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1.
Sixteen EPA chosen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were studied in the sediments and the suspended matter of the River Seine to determine existing pollution. Analyses were carried out by HPLC with coupled fluorimetric and UV detectors. PAH contents were found to be highly variable depending on many factors such as anthropogenic activities, weather and flow rate of the river, and occasionally they rose to alarming levels. Contents of 16 PAH ranged from 1.5 to 7.4 μg g?1 in the sediments, but a peak at 60.7 μg g?1. In the suspended matter the contents were usually below 10 μg g?1. From these results and taking into account the mean content of suspended matter in the river downstream from Paris, the total adsorbed PAH concentration in the river Seine should be about 60 ng l?1. Evidence has been established that storm drain discharges are a major source of pollution. 相似文献
2.
Grass and surface soils as monitors of atmospheric metal pollution in Central Scotland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A hypothesis has been proposed that some respiratory disease could be causally related to air pollution by metals. To investigate more fully the suggested link between such pollution and respiratory disease in towns in central Scotland, a large number of sites for monitoring the pattern of air pollution within each town was required. The levels of metals in indigenous samplers, namely Agropyron repens and surface soils, were measured within one of these towns, Armadale, to determine the effectiveness of these indicators as high-density monitors of atmospheric pollution by metals. Both surface soils and Agropyron repens were useful monitors of metals, either when a large number of metal levels were required, or when rapid results were desirable. The surveys showed a large range in the values of the metals throughout Armadale for each metal measured; a large variation in values between different metals; and a decline in the concentrations of metals from the vicinity of the town's steel foundry to the periphery of the town. 相似文献
3.
Due to increasing atmospheric pollution, it has become highly important to investigate how anthropic chronic contaminations may affect ecosystem functioning. To explore the effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on indigenous microbial activities, anthracene was used as a model PAH in a mesocosm experiment with Pinus halepensis litter from the Massif of Marseilleveyre (Marseille, France). The effects of anthracene on microbial activities were followed after 1- and 3- month incubations by: Catabolic Level Physiological Profile (CLPP) using ECO and FF plates and four enzyme activities (cellulase, β-glucosidase, acid phosphatase and lipase). Moreover the chemical variations in organic matter were evaluated by solid-state 13C NMR and C/N ratio. These experiments revealed an increase in cellulase, β-glucosidase and phosphatase activities and a decrease in lipase activities after a 3-month incubation in the presence of anthracene. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) from CLPP showed that bacterial catabolic diversity is more influenced than that of fungal communities by anthracene. Correlation between both chemical and biological indicators revealed that the increase in lignocellulolytic enzymes (cellulase, laccase and β-glucosidase) was significantly correlated to the decrease in phenolic compounds. In addition, aromaticity ratio also decreased in the presence of anthracene suggesting that transformation of the recalcitrant part of organic matter was enhanced. Our results highlight the difference in sensitivity of bacterial and fungal communities to PAHs, the later especially active while exposed to high concentrations of pollutant. This suggests that microbial communities inhabiting P. halepensis litters in Mediterranean coastal areas may resist to chronic pollution involving PAH. 相似文献
4.
Pine needles were selected as cost-effective and easy collectable matrices suitable for long-term monitoring of the lower troposphere pollution with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Overall, 27 sampling sites around the island of Crete were selected, and upon availability, second- and third-year needles from two pine species (Pinus brutia Ten. and Pinus pinea L.) were collected. In general, the results for both pine species showed that sites belonging in the urban group yielded the highest contamination levels when compared to the rural and the remote ones and that third-year needles had higher PAH contamination than the second-year ones. Phenanthrene was the prevailing PAH, representing 39% and 46% of the total contamination for second- and third-year needles, respectively. Fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene and fluorene followed, with individual concentrations between 6% and 12%. The dominance of three-ringed PAHs was evidenced for the vast majority of the sites. An urban, rural and remote fingerprint was determined over a more general uniform contamination pattern, and the diagnostic PAH ratios pointed towards mixed petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. Overall, the present findings showed that the presence of PAHs is not negligible throughout the Cretan atmosphere and can be even considered quite high in some areas, especially when comparing the results to the ones found for more densely populated or industry-related areas. 相似文献
5.
Wolfgang Thomas 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1984,22(4):351-371
Concentrations of PAH (1.12-benzoperylene, 3.4-benzopyrene, fluoranthene), chlorinated hydrocarbons (α-BHC, lindane, PCB) and trace metals (Zn, Pb, Cu) in bulk precipitation, as well as PAH and trace metal concentrations in atmospheric dust samples from 14 sites in Bavaria, F.R.G. are presented for two vegetation periods (1979 and 1980). The same substances were also analyzed in epiphytic moss (Hypnum cupressiforme var. filiforme) sampled from tree trunks in October 1979 and 1980. Using mean immission values and the amount of precipitation as predictors and concentrations of pollutants in moss samples as criteria, a number of multiple regression models were computed in order to quantify the relationships between absolute air pollution data and accumulated trace substance values. Beta values of all variables help to determine whether bulk precipitation or atmospheric particulate matter has dominant influence on the uptake of trace substances by mosses. The study shows that epiphytic mosses can be used to monitor both heavy-metal, PAH and chlorinated hydrocarbons. 相似文献
6.
Ernst Schrimpff 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1984,21(1-4):279-315
The air pollution of two major Colombian cities (Medellin and Cali) has been examined by means of 66 samples of the epiphyte Tillandsia recurvata L., which acts as a biofilter. After performing heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Cr), pesticides (BHCs, HCB, dieldrine, endrine, DDTs), PCBs, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH: FA, BaP, IcdP, BghiP) analyses, the results proved the utility of this inconspicuous plant to determine the airborne contamination of both inorganic and organic trace substances. Using principal component analysis, 10 classes of independent pollution sources could be discriminated for both regions: (1) Zn and the PAH, (2) BHCs, endrine and DDTs, (3) Ni and Cr, and (4) to (10) the other contaminants, which resulted to be more or less independent from each other. By means of cluster analysis, 6 to 8 pollutional groups were clustered for heavy metals, pesticides, and PAH separately. The topographic and industrial features of the Cali and Medellin areas are discussed in relation to the regional means of heavy metals, pesticides, and PAH content. While Cali is distinctive of high levels of Pb, Cu, BaP, and pesticides, Medellin is more severely polluted by Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, FA, and IcdP. In comparison to the southern U.S. and Central Europe, both conglomeration areas appear to be heavily polluted by Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, and DDTs. 相似文献
7.
The regularities of the development of algal communities in podzolic soils under coniferous forests were studied in areas differing in their technogenic pollution intensity. In the unpolluted soils under spruce forests, 80 alga species of 6 divisions were found; in the soils under the coniferous forests located in the zone exposed to the technogenic pollution, 59 alga species of 5 divisions were found. The algal groups in the soils of the spruce forests included 14–48 taxa. Chlamydomonas gloeogama, C. reinhardtii, Chlorella vulgaris, Klebsormidium nitens, and Stichococcus bacillaris were resistant to different anthropogenic impacts. The results obtained may be used for monitoring of the state of the soil biota in the soils under the boreal forests of protected areas and also in spruce forests exposed to intense aerial technogenic pollution. 相似文献
8.
E. V. Yakovleva D. N. Gabov V. A. Beznosikov B. M. Kondratenok 《Eurasian Soil Science》2018,51(5):528-535
A number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) structures have been identified in organic horizons of surface-gley tundra soils (Stagnic Cambisols) and the moss Pleurozium schreberi. The total content of polyarenes in soils and P. schreberi exceeds the background values in 3.5–5 times. A tendency of increasing content of polyarenes with the distance from the source to 1 km has been revealed. High coefficients of variation have been found between the contents of PAHs in snow cover, organic soil horizons, and mosses. Light hydrocarbons dominate in the composition of PAHs from the snow and ground covers and mosses. Naphthalene dominates on the surface of mosses in all of the studied plots, which is largely related to its intensive uptake by mosses under pollution conditions. It has been found that when the input of polyarenes onto the surface of tundra phytocenoses increases, the bioaccumulation of PAHs by P. schreberi is intensified, and PAHs begin to penetrate into moss. The increase in the concentration of high-molecularweight polyarenes in the environment plays the key role in the activation of PAH bioaccumulation by moss. It has been shown that P. schreberi can be used as an indicator species for monitoring the contamination of tundra phytocenoses by polyarenes. Both living and dead parts of P. schreberi are suitable for the environmental monitoring of PAH contamination. 相似文献
9.
采用植保机械喷施化学农药仍是病虫害防治最为有效的手段。喷施过程中,农药雾滴精准的采集并测定沉积、流失飘移量,对于优化植保机械的作业参数、提高农药利用率具有重要意义。该研究综述分析了室内与田间采样过程中不同类型采样器的优缺点,并分析采样效率、采样器的布置及采样条件等因素对雾滴沉积、流失飘移采样结果的影响。针对当前的采样方法,该研究提出了未来在农药雾滴采样方面的5点要求与展望,包括提高采样的准确性、提高采样方法和采样设备的标准化、增加对农药有效成分雾滴运动规律的研究、研发新型的采样传感器以提高采样效率、建立植保无人飞机喷施雾滴沉积、飘移模型。综上,通过更为标准化和精准的采样,获取可比较、准确度高的农药雾滴沉积与流失飘移数据,可为中国农药使用量"零增长"提供科学技术指导。 相似文献
10.
Background, Aims and Scope Disposal of dredged material in subaqueous depots is increasingly considered an economic and ecologically sound option in
managing contaminated dredged material. The concept of subaqueous disposals capped with active barrier systems has been developed
to minimize this risk of contaminant release. As such a depot represents a permanent installation within a sensitive ecosystem,
it requires a thorough monitoring concept. It is the goal of this work to develop such a concept regarding general considerations
and results of laboratory and field investigations.
Methods In addition to the state-of-the-art techniques developed for other under-water constructions, this monitoring concept is developed
with particular respect to the chemical isolation of the dredged material from the overlying water body. It comprises the
use of seepage meters, dialysis samplers, and DGT gel probes for determining the migration of selected target solutes. The
capability of the dialysis samplers is demonstrated by comparing field results with model calculations. The appropriateness
of DGT probes to assess the impact of humic substances on trace metal speciation and on copper toxicity is demonstrated with
the aid of laboratory experiments.
Results and Discussion The experimental results show that, by using dialysis samplers, the temporal changes in concentration-depth-profiles of heavy
metals in the pore solution can be monitored. Additionally, the application of DGT probes facilitates the in situ detection
of labile species of a metal in the presence of dissolved humic substances, which serves to reflect its toxicity. Conclusions.
Three subsequent monitoring phases are distinguished on the basis of both general considerations and the findings from field
results: A hydraulic phase that is characterized by compaction and pore water expulsion, a geochemical phase in which the
demobilization of pollutants can occur due to substantial changes in the physico-chemical conditions (pH, EH), and a steady-state-phase
where pore water flow and geochemical conditions are approaching their minimum.
Recommendations and Outlook The monitoring concept suggested here provides a versatile tool to assess the chemical isolation of subaqueous sediment depots
and other contaminated sediment sites. This is of great importance as subaqueous disposal is increasingly considered a future
management strategy as space for upland disposal is limited and treatment, in general, proves to be too costly. 相似文献
11.
Marc J. Assael Dimitris Melas Konstantinos E. Kakosimos 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2010,211(1-4):395-408
Modern European cities are characterized by high particulate matter (PM) concentrations. Unfortunately, the number of stations monitoring air pollution, especially PM, is never sufficient for the overall representation of the problem. In the present work, an inexpensive outdoor passive sampler (based on an indoor passive sampler) was developed and assembled in an effort to provide the means to extend current PM monitoring networks. The uncertainty of the sampler was tested in vitro and in vivo. Twenty such outdoor passive samplers were assembled and installed at specific locations in the Greater Thessaloniki Area and measurements of PM were carried out. The results were in good agreement with the official monitoring stations. In addition, they revealed the aggravated air quality in the center of the city and in the west suburbs. 相似文献
12.
13.
Sushkova Svetlana N. Minkina Tatiana Deryabkina Irina Mandzhieva Saglara Zamulina Inna Bauer Tatiana Vasilyeva Galina Antonenko Elena Rajput Vishnu 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(6):2368-2378
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the responses of soil biological parameters as indicator of ecological status on PAH-contaminated soil.
Materials and methodsStudies are conducted on the soils and natural grassy vegetation of monitoring plots subjected to Novocherkassk power station (NPS) emissions. Monitoring plots were established at different distances from the NPS (1.0–20.0 km).
Results and discussionThe level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) around NPS is the highest at the monitoring plot located at distance 1.6 km to the northwest through the prevailing wind direction. Gradually, decrease of PAHs was observed while increasing the distance from the NPS through the prevailing wind direction. Calculation of correlations between PAH level and biological activity parameters of soils showed lack of dependence with total and every PAH content in all 12 studied monitoring plots. The most significant correlations were found between PAH content and enzyme activity in the monitoring plots situated through the prevailing wind direction from NPS.
ConclusionsThe main pollution source in the studied area is NPS. It was found that contamination of soil by PAHs has a direct dependence on the activity of all biological communities in chernozems, as well as the activities of dehydrogenase and the phytotoxicity of soils. Inverse correlations have been revealed between the PAH contamination and abundance of soil bacteria.
相似文献14.
Motonori Tamaki Takatoshi Hiraki Yoshihiro Nakagawa Tomiki Kobayashi Masahide Aikawa Mitsuru Shoga 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):1511-1516
The use of samplers for rainfall, throughfall, and stemflow was studied in Chamaecyparis obtusa forest in Kobe to develop a suitable simplified collection method for long-term monitoring of the effect of acid deposition on the forest ecosystem. A filtrating bulk sampler, widely used in Japan due to its convenience, was modified for rainfall- and throughfall-sampling. The pH value, NH4 +- and NO3 ?- concns. did not change within a two-week sampling period, and the collection efficiency of the modified type relative to the wet/dry sampler was 97% (mean). The three samplers (shampoo-hat, vinyl chloride tube, and gauze type) were used for stemflow sampling. Collection efficiency of the samplers was in the order of shampoo-hat> vinyl chloride tube> gauze and that of the gauze type varied significantly with rainfall condition. 相似文献
15.
J. Fabure C. Meyer F. Denayer A. Gaudry D. Gilbert N. Bernard 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2010,212(1-4):205-217
The aim of this study was to compare the capacity of two morphologically different moss species to accumulate elements when exposed to three different types of air pollution (rural, urban and industrial). Transplants of Pseudoscleropodium purum and Ceratodon purpureus were exposed for 6 months, and the concentrations of 18 elements (Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, La, Pb and Bi) in the mosses samples were analysed by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. On the whole, the metals were accumulated by mosses, and this accumulation was correlated with concentrations in the atmospheric particles. Whereas P. purum is to be preferred for Al, Cu, Zn and Fe monitoring, C. purpureus was most efficient at accumulating Mo, Ti, V, As, Sn, La and Pb. In both species, a phenomenon of saturation was observed during the exposure at the most contaminated site (industrial). 相似文献
16.
Gladys A. Liehr Susanne Heise Wolfgang Ahlf Kristen Offermann Gesine Witt 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(7):1270-1283
Purpose
During the late 1950s and early 1960s, industrial waste material highly enriched with various contaminants (e.g., heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) was dumped in the inner Bay of Mecklenburg, western Baltic Sea. Between 2002 and 2004, a research program was initiated using chemical analysis in combination with bioanalytical techniques to assess the extent and variability in contamination at this dump site (DS). The data were compared to a reference area (RS) with similar environmental conditions, which is representative of the western Baltic Sea.Materials and methods
Twelve PAHs were investigated to assess their ecological hazard, as they were identified as major pollutants in the dumped material. In addition to analyzing the actual PAH contamination status in the sediments, PAHs measured in the soft tissue of Arctica islandica were also used as an indicator of contaminant bioaccumulation. A biotest battery was applied to determine the toxic effects of contaminants in the sediment.Results and discussion
Significantly elevated PAH concentrations (sum of 12 PAHs) of ～3,000 ng g?1 dw and higher bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were determined in the soft body tissue of A. islandica collected at DS (t test, p?=?0.025). The results also showed that the sediment PAH contamination was significantly higher at DS (1,952–5,466 ng g?1 dw) than at RS (1,384–2,315 ng g?1 dw). The results revealed a major heterogeneity in the PAH concentration at DS due to an attempt to cover the toxic material with clean clay. This resulted in a more heterogeneous distribution of the dump material rather than covering it up completely. However, not all relevant contaminants were included in this study, not only because it is too costly to determine them all but also because unidentified contaminants present at concentrations below the limit of detection cannot be measured. Bioassays were used to fill this gap in the hazard assessment in a cost-effective way by investigating the possible effects of sediment contamination on benthic organisms. The results showed a high variability and magnitude of growth and luminescence inhibition. Bacterial contact tests with marine organisms showed a high toxicity response (>80 % inhibition) from DS sediments. In contrast, the luminescent bacteria test (Vibrio fischeri) showed equivalent effects of sediments from both DS and RS.Conclusions
The spatial distribution of toxicity in DS, the bioaccumulation in mussels and the analytical evidence of PAH pollution clearly show that the dumped material still represents a potential risk even after 60 years. 相似文献17.
Air pollutant emissions from the industrial complex of Cubatão, SE-Brazil, have caused a severe decline of the Atlantic Forest in that region. In order to test the influenceof air pollution on the mineral nutrition of trees, leaves of the native species Tibouchina pulchra Cogn. (Melastomataceae), Miconia pyrifolia Naud. (Melastomataceae) and Cecropia glazioui Snethl. (Cecropiaceae) were sampled during winter and summer seasons at four sites with different pollution characteristics. Additionally, saplings of T. pulchra were cultivated in uniform soil and exposed to ambient air at the same experimentalsites for periods of 16 weeks. In both kinds of leaf samples, the concentrations of macro-nutrients were determined and nutrient ratios calculated. In leaves of mature T. pulchraand C. glazioui growing at polluted sites N, P and S levels were significantly higher than in trees from the reference area. With respect to K contents, C. glaziouishowed an increase, T. pulchra a decrease when compared to reference trees. Mg and Ca concentrations generally did not exhibit great variations. As a consequence of the changes in mineral contents nutrient ratios (N/K, N/Ca, S/K, S/Ca) shifted to higher values. The results of the exposure experiments together with data on pollutant concentrations inambient air and rain water demonstrated that atmosphericdeposition to the plants and pollution effects on the soilchemistry are the main reasons for the observed alterations inmineral nutrition of trees. 相似文献
18.
Chulkyu Lee Young Joon Kim Sang-Bum Hong Hanlim Lee Jinsang Jung Yeo-Jin Choi Jungeun Park Ki-Hyun Kim Jai-Hoon Lee Ki-Joon Chun Hyun-Ho Kim 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2005,160(1-4):181-195
Ozone effects on Mediterranean forests were studied for 10 years in southern France. The aim of these studies was to understand the impact of the pollutant on foliar damage among Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill) and Arolla pine (Pinus cembra L) populations. During the summers of 2001 and 2002, ozone concentrations were measured using UV absorption analysers (4) and passive samplers (29) at two forest monitoring sites: Site 1 in the Nice coastal area for Aleppo pine and Site 2 in the Mercantour mountains for Arolla pine, in the vicinity of tree observation sites. AOT 40 values were quite high (25–33 ppm.h), especially in the Mercantour mountains, for the 5 months of measurement. Foliar damage (defoliation and discoloration) and specific symptoms (chlorotic mottle) were observed on 8 Aleppo pine and 13 Arolla pine plots. For Arolla pines, there was a significant correlation between defoliation and chlorotic mottles. There was also a correlation between mean ozone concentrations measured by passive samplers and chlorotic mottles. These correlations were less significant for Aleppo pine. 相似文献
19.
Ma Junwei Gao Chao Yan Hongxia Li Yuqian Chen Jiajun Zhao Yan Xia Xinghui 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2019,19(12):3945-3953
Purpose
Without precaution to deal with gas emissions and leachate generation, dumpsites have become a severe environmental problem in many developing countries. The objectives of this study were to investigate the pollution status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dumpsite soil in rural areas of China and to verify phytoremediation effectiveness with Sedum alfredii Hance and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) under complex pollution conditions in PAH-contaminated soil.
Materials and methodsIn this study, we collected soil cores from four dumpsites in rural areas of North China (Hebei Province) for analysis, and correspondingly conducted an in situ phytoremediation experiment using Sedum alfredii Hance and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) at one of these sites, monitoring the total PAH concentration in soil.
Results and discussionResults showed generally moderate pollution by PAHs in soil samples from dumpsites with pockets of heavy pollution. PAH concentrations in dumpsite soil ranged from 827 to 1101 ng/g (dry weight). High-molecular-weight PAHs were present in higher proportions at oldest dumpsite in operation. Certain molecular ratios of PAHs can be used to diagnose the source of PAHs in soil, and it indicated that the main sources were combustion of domestic coal and biomass, as well as the automobile exhaust and kitchen exhaust. A 17-month in situ phytoremediation experiment resulted in the effective removal of PAHs in the Sedum alfredii and alfalfa plots, with total PAH concentrations decreasing by 82.4% and 81.3%, respectively. Furthermore, PAH concentrations in plants correlated to plant growth conditions.
ConclusionsThis study indicated that the soils of the dumpsites were generally moderately polluted by PAHs, and some parts of the area were heavily polluted. Both Sedum alfredii and alfalfa absorbed PAHs from soil, and PAH concentrations in these two plants correlated to the growth conditions of the plants. Phytoremediation can effectively be used for PAH removal in open dumpsites.
相似文献20.
Paolo Bruno Maurizio Caselli Gianluigi de Gennaro Lucia Scolletta Livia Trizio Maria Tutino 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2008,193(1-4):37-50
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) have been monitored in 12 sites of Canosa di Puglia, a city located in the Southern of Italy, in order to identify the main VOC source—vehicular traffic or industrial—and to evaluate the critical situations in the city. Monitoring, carried out by using Radiello® diffusive samplers, has been planned taking into account the traffic density and the architecture of the city. From the study of the data it has been emerged that, among all considered VOC, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) are the pollutants at higher concentration. However no critical situation has appared from the present monitoring. Maps of daily benzene and toluene concentrations have shown that the most significant pollution phenomena happens in the center of the urban area which is in a valley with narrow roads and high buildings that do not allow an efficient dispersion of pollutants. The study of the diagnostic ratios between the toluene and benzene concentrations in the several areas (average T/B?=?3.4) and the high Pearson’s coefficient among the pollutants, and in particular between benzene and toluene concentrations (r?=?0.9505), have suggested that in urban area these pollutants are emitted from the same source: the vehicular traffic. 相似文献