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1.
Recent research on the muscular and nervous changes which occur in idiopathic equine laryngeal hemiplegia has indicated that many of the traditional concepts of the aetiology of this disease are erroneous. In light of the new knowledge gained, the various predispositions and possible causes of laryngeal hemiplegia are discussed, and it is suggested that the underlying mechanism of axonal damage in this neuropathy of horses may be related to abnormal energy metabolism in the axon. 相似文献
2.
The clinical and pathological features of 19 neonatal Holstein-Friesian calves affected with moderate to severe neurological disease are presented. Most calves were recumbent from birth, and many developed variable neurological signs including hyperaesthesia or depression, limb extension, head tremor, nystagmus, apparent blindness, and opisthotonos when stimulated. Consistent lesions of moderate to severe, diffuse, axonal swelling and loss, with Wallerian-type degeneration and myelin depletion in the spinal cord and brainstem, and occasionally in the midbrain and peripheral nerve roots, were observed. The lesions indicated a pre-natal insult affecting mainly motor areas of the foetal neuraxis, however the aetiology of the disorder remains undetermined. It is suggested that the calves may have been affected by a hitherto unrecognised disease entity for which we propose the term, degenerative axonopathy. 相似文献
3.
The recurrent laryngeal nerves were examined by electron microscopy in five control, four subclinical and four clinical laryngeal hemiplegic horses. In addition, the peroneal nerve was examined in two horses in the latter group. The distally distributed loss of large myelinated fibres in the left recurrent laryngeal nerve seen by light microscopy was confirmed. In addition, active axonal pathology was found to be more evident than indicated by light microscopic investigations. The onion bulb formations observed indicated the repetitive nature of the damaging influence to nerve fibres. Although the pathological changes were most obvious in the distal left recurrent laryngeal nerve, alterations similar in type and distribution were present in other areas of the left and right nerves, and in the distal hindlimb nerves. The observation of fibres with inappropriately thick myelin sheaths relative to their axonal calibre, was confirmed statistically by determining the regressions of axis cylinder perimeter against the number of myelin lamellae. In conclusion, the peripheral nerve pathology of equine laryngeal hemiplegia was demonstrated to be a distally distributed loss of myelinated fibres, with considerable active axonal damage, in conjunction with axonal atrophy. These features suggest that this disease may be classified as a distal axonopathy. 相似文献
4.
《Veterinary dermatology》2000,11(3):163-178
Selected equine cutaneous diseases for which there is strong evidence of an immunological aetiology are discussed in this section. The reactive disorders of urticaria, Culicoides hypersensitivity, erythema multiforme, drug eruptions and systemic granulomatous disease are included. The autoimmune diseases of the horse with cutaneous manifestations (pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid and cutaneous lupus erythematosus) are discussed. The clinical signs and diagnostic features of these immunologically induced equine dermatoses are defined, and the challenges in making a definitive diagnosis and managing the clinical signs are confirmed. 相似文献
5.
Canine giant axonal neuropathy 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
The clinical and pathological details of a case of canine giant axonal neuropathy are presented. An 18-month-old alsatian had hind leg ataxia, weakness, hypotonia and loss of patellar reflexes. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated denervation of the distal hind leg muscles and abnormal nerve conduction velocities. Biopsy and post mortem examination of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) demonstrated large anoxal swellings, up to 28mu in diameter. Electron microscopy showed these swellings to be composed almost entirely of neurofilaments. Similar giant axons were found in the central nervous system (CNS) and the distribution of the lesions in the CNS and PNS was suggestive of a 'Dying Back' disease. The possible aetiology of this new canine condition is discussed. 相似文献
6.
A case of subcutaneous phycomycosis of a horse from which Basidiobolus haptosporus was isolated is described. Although some clinical signs were similar to the disease caused by Hyphomyces destruens , the gross and microscopic pathology were different in several respects. Main characteristics of the histopathology were the narrow eosinophilic sleeve around wide, frequently septate hyphae scattered throughout the affected tissue and found commonly at the advancing border of the lesion. A retrospective study of 63 cases of phycomycosis diagnosed at this laboratory since 1970 indicated a further 11 cases with similar histological features. The significance of this finding for the epidemiology and pathogenesis of equine dermal granulomas is discussed. 相似文献
7.
As is known from various animal models, the spread of agents causing transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) after peripheral infection affects peripheral nerves before reaching the central nervous system (CNS) and leading to a fatal end of the disease. The lack of therapeutic approaches for TSE is partially due to the limited amount of information available on the involvement of host biological compartments and processes in the propagation of the infectious agent. The in vivo model presented here can provide information on the spread of the scrapie agent via the peripheral nerves of hamsters under normal and altered axonal conditions. Syrian hamsters were unilaterally footpad (f.p.) infected with scrapie. The results of the spatiotemporal ultrasensitive immunoblot-detection of scrapie-associated prion protein (PrP(Sc)) in serial nerve segments of both distal sciatic nerves could be interpreted as a centripetal and subsequent centrifugal neural spread of PrP(Sc) for this route of infection. In order to determine whether this propagation is dependent on main components in the axonal cytoskeleton (e.g. neurofilaments, also relevant for the component ;a' of slow axonal transport mechanisms), hamsters were treated -in an additional experiment- with the neurotoxin beta,beta-iminodiproprionitrile (IDPN) around the beginning of the scrapie infection. A comparison of the Western blot signals of PrP(Sc) in the ipsilateral and in the subsequently affected contralateral sciatic nerve segments with the results revealed from IDPN-untreated animals at preclinical and clinical stages of the TSE disease, indicated similar amounts of PrP(Sc). Furthermore, the mean survival time was unchanged in both groups. This in vivo model, therefore, suggests that the propagation of PrP(Sc) along peripheral nerves is not dependent on an intact neurofilament component of the axonal cytoskeleton. Additionally, the model indicates that the spread of PrP(Sc) is not mediated by the slow component ;a' of the axonal transport mechanism. 相似文献
8.
Tarpataki N 《Acta veterinaria Hungarica》2006,54(4):473-484
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a genetically predisposed inflammatory and pruritic allergic skin disease with characteristic clinical features. New results on the pathogenesis and therapeutic aspects are discussed in this review. IgE-mediated hypersensitivity may be involved in the largest subset of atopic patients, yet there is another subset for which such involvement cannot be documented. Alterations in epidermal barrier function, priming of cutaneous antigen-presenting cells with IgE, intrinsic keratinocyte defects, and development of autoimmunity are also factors that contribute to the primary disease. Polymorphisms in regions of the genome that are of key importance to the inflammatory response contribute to the patient's clinical picture. Secondary infections, especially with Staphylococcus and yeast organisms, strongly modify or augment the inflammatory response, which changes over time. After the treatment of secondary infections and skin inflammation the avoidance of causal allergens would prevent relapse. Another causative therapy is the variously effective allergen-specific immunotherapy. The newest treatments for canine AD (cyclosporin A and tacrolimus) are highly effective at suppressing the allergic response and comparable to treatment with glucocorticoids. Canine AD presents a substantial diagnostic and therapeutic challenge over a patient's lifetime, and no single treatment is universally effective. 相似文献
9.
H Furuoka M Hasegawa Y Kobayashi T Matsui 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》1999,61(5):557-560
A male 14-year-old Arab horse was pathologically diagnosed as equine motor neuron disease (EMND), which was kept as a breeding horse on a farm in Tokachi district of Hokkaido in Japan. On examination of the peripheral nerves, the most characteristic feature was Wallerian-type degeneration revealed by myelinoclasis associated with myelin ovoids which were sometimes infiltrated by macrophages. The other abnormalities were axonal swellings which were surrounded by thin myelin sheaths. Ultrastructurally, the axonal swelling was due to an accumulation of neurofilaments, and was accompanied by a thin and degenerating myelin sheaths. In teased nerve fiber preparations, the most conspicuous change was myelinoclasis represented by segmentation into myelin ovoids or balls. Occasionally, segmental demyelination and axonal degeneration characterized by multifocal axonal swelling were observed. 相似文献
10.
Identified in France in 1972, this severe goat disease is now well established in goat breeding areas.Natural infection occurs as a contagious agalactia syndrome, the local lesions of which appear after a septicema stage which can lead to the death of animals in poor condition.This fatal evolution is the general rule among kids which die within a few days, after being fed with infectious milk.The experimental disease is easy to reproduce with wild strains of M. capricolum; it allows to study the immune response and also to assess the value of therapeutic agents.The strains isolated in France constitute a very homogeneous group, from a microbiological point of view; compared with reference strains, some serological variations are demonstrable, which can raise difficulties in strain identification.Microbiological diagnosis is fairly easy, but serological diagnosis is not yet standardized and a manifest cross-reaction exists with another pathogenic agent for goats, M. mycoides var. mycoides.Up to now, the epidemiological characteristics of this mycoplasmosis are to a great extent unknown; recovered animals are carriers which allows the disease to be maintained in flocks, but the features of this carrier state (frequency, duration, predisposing factors) are not well known. Screening of such goats remains uncertain.Specific treatment must be carried out with some antibiotics; indications and results are to be discussed. 相似文献
11.
Karen R. Muñana Patricia J. Luttgen Mary Anna Thrall Thomas W. Mitchell David A. Wenger 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》1994,8(2):117-121
Seven Domestic shorthair cats with a lysosomal storage disorder analogous to human Niemann-Pick disease type C, from a breeding colony were studied to characterize the neurological manifestations of this disorder. Affected cats were identified by means of liver biopsies at 4 to 6 weeks of age. Neurological examinations were performed at 2 week intervals from the onset of clinical signs. All cats displayed signs referrable to the cerebellum, with a subtle intention tremor noticed initially at 8 to 12 weeks of age; the disease was rapidly progressive. The tremor became more pronounced, menace response was lost, and severe dysmetria and ataxia developed. Three cats also had signs referrable to other areas of the central nervous system. Cats died or were euthanized between 12 and 43 weeks of age. Pathological findings included accumulation of substrate within neurons throughout the central nervous system, and axonal spheroid formation. The clinical and pathological findings in these cats are comparable to those in the human form of the disease. 相似文献
12.
R Dennis 《The Veterinary record》1987,121(2):31-35
Radiography plays an essential part in the diagnosis of spinal disease in the dog. Careful positioning of the patient and attention to technique are important in obtaining diagnostic films and sedation or general anaesthesia is usually required, especially if the animal is in pain or muscle spasm. Additional information may be obtained by myelography, a technique in which a water-soluble iodine-containing contrast medium is injected into the subarachnoid space via the cisterna magna, under general anaesthesia. The advent of two new contrast media, iopamidol and iohexol, has rendered this a relatively safe procedure which may be carried out in practice. The radiological features of a variety of canine spinal conditions are discussed, including congenital and developmental abnormalities, infective, nutritional and degenerative conditions and trauma and neoplasia. 相似文献
13.
Lesions in bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy ("Weaver") of Brown Swiss cattle 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Gross changes and other necropsy findings in 36 purebred Brown Swiss cattle affected with bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy were nonspecific. Primary microscopic lesions were confined to the central nervous system, specifically the white matter of the spinal cord, axons in some brainstem nuclei, and Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. Spinal cord lesions involved only the white matter and consisted of axonal degeneration, loss of axons and myelin, and status spongiosus. Axonal degeneration was characterized by swelling and fragmentation of the axoplasm or formation of large, discontinuous swellings referred to as spheroids. Lesions were qualitatively similar at all levels, but quantitatively dissimilar in the same funiculi at different levels. Both ascending and descending fibers were involved but correlation to specific fasciculi was not evident. Lesions always were most severe in thoracic spinal cord segments. Little or no astroglial response, no inflammatory response, and no involvement of gray matter were observed in the spinal cord. Cerebellar lesions were limited to selective degeneration and loss of Purkinje cells and occasional swelling of Purkinje cell axons (torpedos) in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Brainstem lesions were inconsistent and limited to occasional axonal swelling in brainstem nuclei. The pathogenesis of bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy is unknown and possible mechanisms were discussed. The disease exhibits a familial pattern in Brown Swiss cattle and may be hereditary. Extraneural lesions were considered secondary to central nervous system lesions. 相似文献
14.
Multisystem Neuronal Degeneration in Cocker Spaniels 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A. Jaggy DVM M. Vandevelde DVM 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》1988,2(3):117-120
Four young Cocker Spaniels had slowly progressive neurologic signs with ataxia and mental deterioration. Pathologically, the lesions consisted of diffuse nerve cell loss, gliosis, axonal degeneration, and some demyelination in several areas of the brain. Pedigree analysis strongly suggests a hereditary cause for this disease, which is classified as a multisystem neuronal degeneration. This disorder has not been previously reported and has some resemblance to certain degenerative neurologic diseases found in humans. The clinical differential diagnosis includes cerebellar degeneration and lysosomal storage diseases. A definitive diagnosis requires postmortem examination. 相似文献
15.
Whittington RJ Begg DJ de Silva K Plain KM Purdie AC 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2012,148(1-2):29-47
Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease of livestock, which is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), has increased in prevalence and expanded in geographic and host ranges over about 100 years. The slow and progressive spread of MAP reflects its substantial adaptation to its hosts, the technical limitations of diagnosis, the lack of practical therapeutic approaches, the lack of a vaccine that prevents transmission and the complexity and difficulty of the on-farm control strategies needed to prevent infection. More recently evidence has accumulated for an association of MAP with Crohn's disease in humans, adding to the pressure on animal health authorities to take precautions by controlling paratuberculosis. Mycobacterial infections invoke complex immune responses but the essential determinants of virulence and pathogenesis are far from clear. In this review we compare the features of major diseases in humans and animals that are caused by the pathogenic mycobacteria M. ulcerans, M. avium subsp. avium, M. leprae, M. tuberculosis and MAP. We seek to answer key questions: are the common mycobacterial infections of humans and animals useful "models" for each other, or are the differences between them too great to enable meaningful extrapolation? To simplify this, the immunopathogenesis of mycobacterial infections will be defined at cellular, tissue, animal and population levels and the key events at each level will be discussed. Many pathogenic processes are similar between divergent mycobacterial diseases, and at variance between virulent and avirulent isolates of mycobacteria, suggesting that the research on the pathogenesis of one mycobacterial disease will be informative for the others. 相似文献
16.
J Kaspareit-Rittinghausen M Wullenweber F Deerberg M Farouq 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1990,103(3):84-87
An epizootic disease caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis occurred in C57BL/6J mice. Pathological lesions included abscessation of lymph nodes and chronic polyarthritis and osteomyelitis. Histological features of the disease are described. The most important differential diagnosis, infectious ectromelia of mice, is discussed. 相似文献
17.
An obstructive, upper respiratory tract disease characterised by severe dyspnoea and deaths has been recognised in Texel sheep. It is caused by chronic suppuration within the arytenoid cartilages of the larynx resulting in swelling and occlusion of the lumen. The clinical and pathological features of the disease are described and its possible cause and treatment are discussed. 相似文献
18.
The common conditions which cause obstruction in the large intestine of the horse are presented. The etiology, diagnostic features, surgical treatment, and prognosis are discussed. The clinical workup, management of fluid therapy and anesthesia, surgical approaches, and post-operative care have been presented in other papers at this surgical forum and are not included here. 相似文献
19.
《The Journal of small animal practice》1963,4(5):359-372
Abstract— Russian work that has been reported on the physiology of the digestive tract of the rabbit in relation to gastro-intestinal disease is reviewed by a translation of three papers. The subject material covers physiology, nutritional needs, and methods of treating and preventing gastrointestinal disease. The importance of diet and the correct age for weaning are also discussed. Certain special features about the digestive tract of the rabbit are presented together with pathological variations during disease. Some information on chlortetracycline and related products in the treatment and prevention of gastro-intestinal disease and the lethal dose is also reviewed. 相似文献
20.
Feline dysautonomia is a dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, the main features of which are dilated pupils, dry mucous membranes, mega-oesophagus and constipation. The clinical and pathological features, treatment and follow-up details of 40 cases seen at the University of Glasgow Veterinary School are described. The pathology was demonstrated to be mainly restricted to the autonomic ganglia and neurons in selected cranial nerve nuclei. Less marked changes were also found in neurons of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. Nine cases recovered but this required up to one year and, in some, mild clinical signs persisted. Viral, toxicological and epidemiological studies were unrewarding and the aetiology is presently unknown. The similarities between this condition, grass sickness of horses and dysautonomia in the dog and man are discussed. 相似文献