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1.
N. C. Banks N. Tangchitsomkid T. Chanmalee T. Sangsawang P. Songvilay N. Phannamvong S. Thamakhot D. R. Paini K. L. Bayliss M. E. Hodda 《Plant pathology》2018,67(7):1636-1644
The dispersal of invasive species, such as plant pests, can have major economic, environmental and social impacts worldwide. Movement of plant pests from farms to both foreign and domestic markets is facilitated by trade networks, such as plant produce trade networks. While many potential pathways of invasive plant pest entry are regulated, few studies have examined the diversity, abundance and dispersal of soil microorganisms, such as nematodes, on plant produce while en route between origin and destination to quantify the risk of invasive plant pest introductions via these pathways. Here it is shown that a large range and number of live nematodes are dispersing locally and nationally via plant produce trade networks, with the potential to also move internationally. Up to 98% of samples tested carried free‐living nematodes and up to 40% carried plant‐parasitic forms. Diversity of nematodes varied between countries and regions, and numbers on samples generally decreased with increasing distance from the farm to market. These findings may have implications for plant biosecurity surveillance as well as human health. Moreover, nematodes provide a model for other potentially invasive species dispersing via plant produce trade networks. 相似文献
2.
From laboratory to point of entry: development and implementation of a loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)‐based genetic identification system to prevent introduction of quarantine insect species 
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下载免费PDF全文 Simon Blaser Hanspeter Diem Andreas von Felten Morgan Gueuning Michael Andreou Neil Boonham Jennifer Tomlinson Pie Müller Jürg Utzinger Jürg E Frey Andreas Bühlmann 《Pest management science》2018,74(6):1504-1512
BACKGROUND
Rapid genetic on‐site identification methods at points of entry, such as seaports and airports, have the potential to become important tools to prevent the introduction and spread of economically harmful pest species that are unintentionally transported by the global trade of plant commodities. This paper reports the development and evaluation of a loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)‐based identification system to prevent introduction of the three most frequently encountered regulated quarantine insect species groups at Swiss borders, Bemisia tabaci, Thrips palmi and several regulated fruit flies of the genera Bactrocera and Zeugodacus.RESULTS
The LAMP primers were designed to target a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene and were generated based on publicly available DNA sequences. Laboratory evaluations analysing 282 insect specimens suspected to be quarantine organisms revealed an overall test efficiency of 99%. Additional on‐site evaluation at a point of entry using 37 specimens performed by plant health inspectors with minimal laboratory training resulted in an overall test efficiency of 95%. During both evaluation rounds, there were no false‐positives and the observed false‐negatives were attributable to human‐induced manipulation errors. To overcome the possibility of accidental introduction of pests as a result of rare false‐negative results, samples yielding negative results in the LAMP method were also subjected to DNA barcoding.CONCLUSION
Our LAMP assays reliably differentiated between the tested regulated and non‐regulated insect species within <1 h. Hence, LAMP assays represent suitable tools for rapid on‐site identification of harmful pests, which might facilitate an accelerated import control process for plant commodities. © 2018 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献3.
Diversity and detections of Phytophthora species from trade and non‐trade environments in Ireland 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The genus Phytophthora is one of the genera of organisms that poses the most threat to plant health worldwide. Statutory monitoring for Phytophthora species focuses on the species regulated in the European Union and recommended for regulation by EPPO (Plant Health Directive 2000/29 EC and the EPPO A2 List). This research provides details of the Phytophthora species detected from trade and non‐trade environments in Ireland between 2013 and 2015. The results of statutory surveys for the regulated species Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora kernoviae and Phytophthora lateralis from 2003 to 2015 are also presented. Testing of more than 11 000 samples was carried out using morphological and/or DNA identification with specifically designed Phytophthora conserved primers. This led to the detection of 19 species and 3 informally designated taxa of Phytophthora, including 8 new records for Ireland. Eight species were found in both trade and non‐trade locations, and three informally designated taxa were also detected. Phytophthora ramorum was found on the most hosts (30 hosts), followed by Phytophthora syringae (6 hosts) and Phytophthora kernoviae (3 hosts). Rhododendron was the host on which Phytophthora species were most frequently detected (12 Phytophthora species). The role of the plant trade in spreading invasive Phytophthora species is discussed. 相似文献
4.
Global trade of plants and plant products facilitates the international movement of pests. The introduction of new pests in an area may have huge economic consequences for local plant production, and should be avoided. The European Union (EU) imports large quantities of fresh fruit from all over the world, which could be a pathway for exotic pests. This review aimed to identify pests not yet present or regulated in the EU that may enter the territory with the fruit trade and damage fruit production in Europe. Pests of Vaccinium (blueberry), apple, grape, orange and mandarin were screened to assess the likelihood of their being associated with these fruit, their impact, their geographical distribution, whether they are intercepted in trade and whether they are spreading or emerging. They were further ranked to produce alert lists of 30 to 36 pests for each fruit species. These lists are presented as well as other findings on contaminants and newly introduced pests. Datasheets on those pests were prepared and are available as supporting information to this article as well as in the EPPO Global Database ( https://gd.eppo.int/ ). This work within the EU project DROPSA aimed to raise the awareness of importers and regulatory authorities to the potential risk of introducing pests with the fruit trade. 相似文献
5.
M. Bram de Hoop 《EPPO Bulletin》2011,41(1):59-64
A new category of officially regulated pests has been introduced during the past decade. The aim of this new categorization is to protect plant health and, in particular, farmers’ and growers’ crops against the introduction of pests via propagation material. The phytosanitary term ‘regulated non‐quarantine pests’ (RNQPs) is relatively new. It was introduced in 1997 as part of the new revised text of the International Plant Protection Convention. These RNQPs differ from the common category of quarantine pests in that they can be widespread within the territory of concern. Unlike quarantine pests, a level of tolerance could be applied for RNQPs infesting certain plants for planting. Some certification systems for the production of propagation material may specify certain tolerance levels, however, these systems are usually not regulated by national plant protection organizations and the tolerance levels are usually not based on scientific evidence. To date, only a few countries have applied the concept of RNQPs: notably Uruguay and Brazil. To apply the concept and, in particular, to determine specific tolerance levels presents many challenges. The concept may be embraced in the coming years by the European Community as part of the revision of the EU Council Directive 2000/29/EC. 相似文献
6.
S. CHEEK 《EPPO Bulletin》1997,27(1):37-43
The protected crop environment has long been recognized as offering particularly good opportunities for the application of biological control and this is reflected in the predominance of integrated pest management programmes and the wide range of biological control agents available. The introduction of new pest species of quarantine concern can often occur in glasshouse crops, as a result of international trade in plant material, and can have a highly disruptive impact upon well established, integrated pest management programmes. The use of biological control agents against quarantine pests is discussed, including both the use of exotic species and those established in the UK. The relevant legislation in the UK is outlined in relation to the introduction of non-native species, including both plant protection and conservation interests. Environmental safety aspects such as the impact of such introductions on non-target species and issues of quality control to prevent the introduction of contaminants are noted as of particular plant health interest. 相似文献
7.
In 2004, the EPPO Council expressed profound concerns about the decreasing expertise in plant protection and declared a state of emergency for Plant Health (‘Madeira declaration’). As diagnostics is one of the scientific fields which are vital for sustaining sound plant health policies, a questionnaire was launched and all EPPO member countries were asked to provide information about their diagnostic expertise, focusing on regulated pests or pests which may present a risk to the EPPO region. In 2006, results of the questionnaire were analysed and compiled by the EPPO Secretariat into a new database. This database now contains detailed information (contact addresses, quality programmes, and accreditations) for 80 diagnostic laboratories from 28 EPPO member countries. More than 500 experts are now registered with details about their diagnostic expertise (pests diagnosed and methods used). The EPPO database on diagnostic expertise can be freely accessed on the Internet: http://dc.eppo.org . 相似文献
8.
Within the framework of the EU project DROPSA (‘Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens’), a review on pests (including pathogens) that have fruit species as their host plants was conducted. The focus was on pests that have been introduced into Europe or were found in the fruit trade during the last 10–15 years. Among the 387 recorded pests, the following groups were identified: 1. fruit and vinegar flies, 2. scale insects, 3. fungi, 4. plant viruses, 5. bacteria, 6. pests of unknown risk, 7. tropical fruit pests, 8. pests that had an unexpected change of hosts, 9. fruit pests not likely to be transported on fruit and 10. ‘hitchhikers’ (non‐fruit pests intercepted on fruit/fruit plants, fruit pests intercepted on other commodities than fruit). The large number of pests identified, from different taxonomic groups and origins, shows that fruit are an important pathway for pests, threatening fruit production in Europe. 相似文献
9.
J. W. Roenhorst N. Boonham S. Winter W. Menzel R. A. A. van der Vlugt 《EPPO Bulletin》2013,43(2):238-243
The availability of characterised reference isolates of plant pathogens is of crucial importance for research and diagnostic laboratories. The Q‐bank Plant Viruses and Viroids database contains data and information on plant viruses and viroids, with the unique feature that it is linked to specimens present in publicly available physical collections. The Q‐bank database aims to share data and information on the virus and viroid species and their availability between research and diagnostic laboratories. Currently the database focuses on regulated virus species. In future more plant viruses and viroids will be included to provide a comprehensive data and information system. The curators invite virologists worldwide to participate in this international initiative by making their data and isolates available via Q‐bank ( http://www.q-bank.eu ). 相似文献
10.
Euphresco project VirusCollect – fulfilling the need for a common collection of plant viruses and viroids for reference 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 J. W. Roenhorst C. Lacomme C. Nisbet T. Leichtfried W. Menzel S. Winter R. A. A. van der Vlugt 《EPPO Bulletin》2017,47(1):41-47
The availability and accessibility of suitably characterized plant virus and viroid isolates for reference is vital for research and diagnostic laboratories. To ensure the long‐term availability of isolates and reference materials, there is a need for international collaboration. The Euphresco (European Plant Health Research Coordination) project VirusCollect aimed to establish a platform to link collections of viruses and viroids maintained by individual institutions via Q‐bank ( http://www.q-bank.eu/ ), a database on plant pests and diseases. Within the VirusCollect project, standard operating procedures were developed and implemented by the participating laboratories to guarantee the quality of isolates and data. In addition, over 135 virus and viroid isolates of phytosanitary and/or economic importance were added to Q‐bank, which now provides links to over 500 virus isolates of almost 100 species, in addition to basic information on many more plant viruses. VirusCollect has enabled the first step in collaboration between curators and standardization of maintenance of virus collections. The project established the basis for improving the quality of individual collections and the layout of Q‐bank as a platform to share data and information. The follow‐up project, VirusCollect II, enables further international collaboration to ensure future access to reliable collections of plant viruses and viroids. 相似文献
11.
The development and use of international standards for phytosanitary measures provides a framework for establishing actions to protect plant health that are harmonized and science-based. Standards for diagnostic processes are being developed to harmonize detection and identification procedures to enable safe movement and trade of plants and plant products. The aim is to increase the transparency of diagnostic processes and to foster trust and mutual recognition of test results. Diagnostic protocols may also assist in dispute resolution between trading partners and contribute to technical assistance programmes. The Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures in 2003 identified the development of international standards for diagnostic procedures for regulated pests as a priority. An ongoing 'Technical Panel on Diagnostic Protocols' was established in 2004 to manage the development of protocols for such pests. The panel was involved in the development of a standard that clarifies the purpose and use of international diagnostic protocols and describes the requirements for them and their development. After consultation the 'Diagnostic Protocols for Regulated Pests' standard (ISPM No. 27) was adopted in 2006 by the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures. Draft diagnostic protocols are in development for over 30 pests, and a draft protocol for Thrips palmi has been sent for international consultation. 相似文献
12.
For several years work has been ongoing to compile information to facilitate the identification of non‐native plants that (potentially) pose a threat to the biodiversity of the ecozone comprising Northern Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and North‐Western France. Such identification information may also be used for species that are regulated by other countries and are likely to be present as contaminants in commercial exports originating from the Netherlands. This information system comprises a set of interactive image‐driven identification keys for invasive plants at various growth stages for use in a range of different situations: seed contaminants in bird feed, weeds in bonsai plants, seedling identification, identification keys of invasive terrestrial plants and invasive aquatic plants. The advantage of image‐driven identification keys using a multiple entry system lies in limiting misunderstandings in terminology and failure in identification, in the absence of certain characters, as is sometimes the case in dichotomous keys. The interactive keys are linked to the species information in the Q‐bank database, including datasheets, worldwide distribution maps, specimen level information, barcodes of selected species, etc. This information is now available at http://www.q-bank.eu/Plants/ 相似文献
13.
DNA barcoding protocols for selected EU‐regulated arthropods, bacteria, fungi, nematodes and phytoplasmas were developed within the Quarantine organisms Barcoding of Life (QBOL) project financed by 7th framework program of the European Union. DNA barcodes generated with the developed protocols were stored in the Q‐bank database. An test performance study (TPS) was set up involving 14 participating laboratories to validate the use of the developed protocols as a diagnostic tool and to identify possible difficulties in the use of the protocols and Q‐bank. This paper describes the steps that were used to set up the TPS, to validate the protocols and to identify difficulties. TPS data shows that the developed tests are very robust and produce highly reproducible results. Participants managed to define good consensus sequences which allowed them to correctly identify their samples using Q‐bank in 78% of all cases. Q‐bank outperformed NCBI and BOLD in terms of diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity for all organism groups. Using general qualifiers, performance criteria and feedback from TPS participants, difficulties in the set‐up of the TPS, the use of the protocols and databases, and the proficiency of participants were identified/evaluated and recommendations for future work were made. The developed DNA barcoding protocols and Q‐bank have proven to be useful tools in support of the identification of selected EU‐regulated plant pests and pathogens on the desired taxonomical level. 相似文献
14.
《EPPO Bulletin》2010,40(3):376-386
Specific scope
The purpose of the EPPO Standard on Quercus and Castanea is to recommend to EPPO Member Governments the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for Quercus and Castanea plants, and plant products moving in international trade, to prevent the introduction and spread of regulated pests. Certain of these recommendations are addressed to all EPPO Member Governments, others are addressed only to countries considered to face a certain level of risk from the introduction and spread of the regulated pests concerned. All these recommendations are derived:- ? from the EPPO Standards PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 lists)
- ? from the former EPPO standard PM 2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures) (which was withdrawn in 2006 by the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations)
- ? from Pest Risk Analysis
- ? from the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations
- ? from the ISPM n°15 ‘Guidelines for regulating wood packaging material in international trade’.
15.
The native flora of Réunion Island in the Indian Ocean is threatened by invasive woody plants introduced for agriculture, forestry or as ornamentals. We reviewed archives to identify woody plants introduced since colonisation and ranked the biological impact of the main non‐indigenous species on native vegetation. The relationship between cumulative number of non‐indigenous plants and population follows an s‐shaped curve, but the rate of introduction was mainly determined by historical periods with five main introduction phases identified. A total of 318 introduced woody species were recorded with 132 identified as naturalized in natural ecosystems. Of these, 26 of the more serious invasive species (i.e. having a large biological impact on the new environment) were selected and ranked by biological impact to native ecosystems. Hiptage benghalensis, Ligustrum robustum var. walkeri, Acacia mearnsii, Ulex europaeus and Psidium cattleianum were identified as having the highest invasiveness capacity and the greatest impacts on succession and utilization of resources in natural areas. A strategy is required to manage high‐priority invasive species and reduce the rate of non‐indigenous plant introductions to the island. 相似文献
16.
C. Picard M. Ward A. Benko‐Beloglavec S. Matthews‐Berry O. Karadjova M. Pietsch D. J. Van Der Gaag 《EPPO Bulletin》2017,47(3):551-558
The concept of ‘regulated non‐quarantine pest’ (RNQP) was introduced in the revised text of the FAO International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) approved in 1997. Measures against quarantine pests (exclusion, eradication, containment) aim to prevent unacceptable economic, environmental and social impacts resulting from the introduction and/or spread of these pests. On the contrary, the concept of RNQPs is intended to prevent an unacceptable economic impact on the intended use of plants for planting by pests that are already present in the area. RNQPs have been introduced in the new EU plant health regulation, in line with available international standards. This regulation entered into force in December 2016 and will be implemented in the following 3 years. In this context, EPPO agreed to undertake a 2‐year project on RNQPs: the EU Quality Pest Project. The objective of this project was to develop a methodology and then to apply this methodology to a list of about 1400 pest–host combinations to identify which should be recommended as RNQPs. This methodology is presented in this paper, as well as the main issues discussed during its development. 相似文献
17.
The EU project ‘DROPSA’ started in 2014 and aims to improve plant health strategies in the fruit sector. The project is being conducted by an international consortium of 26 partners consisting of phytosanitary organizations, companies, research institutes and universities and will last 50 months. Results will be disseminated via conventional publications and will be brought together in the development of risk‐based strategies to prevent the introduction of new fruit pests. This article describes the task related to the preparation of alert lists of pests that may be introduced into Europe with the trade of fruit. Activities of this task include the investigation of pathways of introduction for fruit pests into Europe, the development of alert lists for selected fruit crops and a review of current legislation. A review of introductions, interceptions and outbreaks that occurred during the last 10–15 years was conducted and is summarized, showing the relevance of fruit trade for the international movement of pests. Work has started on the development of alert lists for selected pathways. In this context, important fruit crops (including Malus, Vaccinium, Vitis, Citrus) were selected. 相似文献
18.
Assessing the potential distribution of insect pests: case studies on large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L) and horse‐chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) under present and future climate conditions in European forests 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 J. I. Barredo G. Strona D. de Rigo G. Caudullo G. Stancanelli J. San‐Miguel‐Ayanz 《EPPO Bulletin》2015,45(2):273-281
Forest insect pests represent a serious threat to European forests and their negative effects could be exacerbated by climate change. This paper illustrates how species distribution modelling integrated with host tree species distribution data can be used to assess forest vulnerability to this threat. Two case studies are used: large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L) and horse‐chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimi?) both at pan‐European level. The proposed approach integrates information from different sources. Occurrence data of insect pests were collected from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), climatic variables for present climate and future scenarios were sourced, respectively, from WorldClim and from the Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), and distributional data of host tree species were obtained from the European Forest Data Centre (EFDAC), within the Forest Information System for Europe (FISE). The potential habitat of the target pests was calculated using the machine learning algorithm of Maxent model. On the one hand, the results highlight the potential of species distribution modelling as a valuable tool for decision makers. On the other hand, they stress how this approach can be limited by poor pest data availability, emphasizing the need to establish a harmonised open European database of geo‐referenced insect pest distribution data. 相似文献
19.
D. A. BURDEKIN 《EPPO Bulletin》1986,16(3):509-512
The publication of lists of quarantine organisms by EPPO in 1975 and of the EC Council Directive on Plant Health in 1977 were major milestones in the establishment of plant health requirements in Europe. The substantial risks to European forest trees from alien pests were recognized and most European countries now prohibit the importation of trees of important forest genera into Europe from other continents. There is a need to establish and up-date lists of potentially dangerous forest pests in order that appropriate preventive measures can be introduced. However it is important to recognize that lists of potentially dangerous organisms can never be complete. In effect this is recognized by the provisions of the EC Directive but not so far in the EPPO Lists of Organisms and related Specific Quarantine Requirements. Examples of host-oriented plant health requirements, such as those associated with coniferous wood, will be discussed. 相似文献
20.
C. Trontin B. Agstner D. Altenbach G. Anthoine H. Bagi&#x;ska I. Brittain A. Chabirand A. M. Chapp P. Dahlin T. Dreo C. Freye‐Minks C. Gianinazzi C. Harrison G. Jones M. Luigi S. Massart N. Mehle M. Mezzalama H. Mouaziz F. Petter M. Ravnikar T. M. Raaymakers J. P. Renvois M. Rolland M. Santos Paiva S. Seddas R. van der Vlugt A. Vu
urovi&#x; 《EPPO Bulletin》2021,51(1):198-206