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1.
Objective— To investigate the use of computed tomography (CT) arthrography in cadaveric canine stifles with particular emphasis on the diagnosis of meniscal injury.
Study Design— Prospective cadaver study.
Sample Population— Pelvic limbs from adult Beagles (n=10).
Methods— After survey CT scan of each stifle oriented in the dorsal plane, positive contrast stifle CT arthrogram (CTA) was performed using the same slice orientation. Each stifle was then randomly allocated into 1 of 2 treatment groups: group A—arthrotomy, cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) transection and simulated injury to the caudal horn of the medial meniscus; group B—arthrotomy and CCL transection only. CT scan was repeated as before and post-arthrotomy images were interpreted by a radiologist unaware of treatment grouping.
Results— The cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral menisci, menisco-femoral ligament, and long digital extensor tendon were all identifiable on CTA images. CTA was 90% sensitive and 100% specific for diagnosing simulated caudal horn meniscal injury.
Conclusions— Stifle CTA enables identification of intra-articular structures within the stifle and is a reliable method for identifying simulated meniscal injuries in a cadaver model.
Clinical Relevance— CTA imaging of the canine stifle has potential clinical value for detection of meniscal injury. 相似文献
Study Design— Prospective cadaver study.
Sample Population— Pelvic limbs from adult Beagles (n=10).
Methods— After survey CT scan of each stifle oriented in the dorsal plane, positive contrast stifle CT arthrogram (CTA) was performed using the same slice orientation. Each stifle was then randomly allocated into 1 of 2 treatment groups: group A—arthrotomy, cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) transection and simulated injury to the caudal horn of the medial meniscus; group B—arthrotomy and CCL transection only. CT scan was repeated as before and post-arthrotomy images were interpreted by a radiologist unaware of treatment grouping.
Results— The cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral menisci, menisco-femoral ligament, and long digital extensor tendon were all identifiable on CTA images. CTA was 90% sensitive and 100% specific for diagnosing simulated caudal horn meniscal injury.
Conclusions— Stifle CTA enables identification of intra-articular structures within the stifle and is a reliable method for identifying simulated meniscal injuries in a cadaver model.
Clinical Relevance— CTA imaging of the canine stifle has potential clinical value for detection of meniscal injury. 相似文献
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Sungyoung Han Haengbok Cheon Hangmyo Cho Juhyung Kim Ji-Houn Kang Mhan-Pyo Yang Youngwon Lee Heechun Lee Dongwoo Chang 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2008,9(4):395-400
Computed tomographic arthrography (CTA) of four cadaveric canine stifles was performed before and after partial cranial cruciate ligament rupture in order to verify the usefulness of CTA examination for the diagnosis of partial cranial cruciate ligament rupture. To obtain the sequential true transverse image of a cranial cruciate ligament, the computed tomography gantry was angled such that the scanning plane was parallel to the fibula. True transverse images of cranial cruciate ligaments were identified on every sequential image, beginning just proximal to the origin of the cranial cruciate ligament distal to the tibial attachment, after the administration of iodinated contrast medium. A significant decrease in the area of the cranial cruciate ligament was identified on CTA imaging after partial surgical rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. This finding implies that CTA can be used for assessing partial cranial cruciate ligament ruptures in dogs. 相似文献
3.
Susan J. Holcombe VMD MS Alicia L. Bertone DVM PhD David S. Biller DVM Valerie Haider DVM 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1995,36(2):119-125
The purpose of this study was to define normal gross anatomic structures in the equine stifle with magnetic resonance images. Magnetic resonance (MR) images were made in sagittal, 15° supinated, transverse, and dorsal planes of two equine stifles. The MR images were scrutinized by comparing MR images to dissection specimens and frozen cross sections of stifle joints. Sagittal and 15° supinated images were the most valuable in assessing articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and soft tissue structures within the joint. Cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral menisci, meniscotibial and meniscofemoral ligaments, long digital extensor tendon, and patellar ligaments were easily evaluated. MR images provided substantially more gross anatomical information than the currently available imaging modalities. 相似文献
4.
W. J. Bruce 《The Journal of small animal practice》1998,39(7):333-340
Multiple ligamentous injuries of the canine stifle are uncommon. In this study, they affected mainly adult, male, working or sporting dogs and occurred secondary to severe trauma, or where chronic joint infection had weakened the supporting structures. Rupture of the cranial cruciate, caudal cruciate and lateral collateral ligaments was the most common injury observed and this occurred after catching the limb in a fence or gate. Reconstruction of the collateral and cranial cruciate ligaments, and careful repair of damaged menisci and joint capsule, was an effective method of treatment for medium- and large-size dogs. Reconstruction of the caudal cruciate ligament and postoperative limb support was not found to be essential. All dogs with subluxated stifles had good to excellent limb function with minimal loss of mid-thigh circumference or stifle joint range of motion at follow-up. Less favourable results were achieved where there was stifle joint luxation with extensive disruption to secondary joint restraints. 相似文献
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COMPARISON BETWEEN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ARTHROGRAPHY,RADIOGRAPHY, ULTRASONOGRAPHY,AND ARTHROSCOPY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF FEMOROTIBIAL JOINT DISEASE IN WESTERN PERFORMANCE HORSES 
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下载免费PDF全文 Brad B. Nelson Chris E. Kawcak Laurie R. Goodrich Natasha M. Werpy Alejandro Valdés‐Martínez C. Wayne McIlwraith 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2016,57(4):387-402
The femorotibial joints are a common source of lameness in Western performance horses. The objective of this prospective study was to compare the radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomographic arthrography (CTA), and arthroscopy findings in horses with lameness localized to the femorotibial joints. Twenty‐five stifles in 24 horses were included and were evaluated with all four of these diagnostic methods. Defects detected in femorotibial joint structures were compared between diagnostic methods using a McNemar's test to evaluate for disagreement. Cranial medial meniscotibial desmopathy was most detected on arthroscopy (in 14/25 cases) and was only detected on ultrasonography in three out of 11 (27.3%) arthroscopically observed cases, but was detected on CTA in nine out of 12 (75%) arthroscopically observed cases. Medial meniscal injury located on the craniolateral border was most detected on arthroscopy (n = 9) and was detected on CTA in five cases, but on ultrasonography in 0 cases. Detection of articular cartilage defects on the medial femoral condyle was most detected with arthroscopy (24/25, 96% cases) and was also detected on CTA in 12/20 (60%) cases with a significant disagreement identified between modalities (P = 0.02). Cranial and caudal cruciate ligament defects were detected on CTA in 6/22 (27.3%) and 7/19 (36.8%) cases, respectively, and with arthroscopy in 3/25 (12%) and 2/25 (8%) cases, respectively. The use of CTA detected more defects in the cruciate ligaments, proximal tibia, and ligament entheses than the other diagnostic methods, but was not reliable for detection of articular cartilage damage on the medial femoral condyle. 相似文献
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VALERIE F. SAMII JONATHAN DYCE ANTONIO POZZI WM. TOD DROST JOHN S. MATTOON ERIC M. GREEN MICHAEL P. KOWALESKI AMY M. LEHMAN 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2009,50(2):144-150
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of single-detector computed tomographic arthrography (CT arthrography) for the diagnosis of cranial and caudal cruciate ligament and meniscal lesions in the dog stifle. Four normal and 25 abnormal stifle joints, determined to have lesions related to intra-articular ligamentous insufficiency based on clinical history, orthopedic examination, and survey orthogonal radiographs, were imaged using a previously developed CT arthrography protocol. Surgery was performed immediately following the CT procedure. Three board-certified radiologists inexperienced at interpreting CT stifle arthrograms reviewed all CT studies independently, and then as a group, without knowledge of surgical or necropsy findings. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for determination of cranial and caudal cruciate and meniscal tears were calculated for each individual reviewer and based on group consensus. All reviewers identified the normal canine stifle joints imaged correctly. Reviewers did well in discriminating normal from torn cranial cruciate ligaments, with sensitivities of 96–100% and specificities of 75–100%. No reviewer correctly identified the solitary caudal cruciate ligament tear and specificity ranged from 89.3% to 100%. Reviewers were less adept at discriminating normal from torn meniscal fibrocartilage, with sensitivities of 13.3–73.3% and specificities of 57.1–100%. Interpretive accuracy improved slightly when consensus scores were compared with surgical findings. Single-detector CT arthrography may be useful for identifying pathology of the canine cruciate ligaments but is of limited value for assessing the menisci. 相似文献
9.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE NORMAL CANINE STIFLE 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ann L. Reed DVM John T. Payne DVM MS Gheorghe M. Constantinescu DVM PhD Drhc 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1995,36(4):315-321
Ultrasonographic examination of the normal canine stifle joint was performed to characterize its normal anatomy. Stifles of four normal adult dogs were imaged in sagittal and transverse planes and each anatomic structure visualized was recorded. Normal anatomic structures consistently seen included the patellar tendon, medial and lateral menisci, the cranial cruciate ligament and femoral condyle cartilage. The caudal cruciate ligament was visualized in two dogs. Collateral ligaments and meniscal ligaments were not visualized. The dogs were then euthanized and each stifle was isolated. Following removal of superficial muscles and skin, each stifle was imaged in a water bath to definitively identify the structures that had previously been visualized on the live dogs. The ultrasonographic appearance of the isolated stifle specimens was similar to that found in live dogs. The results of this study indicate that ultrasound can be used to image the normal anatomy of the canine stifle. The echogenicity of the patellar ligament, cruciate ligaments, menisci and articular cartilage was similar to that previously reported in equine stifles and human knees. 相似文献
10.
D. A. Shigue S. C. Rahal B. C. Schimming R. R. Santos L. C. Vulcano J. L. Linardi C.R. Teixeira 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2015,44(6):468-474
This study aimed to evaluate the stifle joint of marsh deer using imaging studies and in comparison with gross anatomy. Ten hindlimbs from 5 marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) were used. Radiography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed in each stifle joint. Two hindlimbs were dissected to describe stifle gross anatomy. The other limbs were sectioned in sagittal, dorsal or transverse planes. In the craniocaudal radiographic view, the lateral femoral condyle was broader than the medial femoral condyle. The femoral trochlea was asymmetrical. Subsequent multiplanar reconstruction revealed in the cranial view that the external surface of the patella was roughened, the medial trochlea ridge was larger than the lateral one, and the extensor fossa at the lateral condyle was next to the lateral ridge. The popliteal fossa was better visualized via the lateral view. Sagittal MRI images identified lateral and medial menisci, caudolateral and craniomedial bundles of cranial cruciate ligament, caudal cruciate ligament, patellar ligament and common extensor tendon. In conclusion, the marsh deer stifle presents some anatomical characteristics of the ovine stifle joint. 相似文献
11.
Transected cranial cruciate ligaments in nine Holstein heifers were replaced with an autograft harvested from fascia on the medial surface of the gluteobiceps muscle and a connected segment of the lateral patellar ligament. There was minimal lameness at month 1, and all animals were sound by month 2. There was no evidence of degenerative joint disease in any stifles examined at necropsy on days 90, 120, or 365. Augmented healing of the severed cranial cruciate ligaments occurred in several animals. The mean failure strength of the cranial cruciate ligament replacements was 29.7% of the failure strength of the contralateral normal cranial cruciate ligament in four heifers. The technique was successful in eight of 13 bulls and cows with ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments. Animals treated successfully had significantly lower body weights than those with unsuccessful outcomes. 相似文献
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M. S. Tivers P. N. Mahoney E. A. Baines S. A. Corr 《The Journal of small animal practice》2009,50(7):324-332
O bjective : To assess the usefulness of computed tomography arthrography of the stifle in diagnosing meniscal tears in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency.
M ethods : A prospective clinical study was performed. Dogs were included if they had evidence of cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency or persistent or recurrent lameness following surgery for cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency. Dogs were sedated for a computed tomography scan of the affected stifle, orientated in the dorsal plane. A survey computed tomography scan was followed by a computed tomography arthrogram. A stifle arthrotomy was performed, and the surgical findings were recorded. The computed tomography scans were reviewed by three blinded reviewers, and the results were compared to the surgical findings.
R esults : Twenty-one computed tomography arthrograms from 20 dogs were included. At surgery, damage to the medial meniscus was identified in 14 stifles. Initial interpretation of computed tomography arthrography images was 57 to 64 per cent sensitive and 71 to 100 per cent specific for diagnosing medial meniscal injuries. Interpretation of the images on retrospective analysis was 71 per cent sensitive and 100 per cent specific, with an accuracy of 0·857.
C linical S ignificance : The accuracy of stifle computed tomography arthrography for the diagnosis of tears to the medial meniscus was found to be good. It is a minimally invasive and repeatable technique, which does not require general anaesthesia or specialist training to obtain the images. The ability to reliably diagnose meniscal injury without the need for surgery may be advantageous, particularly in dogs which had previously had surgery for cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency. 相似文献
M ethods : A prospective clinical study was performed. Dogs were included if they had evidence of cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency or persistent or recurrent lameness following surgery for cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency. Dogs were sedated for a computed tomography scan of the affected stifle, orientated in the dorsal plane. A survey computed tomography scan was followed by a computed tomography arthrogram. A stifle arthrotomy was performed, and the surgical findings were recorded. The computed tomography scans were reviewed by three blinded reviewers, and the results were compared to the surgical findings.
R esults : Twenty-one computed tomography arthrograms from 20 dogs were included. At surgery, damage to the medial meniscus was identified in 14 stifles. Initial interpretation of computed tomography arthrography images was 57 to 64 per cent sensitive and 71 to 100 per cent specific for diagnosing medial meniscal injuries. Interpretation of the images on retrospective analysis was 71 per cent sensitive and 100 per cent specific, with an accuracy of 0·857.
C linical S ignificance : The accuracy of stifle computed tomography arthrography for the diagnosis of tears to the medial meniscus was found to be good. It is a minimally invasive and repeatable technique, which does not require general anaesthesia or specialist training to obtain the images. The ability to reliably diagnose meniscal injury without the need for surgery may be advantageous, particularly in dogs which had previously had surgery for cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency. 相似文献
14.
Twenty stifles (10 dogs) were studied for a period of 1 year after various lesions of the cranial cruciate ligament and medial meniscus were produced surgicaoy. Through serial arthroscopic evaluations, degenerative processes In stifles with a "torn" cranial cruciate ligament were documented. Intra-articular changes were minimal after partial meniscectomy and were severe after total meniscectomy. Multiple arthroscopies caused no demonstrable changes. 相似文献
15.
Beatriz Gutiérrez‐Crespo Patrick R. Kircher Ines Carrera 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2014,55(3):278-285
The aim of this study was to describe the appearance of the ligamentous structures of the occipitoatlantoaxial (OAA) region in the normal horse by 3 tesla (3T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI images of the longitudinal odontoid ligament, tectorial membrane, dorsal and ventral atlantoaxial ligaments, dorsal atlantooccipital membrane with its reinforcing ligaments, and the lateral atlantooccipital ligaments of 10 horse cadavers were evaluated. All ligaments and membranes were identified in all planes, except for the lateral atlantooccipital ligament in the sagittal plane due to its cranioventrolateral course. All were iso to mildly hypointense to musculature of the neck in T1W with the exception of the tectorial membrane that was moderately hypointense; moderately hypointense in PD‐SPIR, and markedly hypointense (isointense to cortical bone) in T2W. The PD‐SPIR was the best sequence to identify all ligaments and membranes from their cranial and caudal attachments. The longitudinal odontoid ligament, ventral atlantoaxial ligament, and reinforcing bands of the dorsal atlantooccipital membrane presented a characteristic striped heterogeneous signal behavior thought to be due to fibrocartilaginous content. The remaining ligaments and membranes showed homogeneous signal intensity. Special anatomical features in this species such as the fan‐shaped longitudinal odontoid ligament, absence of the transverse ligament and presence of the ventral atlantoaxial ligament were documented. Ligamentous structures that stabilize the equine OAA region were described with MRI in this study and these findings could serve as an anatomic reference for those cases where instability of this region is suspected. 相似文献
16.
Middleton G Hillmann DJ Trichel J Bragulla HH Gaschen L 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2012,53(5):545-551
Our objectives were to establish a magnetic resonance (MR) protocol for the examination of, and then describe, the normal ligaments and the supporting structures of the occipitoatlantoaxial region. This was done in 10 cadaver dogs. In addition, MR images of three patients with cervical pain localized to the occipitoatlantoaxial region are included to provide examples of ligamentous abnormalities. All ligaments were hypointense in all pulse sequences. The apical, dorsal atlantoaxial, and dorsal longitudinal vertebral ligaments were seen best in the sagittal T1W and PD-weighted images. The transverse ligament was best visualized in the transverse plane in all pulse sequences and appeared to be confluent with the dorsal longitudinal vertebral ligament dorsal to the dens in the sagittal plane. A 20° dorsal plane reconstructed image in 0.6-mm slice thickness was necessary to visualize the alar ligaments, which were visible in 9/10 dogs. The dorsal longitudinal vertebral ligament appeared continuous with the apical ligament and tectorial membrane. Abnormalities in clinically affected dogs included thickening of the alar ligaments, absence of transverse ligament and elongation, and irregularity of the apical ligament. 相似文献
17.
This study describes a detailed computed tomographic reference of the normal equine foot. Ten forefeet of five adult cadavers, without evidence of orthopaedic disease, were used. Computed tomography (CT) was performed on all feet. Two‐millimetre thick transverse slices were obtained, and sagittal and dorsal planes were reformatted. The CT images were matched with the corresponding anatomic slices. The phalanges and the distal sesamoid bone showed excellent detail. The extensor and flexor tendons (including their attachments) could be clearly evaluated. The collateral (sesamoidean) ligaments could be readily located, but were difficult to delineate at their proximal attachment. The distal digital annular ligament could only be distinguished from the deep digital flexor tendon proximal to the distal sesamoid bone, and its proximal attachment could be identified, but not its distal insertion. Small ligaments (impar ligament, chondrosesamoidean, chondrocoronal and chondrocompedal ligaments, axial and abaxial palmar ligaments of the proximal inter‐phalangeal joint) were seen with difficulty and not at all slices. The joint capsules could not be delineated from the surrounding soft tissue structures. The lateral and medial proprius palmar digital artery and vein could be visualized occasionally on some slices. The ungular cartilages, corium and hoof wall layering were seen. The nerves, the articular and fibrocartilage of the distal sesamoid bone and the chondroungular ligament could not be assessed. Computed tomography of the equine foot can be of great value when results of radiography and ultrasonography are inconclusive. Images obtained in this study may serve as reference for CT of the equine foot. 相似文献
18.
Reason for performing study: By study of the translocation and deformation of equine menisci throughout the range of motion, it may be possible to identify potential mechanical factors in the pathogenesis of injury to the cranial horn of the medial meniscus. Objective: To quantitatively document meniscal translocation and deformation using radiographic and MR imaging, and to evaluate for potential variation between the medial and lateral menisci. Methods: Radiographic markers were embedded in the periphery of the menisci in 6 cadaver stifles. Proximal‐distal radiographs were taken at 15° intervals ranging from full flexion (30°) to full extension (160°). Magnetic resonance imaging sequences of 3 additional cadaver stifles were obtained in axial and sagittal planes at the predetermined stifle angles. Results: A significantly greater overall mean cranial‐caudal translocation (1.6 times) of the lateral meniscus relative to the medial was seen from full extension to full flexion (P = 0.002). The cranial horn of the medial meniscus was the least mobile of the 4 horns, yet a significant cranial displacement relative to the cranial horn of the lateral meniscus was seen in the terminal 10° of extension. MRI images revealed a significantly greater axial compressive strain in the cranial horn of the medial meniscus relative to the cranial horn of the lateral meniscus in the terminal 10° of extension (P = 0.017). Conclusion: The equine menisci exhibit a cranial‐caudal translocation over the tibia throughout the range of motion. While the cranial horn of the medial meniscus is the least mobile of the 4 horns, it undergoes significant cranial translocation and axial compression in the terminal 10° of extension. Potential relevance: Hyperextension of the stifle may place the cranial horn of the medial meniscus at risk of injury and thus explain the higher prevalence of meniscal tears at this location. 相似文献
19.
Effects of Three Intramedullary Pinning Techniques on Proximal Pin Location and Articular Damage in the Canine Tibia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
BRADFORD C. DIXON DVM JAMES L. TOMLINSON DVM MVSci Dipiomate ACVS COLETTE C. WAGNER-MANN MA DVM PhD 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1994,23(6):448-455
The effects of three different techniques of intramedullary (IM) pin placement on pin location and incidence of stifle joint injury were evaluated using 70 cadaver canine tibiae after middisphyseal osteotomy. In 50 tibiae, pins were placed retrograde in either a nondirected (group A) or a craniomedially directed fashion (group B) with 25 tibiae in each group. Pins were driven normograde (group N) in 20 tibiae. All the stifles were dissected to qualitatively evaluate pin interference with different joint structures. End-on radiographs of the tibial plateaus were used to quantitatively evaluate pin location. Interference with the caudal cruciate ligament, medial meniscus, lateral meniscus, or meniscal ligaments was not observed in any group. There was a significant association between pinning technique and incidence of involvement of the cranial cruciate ligament ( P < .005), patella ( P < .001), patellar ligament ( P < .005), and femoral condyle ( P < .01). Pin location for group A was significantly different from either other group in a cranial-caudal direction ( P = .003), and was significantly different from group N in a medial-lateral direction ( P = .005). No significant difference was observed between pin location for groups B and N in either plane. It was concluded that although nondirected retrograde pinning cannot be recommended, retrograde pins directed craniomedially may be an acceptable technique for the repair of proximal to mid-diaphyseal tibial fractures if care is taken to properly seat the pins. 相似文献
20.
This study has been conducted on the knee joints of the New Zealand rabbits. A total of 20 knee joints from 10 (five female, five male) adult New Zealand rabbits were studied in the study. Fourteen ligaments and four sesamoid bones including the patellar bone, the infrapatellar adipose body, and the suprapatellar cartilage specifically present in rabbits were grossly observed. The caudal meniscotibial ligaments of the lateral meniscus were noted to be lacking in these rabbits. Moreover, the medial collateral ligament did not have a capsular character in nature. Thus, adipose tissue was determined at a point where the suprapatellar cartilage and patella fused. 相似文献