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1.
Inheritance and agronomic performance of an apetalous flower mutant in Brassica napus L 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A spontaneous mutant with apetalous flowers was obtained from a hybrid progeny in Brassica napus. The result of genetic analysis showed that the apetalous character was controlled by only one gene locus, petalous flower exhibited incomplete dominance over apetalous flower and that its expression was not affected by cytoplasmic factors. Sixteen agronomically important characteristics of the apetalous line Apet33-10 were compared with those of its petalled near-isogenic line Pet33-10. Results from 4 years of tests indicated that there was no difference between Apet33-10 and Pet33-10 in all tested agronomic characteristics, except for the pod number of main inflorescence and second-order branches at low sclerotinia disease incidence. The Sclerotinia sclerotiorum disease severity index of Apet33-10 was significantly lower than that of Pet33-10, and correspondingly, the plot yield of Apet33-10 was increased obviously in comparison to that of Pet33-10 if sclerotinia disease was serious. The pod number of main inflorescence of Apet33-10 was significantly lower than that of Pet33-10. On the other hand, the pod number of second-order branches of Apet33-10 was significantly higher than that of Pet33-10, hence no overage difference of the pod number per plant was observed between the two lines. 相似文献
2.
Pear and apple are among the main fruit crops worldwide. These species can be planted in mixed orchards, and they both depend on insect pollination for fruit set. As pollinating insects are attracted by the floral resources, we investigated nectar and pollen production and chemical composition in four pear (‘Concorde’, ‘Conférence’, ‘Doyenné du Comice’, ‘Triomphe de Vienne’) and five apple (‘Braeburn’, ‘Golden Reinders’, ‘Jonagored’, ‘Pinova’, ‘Wellant’) cultivars commonly grown in Belgium. We also investigated whether insect flower visitation rate and pollination efficiency are linked to floral resource quantity and quality. The pear cultivars flowered one week before the apple cultivars in early spring, and their flowers were about six times less visited by insects. The visitors foraged more on the pollen of the pear trees and the nectar of the apple trees. Pear flowers produced higher volumes of nectar than apple flowers (1.3–3.2 μl vs. 0.4-0.6 μl), but with lower sugar concentration (9.6%-10.8% vs. 28.3%-36.4%). Pear flowers also produced fewer pollen grains per anther than apple flowers (2425–4937 vs. 3284–7919), but these had higher polypeptide (346–362 μg/mg vs. 216–303 μg/mg), amino-acid (40–77 μg/mg vs. 12–18 μg/mg) and phytosterol (21–47 μg/mg vs. 15–43 μg/mg) concentrations. The foraging behavior of the insects is thus better explained by nectar and pollen quality rather than quantity. Despite the differences in flower visitation rates, pollination of both species resulted in valuable fruit production. 相似文献
3.
为增加蜜蜂访问大豆花的积极性,提高杂交大豆的结荚率,利用巢内悬挂幼虫信息素和饲喂8-Br-c GMP、豆花糖浆处理蜂群,对照组为饲喂糖浆(1:1)的蜂群。采用收集花粉、摄像观察和荧光定量的方法,对3种处理蜂群的花粉重量、采集蜂数量和Amfor和Ammvl的m RNA相对表达量进行比较。采用浓度梯度筛选出的400 LEqu幼虫信息素和0.5 mg/L 8-Br-c GMP、豆花糖浆处理蜂群,对照组大豆花粉重量百分比为3.05%,3个处理组分别为10.42%、8.53%和5.99%,400 LEqu幼虫信息素、0.5 mg/L 8-Brc GMP与对照组之间存在显著差异(P0.05)。采集大豆花粉的蜜蜂数量百分比,对照组为55.09%,3个处理组均高于对照组,处理组之间均不存在显著差异(P0.05)。3种处理方式均可以提高蜜蜂采集大豆花粉的积极性,提高采粉蜂的数量,增加访问大豆花的机率。 相似文献
4.
为了解花朵中挥发性气味物质对吸引传粉昆虫采集所起到的作用,采用固相微萃取(SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,检测梨花和油菜花全花、花药、花蜜中挥发性气味物质成分,并进行主成分及与昆虫采集相关性分析。鉴定梨花中挥发性气味物质成分有9种,氧烷类为主要挥发性气味物质,占44.44%,通过主成分分析,气味贡献物主要来自于二甲基硫醚、十四甲基环七硅氧烷、苯丙腈、苯甲醛等化合物。油菜花中挥发性气味物质成分有23种,酯类和氧烷类为主要气味挥发性物质,分别占8.7%和16.09%,气味贡献物主要来自于反-2-己烯醛、异硫氰酸-2-苯乙酯、4-异硫氰酸根合-1-丁烯、二甲基三硫醚、二甲基二硫醚等化合物;花药的挥发性气味物质种类比花蜜中更丰富。传粉昆虫调查发现,试验地共有传粉昆虫4目10科11种,梨和油菜传粉昆虫数量上有显著差异(P<0.05),但各成分与采集昆虫数量均没有显著相关性(P>0.05)。研究发现梨花和油菜花挥发性气味物质成分有显著差异,将为研究气味物质主要贡献物在吸引传粉昆虫中发挥的作用提供参考。 相似文献
5.
O. I. Leleji 《Euphytica》1973,22(1):150-153
Summary A strong preference for different cowpea flowers apparently due to colour is reported for bumble bees (Bombus spp.) and honey bees (Apis mellifera). Bumble bees visited purple flowers much more often than they did white flowers in a ratio of 3:1. Honey bees, on the other hand, visited white flowers more than they did purple flowers in a ratio of 2:1.Judged from the positioning of their heads in the flowers, bumble bees are generally nectar collectors while honey bees collect both pollen and nectar but more of the former.This strong preference has implications in experiments designed to estimate out-crossing where different flower colours are used in the detection of hybrid plants. There will be more intra-colour than inter-colour pollen transfer. 相似文献
6.
K. C. Sink Jr. 《Euphytica》1973,22(3):520-526
Summary Genetic analysis of a mutant flower form in petunia in which the normal corolla tube was replaced by a second set of sepals (apetalous condition) was studied in F1, F2, F3 and BC1 generations after crossing with inbred normal flowered lines. Segregation patterns observed in these generations indicated that this mutant flower type was a monogenic recessive trait. The genes D for flower doubleness and G for grandiflora plant and flower character segregated independent of the apetalous character. The gene for apetalous flower character has been designated as apt.Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Article No 6272. 相似文献
7.
Everlyne N. Wousla Mebeaselassie Andargie Remy S. Pasquet Marjolaine Mondon Veronique Menez Caroline Cochin Lenaic Paul Lenaic Pardon Marc Roubaud 《Plant Breeding》2020,139(1):156-166
Cowpea is an important grain legume crop in Africa. Cowpea flowers are capable of self-fertilization, which might be the most frequent type of reproduction. Nevertheless, the rate of cross-pollination could vary between 1% and 10%, depending on the populations of bumblebees or domestic bees that are present, the climate and the cultivar. The aim of this study was to identify and assess the efficiency rate of the pollinators of the wild cowpea, Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata var. spontanea, the progenitor of the domesticated cowpea Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata. Pollination study was conducted by observing patches of flowers (average 10–20/m2) from dawn to midday, approximately 05:00–12:30 hr for three years. All insects visiting the flowers were noted and identified to species level, where possible, and their foraging behaviour was monitored. Pollen grain deposit and pod set were estimated using single bee visits on plants with strictly outcrossing flowers. Major flower visitors were large bees of the family Megachilidae and the genus Xylocopa (Apidae, Xylocopinae). Xylocopa caffra (Linnaeus) was the most abundant bee species, accounting for 59% of total bees observed and 58% of total flower visited. Pod set was higher in visits by megachilid bees compared to Xylocopa bees. Within Xylocopa, there is a good correlation between size and efficiency (r = .95, p = .0477), the larger insects being more efficient. Honeybees, small bees (Ceratina and Nomia species) and Lepidopterans also visited flowers but without any effect on pollination. Cowpea pollination system is specialized, and pollinators are restricted to Megachilidae and Xylocopa species. Variation in pollen load deposit and pod set reveals that pollination success depends on the insect species involved and their size. Megachilids are the most efficient pollinators, especially since they are able to promote outcrossing more efficiently than Xylocopa species. 相似文献
8.
Leena Pietilä 《Euphytica》1995,84(2):127-131
Summary Pollination experiments were carried out on ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus), known as a very poor seed producer. All the clones used were diploids. The effect of self-vs. cross-pollination was studied in Experiment 1. Caged selfpollinated flowers produced no seeds. Different clones produced seeds in 0–8% of caged cross-pollinated flowers and in 5–19% of cross-pollinated non-caged flowers. Ulluco is thus basically an outbreeder.Experiment 2 studied whether seed set is limited by pollen availability. Total seed number per inflorescence number did not differ between plants treated with supplemental pollen and control plants; pollen availability thus did not limit seed set. The treated plants, however, produced more seeds in cross-pollinated than in other flowers on the plant, and the control flowers on treated plants produced fewer seeds than those on the control plants. In the treated plants, resources may have been allocated to artificially cross-pollinated flowers at the expense of other flowers. In some clones, seed set after artificial cross-pollination was at a level practicable for breeding work. 相似文献
9.
The aim of this study was to determine if and how the honeybee reduces the blooming period of canola (Brassica napus). Colonies were installed in different fields of canola in the Chaudiere‐Appalaches (two replicates) and Quebec City (one replicate) regions to create a density gradient of zero to three colonies per hectare. To calculate the blooming period under these conditions, 10 labelled plants were caged in the field, out of the reach of pollinators, and 10 others were labelled in the field and exposed to foragers. The number of flowers found on each plant was recorded daily. This study also aims at demonstrating that the canola plant will produce new flowers as long as it does not reach its maximum carrying capacity, thereby extending the blooming period. To simulate the fall of unfertilized flowers, a predetermined number of flowers from 20 randomly selected plants in one of the replicates were cut off every day. The plant, when it reaches its maximum carrying capacity, stops producing new flowers. With three colonies per hectare, the blooming period was reduced by 3.8 days, or 17 % compared with in the absence of pollinators. Because of the efficient pollen transfer to the stigma, the honeybees do not only cause the flower to live for a shorter period of time, but they also bring about a decrease in the number of flowers produced by the plant, thereby reducing the duration of blooming period. 相似文献
10.
The genotypic variability in nectar secretion among 71 genotypes of winter oilseed rapes was tested for floral nectar volume, sugar composition and concentration. Differences were found between seed quality genotypes: double low [99] oilseed rape varieties tended to secrete much more nectar than single low [0 +] and double high [++] varieties. Male-sterile lines (Ogura CMS) secreted one-half to one-third the amount of their isogenic male-fertile counterparts. Restored lines behaved as conventional rape varieties. On average, amounts of nectar were 2 μl/flower and ranged from 0.7 to 6 μl/flower. Among the genotypes under test, the male-sterile lines were not the least productive. The analysis of (Samourai) winter oilseed rape showed that total sugar concentrations in nectar were highest at the beginning of the flowering period (30g/100 ml) and lowest towards the end (10g/100 ml). At a given date, total sugar contents in nectar of [0 +] varieties were significantly higher than those of [++] varieties and were due to higher fructose contents. Differences between genotypes within the same type also occurred, depending on the day of sampling. Oilseed rape nectar was confirmed to be predominantly composed of hexose (glucose and fructose). From the results of these investigations, it is concluded that the opportunity exists to select oilseed rape genotypes, including male-sterile lines, that secrete sufficient amounts of nectar to attract honey-bees to ensure pollination of male-sterile lines for hybrid seed production. 相似文献
11.
K. R. Tobutt 《Euphytica》1994,77(1-2):51-54
Summary ‘Wijcik’, a sport of ‘McIntosh’ with columnar growth habit, was crossed with ‘Wellington Bloomless’, which has apetalous flowers
and bears parthenocarpic seedless fruit if not pollinated. The seedlings segregated for columnar versus normal habit but all
had normal flowers and fruit. Four columnar seedlings were crossed with ‘Spencer Seedless’, another apetalous cultivar, and
the resulting seedlings segregated not only for plant habit but also for apetalous versus normal flowers, approximately 1
: 1. Thus apetaly is controlled by a recessive gene, for which the symbolape is proposed. Apetalous columnar apples may be useful for planting in very high density orchards, cropping without pollination
and thus not dependent on bees, pollinator varieties and warm weather at flowering time; moreover, being seedless they may
avoid biennial bearing tendencies that are attributable to developing seeds inhibiting fruit bud formation. 相似文献
12.
Short-distance cross-pollination of maize in a small-field landscape as monitored by grain color markers 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Results of studies on cross-pollination in small field environments with regard to donor/receptor surface ratios and flower synchrony are scarce. In 2003 and 2004, six field experiments on cross-pollination were carried out in the cantons of Zug and Zurich, two hilly regions of Switzerland. Three (Monopol, Romario and PR39G12) color-dominant yellow-grain maize varieties (Zea mays L.) were planted in close proximity (0.8 m) to color-recessive white-grain maize (DSP17007). The factors of influence were size of the donor and receptor parts of the field and flower synchrony, tested in a tight grid pattern (2.4 m × 10 m; 6000 ears ha−1). Widely varying field size ratios of donors to receptors (about 4:1–1:8) did not influence the cross-pollination rate at distances of 0–20 m from the pollen donor. The synchrony between pollen shedding of the donor and silking of the receptor had a large impact on cross-pollination. In relation to the mid-phase of silk emergence in the receptor field, a temporal isolation of five and seven days resulted in a significant decrease in cross-pollination by more than 80% in comparison to full synchrony. However, in a receptor field with irregular emergence of a number of weak, late-flowering plants led to a remarkable increase in cross-pollination, despite an average temporal separation of 7 days. Marked cross-pollination was restricted to distances up to 15 m; thus, average rates of cross-pollination above 0.9% were easily managed in small fields. 相似文献
13.
研究药用白芍的传粉特性,为药用白芍的资源保护和优良品种选育提供科学依据。采取11种不同的处理方式,比较不同授粉方式的结实率和结实质量。芍药的自然结实率低;芍药的异株异花传粉可提高芍药的结实率达3倍,自然生长的花人工给予授粉结实率可提高近4倍;芍药的同株自花直接套袋、同株自花人工授粉和同株异花人工授粉的结实率均不高,分别为0.17%、0.84%、1.16%;去雄和去花冠处理结果表明芍药以异花传粉为主,同时花冠在传粉结实中也起到一定的作用。芍药具有微弱的自交性,芍药以异株异花授粉为主;异株异花授粉,可提高芍药的结实率;同时对芍药的结实率低的原因给以初步分析整理。 相似文献
14.
化学药剂处理对蓖麻性别的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为明确不同浓度的化学药剂对蓖麻性别的影响,本试验以蓖麻两性系（E09004、E09009和E09002）和E09002单雌系为材料,分析了喷施不同浓度的GA3、NAA、乙烯利、6-BA和AgNO3对蓖麻雌雄花率的影响。结果表明：100 mg/L GA3有利于蓖麻雌花的形成,250 mg/L GA3则有利于雄花的分化,前者表现为雌花率上升,后者表现为雌花率降低;NAA和6-BA使雌花率增加,出现了纯雌株;乙烯利有利于雄花的分化,一定浓度的乙烯利可使两性株雄性化;AgNO3促雄效果明显,使两性株雄花率增加,单雌株出现少量雄花;同时试验还获得少数花性特殊（如全雄、纯雌）的材料。本研究为蓖麻的性别逆转诱导、单雌材料的繁殖及性别分化研究提供参考。 相似文献
15.
Summary In two highly self incompatible inbred lines of Brussels sprouts the effect of increased atmospheric humidity post pollination was examined immediately following 1) hand pollination of green buds and open flowers, and 2) blowfly pollination of open flowers. Data were obtained for mean number of seeds set per pollination, mean number of fruits setting seed, and mean number of seeds produced per fruit which set for both varieties. Measured as number of seeds produced per minute spent pollinating, it was clear that open flower pollination followed by high humidity conditions was a much more efficient method of producing inbred line seed (46 seeds/minute) than green bud pollination (27 seeds/minute). 相似文献
16.
F. L. Stoddard 《Plant Breeding》1986,97(3):210-221
When the flowers are not disturbed, the yield of F1 hybrids of faba beans normally exceeds that in their inbred parents. The basis of this “heterotic autofertility” was investigated by examining flowers for pollination and fertilization throughout the flowering season and assessing the distribution of seeds and pods on mature plants. Six inbred lines and seven of their F1 hybrids were grown without protection from bee visitation, and their autofertility was estimated’ by comparing their fertilization with that of cytoplasmic male-sterile line. The first direct evidence was obtained that heterotic autofertility acts by increasing; the proportion of flowers which were pollinated and fertilized. The autofertility was not perfect, especially in a closed-flower hybrid, as many ovules remained unfertilized. Several factors contributed to the number of seeds per pod in F1 hybrids, being superior to parental means: (1) more ovules per flower, (2) greater fertilization of the basal ovules, (3) reduced abortion of the apical ovules and (4) greater overall maturation ovules. 相似文献
17.
Summary Knowledge of inheritance of early maturity or its components is important to groundnut breeders in developing short-duration cultivars. This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of two components of early maturity: days to first flower from sowing, and days to accumulation of 25 flowers from the appearance of first flower, using three groundnut genotypes. Two early-maturing (Chico and Gangapuri) and one late-maturing (M 13) genotypes were crossed in all possible combinations, including reciprocals. The parents, F1, F2, F3, and backcross populations were evaluated for days to first flower from sowing, and for days to accumulation of 25 flowers. The data suggest that days to first flower in the crosses studied is governed by a single gene with additive gene action. Chico and Gangapuri possess the same allele for this component of earliness. Three independent genes with complete dominance at each locus appear to control the days to accumulation of 25 flowers. In crosses between late (M 13) and early (Chico or Gangapuri) parents, a segregation pattern suggesting dominant-recessive epistasis (13 late:3 early) was observed for this component. Segregation in the F2 generation (1 late:15 early) of both early parents (Chico x Gangapuri) indicated that the genes for early accumulation of flowers in these two parents are at different loci.Submitted as ICRISAT J.A. No. 1557. 相似文献
18.
European pear (Pyrus communis) requires insect pollination among compatible cultivars for fruit production. However, most commercial orchards have a limited number of cultivars arranged in monotypic blocks or rows. This can result in insufficient inter-cultivar pollination. We hypothesise that limitations in pollen transfer among cultivars could be explained by both insect behaviour and orchard design. We compared insect activity and pollination efficiency in two European pear cultivars, in orchards with different designs: (i) cultivars alternated in the same row or (ii) cultivars in separate rows. To assess limitations in pollen transfer, we also compared hand pollination with compatible pollen versus open pollination by insects. Insect visitors mainly foraged on neighbouring trees within a row, with few movements across rows (1%). Honey bees (Apis mellifera) and bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) visited significantly more flowers per tree (8.5 vs. 3) and more trees (2.1 vs. 1.3) than solitary bees (Andrena spp.) and hoverflies. Insect visitors deposited large amounts of pollen (∼500 pollen grains) on flower stigmas regardless of the insect type. Cultivar placement affected inter-cultivar pollination; less incompatibility signs were observed when cultivars alternated in the same row (5%) than when cultivars were in separate rows (38%). We observed limitations in pollen transfer as open pollination resulted in significant reduced fruit set, compared with hand pollination, in ‘Conférence’ (21% vs. 30.7%) and ‘Doyenné du Comice’ (7.2% vs. 16.8%). The foraging behaviour of the insects limited thus inter-cultivar pollen transfer in the orchards with cultivars in separate rows. Cultivars used for pollination (pollinizers) should be planted in the same rows as the main cultivar to increase inter-cultivar pollination. 相似文献
19.
The presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzyladenine (6—BA) in the medium is required to induce an acceptable yield of gynogenic embryos from unfertilized ovary and flower cultures in onion. Four different exposure times of ovary and flower cultures to exogenous growth regulators (15, 30, and 45 days, and the entire culture period) were assayed. The objective was to ascertain the effect of these substances and of their period of application on the formation of gynogenic embryos and on the yield of haploids. An exposure of 15 days was sufficient for ovaries and flowers to be stimulated towards the gynogenic response, whereas, for the remaining period of 30—80 days, the pro-embryos could easily grow on a growth-regulator-free medium. In the gynogenic material obtained, phenotypic differences were visible between genetically independent lines but not between plants within each line, even when they had a different ploidy level (n or 2n). Almost all lines obtained by gynogenesis were sterile. Only a small percentage (1%) became fertile through spontaneous chromosome doubling, and these produced 2—20 seeds each, giving normal plants. The recovery of fertility occurred more often during the generations of bulbils. To exploit this natural propensity towards diploidization in this phase, different amounts and numbers of applications of colchicine were evaluated in two experiments. The treatments corresponding to 10 and 100 mg/1 of colchicine applied for 24h gave the highest number of diploid cells in root tips but no diploidization occurred in the shoot apices. Three days of colchicine treatment at 10 mg/1 produced 46% of plants completely diploid in the shoot apex. The flower fertility of these doubled haploid plants is being evaluated. 相似文献
20.
To examine the effect of stigma position and size on seed productivity through pollination efficiency in radish, the numbers
of self and cross pollen grains on the stigmas and the seed productivity under insect-pollination were compared among four
bred lines. Lines with a small stigma or a high stigma relative to the anthers on long stamens tended to receive fewer self
and total (self + cross) pollen grains but showed a higher cross-pollination percentage (ratio of cross pollen grains to total
pollen grains on stigmas) than those with a large stigma or a lower stigma. Additionally, a higher cross-pollination percentage
was associated with a higher outcrossing percentage. This result suggests that variations in the two stigma traits affect
the outcrossing percentage via the cross-pollination percentage. Therefore, it should be possible to prevent loss of F1 purity by selecting new parental lines with floral morphology that favors cross-pollination percentage. 相似文献