suspensions of 102, 103, 104 or 105 conidia of R. lauricola, and plants were rated periodically for external symptom development (wilting and foliar dieback). At the end of experiments, plants were rated for internal symptoms of the disease (discoloration of sapwood) and assayed for R. lauricola on a semi‐selective medium. Symptom severity in swamp bay was significantly lower for the 102 treatment than at higher (103–105) concentrations, whereas 102 and 103 conidia caused less disease than 104 and 105 conidia in avocado. At the lowest inoculum concentration, 67% of the swamp bay plants and 20% of the avocados died by the time the respective experiments were terminated. The pathogen was recovered from a high proportion of the symptomatic sapwood of swamp bay (100%) and avocado (94%), and sapwood discoloration and recovery of R. lauricola from inoculated stems of swamp bay were highly correlated with recovery of the pathogen and symptom development in roots. Clearly, swamp bay and avocado are very sensitive to R. lauricola. The ability of only 100 conidia of this pathogen to kill these hosts suggests that few individuals of X. glabratus or other ambrosia beetles that carry low levels of the pathogen would be sufficient to transmit conidia that infect and lead to disease development. The results are also relevant to the development of disease‐tolerant host selections, as they indicate levels of the pathogen appropriate for use in screening plants for disease resistance. 相似文献
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Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses techniques have been applied to investigate the thermal degradation characteristics
and chemical kinetics of Japanese cedar, cypress, fir, and spruce. The decomposition of the components could be modeled by
an Arrhenius kinetic expression. The kinetic parameters were extracted from the thermogravimetric data using least-squares
techniques. The heating rates used for the analyses were 10°, 5°, and 0.33°C/min; and the activation energy and reaction order
of the above woods were 7.54, 8.39, 2.87, and 7.88 kJ/mol and 0.71, 0.64, 0.44, and 0.63, respectively. Finally, carbonization
was done to produce charcoal from these woods under various operating conditions, and the charcoal was characterized in respect
to yield, heating value, electrical conductivity, and X-ray diffraction. The quality of the charcoal from fir was the best
among the four types of wood. The charcoal produced is inferior to binchotan (white charcoal) in respect to electrical conductivity
and crystalline structure.
Received: February 13, 2002 / Accepted: July 12, 2002
Acknowledgment The authors express their gratitude to Professor Yoshida of Applied Chemistry in Tokyo Metropolitan University for performing
the TG/DTA in his laboratory and for his valuable suggestions about the analyses. 相似文献
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We carried out an ethno-medico-biological investigation in the interior of Bhadrak district, Odisha, India to explore the therapeutic use of traditional plants/animals by local inhabitants. The villagers and rural people used plant and animal species as medicine. We recorded therapeutic use of 18 plant species of 13 families and 12 animal species of seven taxonomic categories. Different plant/animal parts like bark, leaf, flower, seed, stem, root, whole plant, oil, blood, milk, urine and flesh were reported as used in raw or cooked form against 17 specific diseases. Prominent diseases treated by plant/animal remedies were asthma, cardiovascular ailments, diabetes, epilepsy, jaundice, malaria, skin disorder and rheumatism. This study provides a better database for future studies. 相似文献
20.
We summarized the status of wolves (Canis lupus), elk (Cervis elaphus), and woody browse conditions during the 20th century for the upper Gallatin elk winter range in southwestern Montana, USA. During this period, wolves were present until about the mid-1920s, absent for seven decades, and then returned to the basin in 1996. A chronosequence of photographs, historical reports, and studies indicated willows (Salix spp.) along streams became heavily browsed and eventually suppressed following the removal of wolves, apparently due to unimpeded browsing by elk. However, after wolf establishment in 1996, browsing intensity on willows lessened in some areas and we hypothesized that, at both a landscape and fine scale, browsing pressure reflects terrain configurations influencing predation risk (nonlethal effects), in conjunction with lower elk densities (lethal effects). We measured browsing intensity and heights of Booth willow (S. boothii) along 3000 m reaches of the Gallatin River and a tributary to examine the potential influence of wolf/elk interactions upon willow growth. Where the Gallatin Valley is relatively narrow (high predation risk), willows began releasing in 1999 and by 2002 were relatively tall (150–250 cm). In contrast, willow heights along a wider portion of the Gallatin Valley, along the open landscape of the tributary, and an upland site (all low predation risk) generally remained low (<80 cm). We identified terrain and other features that may contribute to the perceived risk of wolf predation, by elk for a given site. Although alternative mechanisms are discussed, changes in willow communities over time following wolf removal and their subsequent reintroduction were consistent with a top-down trophic cascade model involving nonlethal and possibly lethal effects. If similar top-down effects upon vegetation hold true in other regions of North America and other parts of the world where wolves have been extirpated, wolf recovery may represent a management option for helping to restore riparian plant communities and conserve biodiversity. 相似文献