2. In the first experiment, five samples of a low‐glucosinolate meal (produced from Regent, Candle or Tower cultivars) and one sample of a high‐glucosinolate meal were eluted by one passage of ethanol ammoniated to concentrations of 0.2, 0.5 or 1.0 M NH3 at the ratio of 2 1 ammoniated ethanol/kg meal. Elution with 1.0M ammoniated ethanol decreased the sinapine content of the meals by as much as 80%.
3. In the second experiment, four low‐glucosinolate meals (from Candle cultivar) from a pilot processing plant were used. Two of the meals were obtained by sparging during desolventising with or without anhydrous ammonia (50 g anhydrous ammonia/kg meal) and two of the meals were produced by sparging during desolventising with or without hydrous ammonia (50 g anhydrous ammonia and 50 g steam/kg meal). Ammonia with steam caused the greatest decrease (65%) in sinapine content.
4. Total glucosinolate and 5‐vinyl‐2‐oxazolidinethione concentrations in the meals were also decreased (17 to 35%) by the ammoniation treatments in experiment 2. 相似文献
The mustard seed meal and rapeseed meals D and E caused large and significant mortalities among laying birds. Macroscopic observations suggested that the main cause of death was probably liver haemorrhage.
Egg production, after correction for mortality, was significantly decreased by rapeseed meals D and E, and egg weight by the mustard seed meal. There were no significant treatment effects on food intake and therefore the weight of food needed for each egg produced followed fairly closely the pattern of egg production.
Overall egg production was depressed by mustard seed meal and by rapeseed meals D and E. Rapeseed meal C decreased production but not significantly.
Liver weights were not influenced by treatment, but thyroid weights of groups given rapeseed meals were significantly increased.
Broiler production was not significantly influenced either by mustard seed meal or by any of the rapeseed meals. 相似文献
2. A total of 320 one-day-old Cobb broilers were used in a 35-d experiment using a completely randomised design with 5 concentrations of canola meal (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) as a dietary substitute for soya bean meal.
3. Polynomial regression at 5% significance was used to evaluate the effects of canola meal content. The following variables were measured: carcass yield, chemical composition of meat, and instrumental and sensorial analyses.
4. The results showed that carcass yield exhibited a quadratic effect that was crescent to the level of 18% of canola meal based on the weight of the leg and a quadratic increase at concentrations up to 8.4% of canola meal based on the weight of the chest. The yield of the chest exhibited a linear behaviour.
5. The chemical composition of leg meat, instrumental analysis of breast meat and sensory characteristics of the breast meat was not significantly affected by the inclusion of canola meal. The chemical composition of the breast meat exhibited an increased linear effect in terms of dry matter and ether extract and a decreased linear behaviour in terms of the ash content.
6. In conclusion, soya bean meal can be substituted with canola meal at concentrations up to 20% of the total diet without affecting carcass yield, composition of meat or the instrumental or sensory characteristics of the meat of broilers. 相似文献
2. Increments of 25 g grass meal/kg and 7.3 g maize oil/kg replaced a mixture of soyabean, wheat and barley meals in the control diet.
3. Gain: food ratio (y) of the birds decreased linearly as dietary grass meal content (x) increased such that y = 0.4295 ? 0.0032x.
4. Carcass analyses indicated that the decrease in gain : food ratio was caused by less deposition of body fat.
5. Skin colour became significantly yellower as the dietary grass meal content increased. 相似文献
2. A total of 144 dwarf hens (38 weeks of age) from the same hatch were randomly divided into 12 groups of 12 birds (4 dietary treatments × 3 replicates).
3. A 2 × 4 factorial design was used to study the effect of 2 lines (Factor A) and substitution of soybean meal (SBM) with 4 concentrations (0, 10, 15 and 20%) of sunflower meal (SFM) [Factor B] on egg quality traits of dwarf dam line hens.
4. All the diets were designed to be isocaloric (11?3 MJ ME/kg) and isonitrogenous (180 g/kg crude protein) The duration of the experiment was 12 weeks.
5. Analysis of variance indicated a highly significant line effect. There were non-significant effects of substitution of soybean meal with different concentrations of sunflower meal on egg quality traits except for Haugh unit.
6. White plumaged dwarf broiler breeder dam line produced significantly fewer, but larger, eggs than coloured dwarf dam line hens. 相似文献
2. Growth rate, food intake, food utilisation and proportion of dietary nitrogen retained were much poorer in chicks receiving salseed meal.
3. The chicks receiving salseed meal developed pathological lesions in liver and kidney.
4. The red blood cell count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume of the chicks receiving salseed meal were lower than those of chicks receiving maize.
5. The apparent metabolisable energy value of salseed meal was determined as 6.83 MJ/kg. 相似文献
2. During the 0 to 28‐d period diets containing 50 or 100 g guar meal/kg supported only 85 and 69%, respectively, of the growth supported by the control diet, whereas during 28 to 56 d, birds fed on diets containing 100 or 150 g guar meal/kg gained 90 and 86% of the weight gained by control birds.
3. Neither toasting the meal, steam pelleting diets containing the meal nor supplementing these diets with 5 g methionine/kg had any appreciable effect on performance.
4. Addition of either of two enzyme preparations, MKC hemicellulase or betaganase M, improved growth; birds receiving 100 or 150 g guar meal/kg gaining 96 and 89%, respectively, of the weight gained by control birds from 28 to 56 d of age. 相似文献
2. From the chemical analysis the metabolisable energy (ME) content of salseed meal would be expected to be 11.22 MJ/kg. In vivo assay with chicks yielded values considerably less than this, 7.1 MJ/kg being found at an inclusion rate of 150 g/kg diet.
3. As the inclusion rate of salseed meal was increased to 300 g/kg, dietary ME and the digestion and retention of dietary protein decreased.
4. More than 50 g salseed meal/kg in the diet of chicks resulted in poor growth rate and food conversion. 相似文献
2. During the second and third weeks the incidence of tainted eggs exceeded 20% but fell to 11.4% during the final week.
3. Omission of the rapeseed meal from the diets halted the production of tainted eggs.
4. Neither egg production nor the health of the birds was adversely affected by the treatments.
5. The taint was described as “ fishy ” or “ crabby ” and was distinctive, but the source was not identified. 相似文献
2. Squilla meal contained less lysine (3.45 vs 6.74 g/16g nitrogen) and methionine (1.02 vs 1.86/16 g nitrogen) dian fish meal, had a lower protein digestibility coefficient (0.66 vs 0.72) and a lower gross protein value (68% vs 74%).
3. By gradually replacing the fish meal with squilla meal in isocaloric, isonitrogenous broiler diets it was shown that there was a linear decrease in broiler weight gain; efficiencies of food utilisation were also lower at all squilla meal substitution rates. Inclusion of squilla meal in the diets increased intestinal lengths.
4. Addition of a proteolytic enzyme to the diets containing squilla meal restored broiler weight gain and efficiency of food utilisation to that of birds fed on the control diet.
5. Diets containing autoclaved squilla meal resulted in reduced weight gain although efficiency of food utilisation was not affected. 相似文献
Metabolic faecal nitrogen (MFN) output of birds consuming about 75 g dry matter/d was 106 mg/d. The amino acid composition of the MFN was determined. Endogenous urinary nitrogen output (one result) was 0.80 mg Wg0–75/d.
The true digestibilities of the crude protein of fish meal, meat‐and‐bone meal and field bean meal were respectively 89, 69 and 83 per cent. Digestibility coefficients of individual amino acids were also determined and it was found that the amino acids were not equally digestible. However, for each protein source most of the coefficients fell within a range of + 5 per cent of the mean.
The metabolisable energy content of the fish meal was 2645 kcal/kg, meat‐and‐bone meal 1988 kcal/kg and field beans 2910 kcal/kg. 相似文献
2. In fresh fish processed to whole fish meal the biological availability of selenium was estimated as 77%, in fresh fish processed to pressed‐cake fish meal it was 59% and in partly‐decomposed fish processed to whole fish meal it was 51%.
3. When the phosphorus content of the test diet was 2–51 g/kg the biological availability was 88% and unaffected by the condition of the fish and the method of processing. 相似文献
2. Ambadi meal, either expeller‐processed (135.5 g and 271 g/kg) or solvent‐extracted (130.5 g and 261 g/kg), was incorporated at the expense of the peanut meal protein used in the reference diet (180 g/ kg) into diets which were fed to WL pullets (experiment 1) from 1 to 56 d of age. The weight gains and food efficiencies of the chicks fed on the ambadi meal and reference diets were similar.
3. With broilers (experiment 2) the weight gains were also similar, at all dietary concentrations of ambadi meal (89 to 356 g/kg), to those on the reference diet (235 g/kg peanut meal) from 14 to 35 d of age. However, food intake was higher on the ambadi meal diets and this resulted in significantly poorer food efficiency when compared to the reference diet.
4. High food intake and consequently low food efficiency was still evident in birds given ambadi meal diets even when ambadi meal replaced peanut meal on a digestible protein basis (experiment 4) or when ambadi meal (expeller or solvent‐extracted) was subjected to physical treatments such as soaking, autoclaving and pelleting (experiment 5).
5. The transit time of food through the gastro‐intestinal tract of broilers was faster when the diet contained ambadi meal than peanut meal. The higher food intake seen in broilers given diets containing ambadi meal could be the consequence of the fast rate of food passage.
6. Ambadi meal in diets for broilers resulted in significant increase (P<0.05) in the lengths of jejunum plus ileum and caecum. Fibre from the ambadi meal might have influenced the changes in the dimensions of gastro‐intestinal tract as well as in the transit time of food. 相似文献
Two additional experiments were conducted to determine the effects of adding alfalfa meal to diets of turkeys aged between 4 and 8 weeks. Adding 5% alfalfa meal containing 17% protein to the diet did not affect the average body weight gain but food consumption was increased by 3.4% and the efficiency of food utilisation decreased by 3.0%.
To produce the efficiencies of food utilisation in the turkeys as observed in this study, the alfalfa meals containing 20 and 17% protein would be expected to contain about 1870 and 1320 kcal ME/kg (7.82 and 5.52 MJ/kg) respectively. 相似文献
2. The experimental test diet was based primarily on maize, soybean meal, and meat and bone meal, and formulated to satisfy all nutrient recommendations with the exception of Ile and Val.
3. Diets were supplemented with L-Ile and L-Val at either 0·5 or 1·0 g kg?1 of diet, alone or in combination. A diet composed only of commercially available amino acids and formulated to satisfy all nutrient requirements served as a positive control.
4. Body weight gain was depressed by the test diet, but recovered to a weight similar to birds fed on the positive control when Val was added to the test diet either alone or in combination with Ile. Feed efficiency improved when Val and Ile were simultaneously supplemented.
5. Abdominal fat yield was reduced with the combined supplementation of Val and Ile. Breast meat yield appeared to be more sensitive to Ile supplementation than to Val.
6. The results suggest that live performance may be more sensitive to Val, while breast meat yield was maximised with Ile supplementation. However, their combination is required for optimised growth and meat yield. 相似文献
2. Dietary rapeseed had no effect on the onset of lay when fed from 17 weeks of age but caused a delay when fed from 10 weeks of age: changing to a control soyabean diet for the laying period resulted in normal egg production.
3. Diets containing B. napus but not B. campestris consistently depressed egg production and reduced egg weight in one experiment. Mustard seed meal did not affect performance.
4. Significant number of eggs with a “fishy” taint were laid by brown‐egged birds fed on a diet containing rapeseed.
5. Thyroids of birds fed on rapeseed meal diets during the laying period were significantly heavier than those of birds fed on diets containing mustard seed or soyabean.
6. The enlargement of the thyroid gland is probably related to the oxazolidinethione content of the rapeseed. 相似文献
2. High‐glucosinolate Brassica napus rapeseed meal caused a higher incidence of haemorrhagic livers among broiler chicks than did B. campestris meal and a low‐glucosinoate B. napus meal was without effect.
3. White Leghorn cockerels were of little use in studying the aetiology of haemorrhagic liver after feeding rapeseed meal if mortality was used as a criterion. They may be of value in studies of liver function. 相似文献
2. With young broilers the AME and AMEN values of a sample of grass meal were estimated to be 5.97 ± 0.45 and 6.05 + 0.46 MJ/kg dry matter respectively.
3. With adult laying hens the AME and AMEN values of the sample of grass meal were estimated to be 5.36 ± 1.04 and 6.26 ± 0.96 MJ/kg dry matter respectively and the corresponding true metabolisable energy (TME) and nitrogen‐corrected TME (TMEN) values were shown to be 9.12 ± 1.25 and 8.66 ± 1.33 MJ/kg dry matter.
4. It was further illustrated that if the dietary intake of the adult birds had been 100 g/d, the AME value of the grass meal would have been estimated as 8.33 MJ/kg dry matter. 相似文献
2. Maize and soybean meal was ground with grid sizes of 2 or 3 mm. Nine diets were prepared. The basal diet contained 500 g/kg of maize starch. The other experimental diets contained maize or soybean meal samples at concentrations of 250 and 500, and 150 and 300 g/kg, respectively, instead of maize starch. Each diet was tested using 6 replicate groups of 10 birds each. The regression approach was applied to calculate the pc AA digestibility of the test ingredients.
3. The reduction of the grid size from 3 to 2 mm reduced the average particle size of both maize and soybean meal, mainly by reducing the proportion of coarse particles. Reducing the grid size significantly (P < 0.050) increased the pc digestibility of all AA in the soybean meal. In maize, reducing the grid size decreased the pc digestibility of all AA numerically, but not significantly (P > 0.050). The mean numerical differences in pc AA digestibility between the grid sizes were 0.045 and 0.055 in maize and soybean meal, respectively.
4. Future studies investigating the pc AA digestibility should specify the particle size distribution and should investigate the test ingredients ground similarly for practical applications. 相似文献
2. LLM appears to be a good source of protein and calcium.
3. Food intake was not significantly affected (P>0.05) with dietary LLM inclusion up to 200 g/kg.
4. Inclusion of LLM up to 150 g/kg diet did not influence significantly (P>0.05) the performance of broilers in terms of body weight gain and food efficiency. However, inclusion of LLM at 200 g/kg diet had an adverse effect on weight gain and food efficiency, when compared to other dietary treatments. The profitability over food costs was low with the 200 g LLM/kg diet compared to those of other diets.
5. It may be inferred from these experiments that LLM can safely be included in broiler diets up to 150 g/kg.
6. Studies using force‐feeding and restricted feeding techniques indicated that reduced food intake was not responsible for the growth depression in diets containing higher amounts of LLM. 相似文献