共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Different polymers can be combined to yield a wide variety of composite materials: layered sheets and films, homogeneous and heterogeneous blends, interpenetrating polymer networks, bicomponent fibers, and others. Some properties of a multipolymer material are roughly additive, but synergistic interactions can yield properties and performances superior to those of the individual constituents. Consequently, the use of polymers in combination is a rapidly growing component of polymer materials technology. 相似文献
2.
2-氨基苯并咪唑改性苯乙烯马来酸酐共聚物(SMA)的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2－氨基苯并咪唑与苯乙烯马来酸酐共聚物（SMA）反应，经脱水闭环制得聚苯乙烯马来酰亚胺聚合物（SMI）。通过对聚合物（SMI）红外、紫外、荧光光谱、GPC和热性能测试，表明其在保持了SMA原有性能的同时，热稳定性有所改善，且具有荧光性能。研究了溶剂、pH、猝灭剂等对聚合物SMI荧光性能的影响。 相似文献
3.
Permanently cross-linked materials have outstanding mechanical properties and solvent resistance, but they cannot be processed and reshaped once synthesized. Non-cross-linked polymers and those with reversible cross-links are processable, but they are soluble. We designed epoxy networks that can rearrange their topology by exchange reactions without depolymerization and showed that they are insoluble and processable. Unlike organic compounds and polymers whose viscosity varies abruptly near the glass transition, these networks show Arrhenius-like gradual viscosity variations like those of vitreous silica. Like silica, the materials can be wrought and welded to make complex objects by local heating without the use of molds. The concept of a glass made by reversible topology freezing in epoxy networks can be readily scaled up for applications and generalized to other chemistries. 相似文献
4.
Some of the current directions of scientific research on electrically conducting organic solids are reviewed. Both molecular charge transfer salts and polymers are included, with emphasis on the present level of understanding of the novel solid-state properties of these materials in terms of their chemistry and structure. For the charge transfer salts the various types of metal-to-insulator phase transitions which dominate the properties of most of these materials are discussed. Also described are the superconducting and magnetic states which have been found recently. In the case of the polymers the chemistry and physics of the conduction mechanism is examined and contrasted with that of their classical inorganic counterparts. 相似文献
5.
Electrodes can be coated with electrochemically reactive polymers in several microstructural formats called sandwich, array, bilayer, micro-, and ion-gate electrodes. These microstructures can be used to study the transport of electrons and ions through the polymers as a function of the polymer oxidation state, which is essential for understanding the conductivity properties of these new chemical materials. The microstructures also exhibit potentially useful electrical and optical responses, including current rectification, charge storage and amplification, electron-hole pair separation, and gates for ion flow. 相似文献
6.
Miaudet P Derré A Maugey M Zakri C Piccione PM Inoubli R Poulin P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5854):1294-1296
Shape-memory polymers can revert to their original shape when they are reheated. The stress generated by shape recovery is a growing function of the energy absorbed during deformation at a high temperature; thus, high energy to failure is a necessary condition for strong shape-memory materials. We report on the properties of composite nanotube fibers that exhibit this particular feature. We observed that these composites can generate a stress upon shape recovery up to two orders of magnitude greater than that generated by conventional polymers. In addition, the nanoparticles induce a broadening of the glass transition and a temperature memory with a peak of recovery stress at the temperature of their initial deformation. 相似文献
7.
Martin CR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,266(5193):1961-1966
Materials with nanoscopic dimensions not only have potential technological applications in areas such as device technology and drug delivery but also are of fundamental interest in that the properties of a material can change in this regime of transition between the bulk and molecular scales. In this article, a relatively new method for preparing nanomaterials, membrane-based synthesis, is reviewed. This method entails synthesis of the desired material within the pores of a nanoporous membrane. Because the membranes used contain cylindrical pores of uniform diameter, monodisperse nanocylinders of the desired material, whose dimensions can be carefully controlled, are obtained. This "template" method has been used to prepare polymers, metals, semiconductors, and other materials on a nanoscopic scale. 相似文献
8.
Bates FS Hillmyer MA Lodge TP Bates CM Delaney KT Fredrickson GH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6080):434-440
Advances in synthetic polymer chemistry have unleashed seemingly unlimited strategies for producing block polymers with arbitrary numbers (n) and types (k) of unique sequences of repeating units. Increasing (k,n) leads to a geometric expansion of possible molecular architectures, beyond conventional ABA-type triblock copolymers (k = 2, n = 3), offering alluring opportunities to generate exquisitely tailored materials with unparalleled control over nanoscale-domain geometry, packing symmetry, and chemical composition. Transforming this potential into targeted structures endowed with useful properties hinges on imaginative molecular designs guided by predictive theory and computer simulation. Here, we review recent developments in the field of block polymers. 相似文献
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10.
A synthetic pathway is described to construct "in bulk" two-dimensional (2D) polymers shaped as molecular sheets. A chiral oligomeric precursor is used that contains two reactive sites, a polymerizable group at one terminus and a reactive stereogenic center near the middle of the molecule. The bulk reaction yields bilayer 2D polymers of molecular weight in the order of millions and a monodisperse thickness of 50.2 angstroms. The 2D molecular objects form through molecular recognition by the oligomers, which self-organize into layers that place the reactive groups within specific planes. The oligomers become catenated by two different stitching reactions involving the reactive sites. At room temperature, stacks of these molecular objects can organize as single crystals and at higher temperatures melt into smectic liquid crystals. Nonlinear optical experiments reveal that solid films containing the 2D polymers form structures that are thermally and temporally more stable than those containing analogous 1D polymers. This observation suggests that the transformation of common polymers from a 1D to a 2D architecture may produce generations of organic materials with improved properties. 相似文献
11.
Sailor MJ Ginsburg EJ Gorman CB Kumar A Grubbs RH Lewis NS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1990,249(4973):1146-1149
The optical and electronic properties of thin films of the solution-processible polymer poly-(CH(3))(3)Si-cyclooctatetraene are presented. This conjugated polymer is based on a polyacetylene backbone with (CH(3))(3)Si side groups. Thin transparent films have been cast onto n-doped silicon (n-Si) substrates and doped with iodine to form surfacebarrier solar cells. The devices produce photovoltages that are at the theoretical limit and that are much greater than can be obtained from n-Si contacts with conventional metals. Two methods for forming layered polymeric materials, one involving the spincoating of preformed polymers and the other comprising the sequential polymerization of different monomers, are also described. An organic polymer analog of a metal/insulator/metal capacitor has been constructed with the latter method. 相似文献
12.
The mixing of polymers and nanoparticles is opening pathways for engineering flexible composites that exhibit advantageous electrical, optical, or mechanical properties. Recent advances reveal routes to exploit both enthalpic and entropic interactions so as to direct the spatial distribution of nanoparticles and thereby control the macroscopic performance of the material. For example, by tailoring the particle coating and size, researchers have created self-healing materials for improved sustainability and self-corralling rods for photovoltaic applications. A challenge for future studies is to create hierarchically structured composites in which each sublayer contributes a distinct function to yield a mechanically integrated, multifunctional material. 相似文献
13.
以木薯淀粉、丙烯酰胺和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（DMDAAC ）为原料,用过硫酸铵-亚硫酸氢钠作引发剂,通过试验得到改性木薯淀粉阳离子化絮凝剂对处理高岭土和硅藻土悬浊液的最佳配方。以高岭土和硅藻土悬浊液作为处理水体系研究该絮凝剂的絮凝性能,结果表明,最佳絮凝剂用量为4 mg/L。絮凝剂的处理水体系pH范围为4～10,pH适应范围较广,絮凝剂的处理水体系最适pH为7。通过红外分析和阳离子化度的测定,可知所得聚合物是阳离子淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺共聚物。 相似文献
14.
半纤维素是木质纤维的主要组分之一,但其潜在应用价值远没有得到开发和利用。以毛竹季铵盐半纤维素为原料与羧甲基纤维素通过流延法制备复合膜材料。FT-IR、XRD结果表明,复合膜制备中无新键形成,QH与CMC主要通过氢键和静电吸引结合;由SEM及AFM可知,复合膜表面光滑、结构致密,说明这两种高分子通过这种物理方式结合紧密;复合膜抗拉强度随着CMC的比例增加而增加,且最大值可达65.2MPa。通过UV-vis测试,复合膜透光率均高于80%。由于复合膜具有良好的力学性能和透光率,制备过程工艺简单,并且两种生物质大分子具有生物相容性,因此,复合膜可用于食品包装领域,并为生物质木质纤维的利用开拓新的途径。 相似文献
15.
借助大量三合垸民堤修防处的档案及其他材料,文章试图对民国末年江汉平原的"民垸"做一细致解剖.水利运作有赖于垸内基层精英的自我组织--修防处,"土方"、"土费"的征收、挪垫是岁修与防汛的制度与物质保障.士绅在水利事务甚至乡保行政中拥有决定性影响.垸内的行政和水利组织架构在表面上虽各成体系,但往往前者必须借重于后者才能在很... 相似文献
16.
Integrated optoelectronic devices based on conjugated polymers 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
An all-polymer semiconductor integrated device is demonstrated with a high-mobility conjugated polymer field-effect transistor (FET) driving a polymer light-emitting diode (LED) of similar size. The FET uses regioregular poly(hexylthiophene). Its performance approaches that of inorganic amorphous silicon FETs, with field-effect mobilities of 0.05 to 0.1 square centimeters per volt second and ON-OFF current ratios of >10(6). The high mobility is attributed to the formation of extended polaron states as a result of local self-organization, in contrast to the variable-range hopping of self-localized polarons found in more disordered polymers. The FET-LED device represents a step toward all-polymer optoelectronic integrated circuits such as active-matrix polymer LED displays. 相似文献
17.
Several recent conceptual advances, which take advantage of the design criteria and practical techniques of molecular-level control in organic chemistry, allow preparation of well-defined polymers and nanostructured materials. Two trends are clear: the realization that synthesis of complex macromolecules poses major challenges and opportunities and the expectation that such materials will exhibit distinctive properties and functions. Polymer synthesis methods now being developed will yield well-defined synthetic macromolecules that are capable of mimicking many of the features of proteins (for example, three-dimensional folded structure) and other natural materials. These macromolecules have far-reaching potential for the study of molecular-level behavior at interfaces, in thin films, and in solution, while also enabling the development of encapsulation, drug-delivery, and nanoscale-patterning technologies. 相似文献
18.
Chemically cross-linked polymers are inherently limited by stresses that are introduced by post-gelation volume changes during polymerization. It is also difficult to change a cross-linked polymer's shape without a corresponding loss of material properties or substantial stress development. We demonstrate a cross-linked polymer that, upon exposure to light, exhibits stress and/or strain relaxation without any concomitant change in material properties. This result is achieved by introducing radicals via photocleavage of residual photoinitiator in the polymer matrix, which then diffuse via addition-fragmentation chain transfer of midchain functional groups. These processes lead to photoinduced plasticity, actuation, and equilibrium shape changes without residual stress. Such polymeric materials are critical to the development of microdevices, biomaterials, and polymeric coatings. 相似文献
19.
Lee M Katz HE Erben C Gill DM Gopalan P Heber JD McGee DJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,298(5597):1401-1403
A major challenge to increasing bandwidth in optical telecommunications is to encode electronic signals onto a lightwave carrier by modulating the light up to very fast rates. Polymer electro-optic materials have the necessary properties to function in photonic devices beyond the 40-GHz bandwidth currently available. An appropriate choice of polymers is shown to effectively eliminate the factors contributing to an optical modulator's decay in the high-frequency response. The resulting device modulates light with a bandwidth of 150 to 200 GHz and produces detectable modulation signal at 1.6 THz. These rates are faster than anticipated bandwidth requirements for the foreseeable future. 相似文献
20.
Nanoparticles of CdTe were found to spontaneously reorganize into crystalline nanowires upon controlled removal of the protective shell of organic stabilizer. The intermediate step in the nanowire formation was found to be pearl-necklace aggregates. Strong dipole-dipole interaction is believed to be the driving force of nanoparticle self-organization. The linear aggregates subsequently recrystallized into nanowires whose diameter was determined by the diameter of the nanoparticles. The produced nanowires have high aspect ratio, uniformity, and optical activity. These findings demonstrate the collective behavior of nanoparticles as well as a convenient, simple technique for production of one-dimensional semiconductor colloids suitable for subsequent processing into quantum-confined superstructures, materials, and devices. 相似文献