2. Substituting triticale for maize, weight for weight, but not on a iso‐nitrogenous basis, in a groundnut oil cake (GNC) starter diet improved weight gain (P < 0.05) when the substitution exceeded 75% without affecting the protein efficiency ratio (PER).
3. A similar substitution in a soybean oil meal diet, improved weight gain (P < 0.05) at 50% or more but PER declined (P < 0.05).
4. The net protein utilisation and protein retention efficiency values of the diets in which maize protein was replaced by triticale protein were significantly reduced.
5. The maize‐GNC diet was equally limiting in methionine and lysine while the triticale‐GNC diet was not.
6. The growth and food efficiency obtained with a triticale‐GNC diet was higher (P < 0.01) than with the maize‐GNC diet but not with a maize‐GNC supplemented with fish meal and methionine.
7. It is concluded that triticale could quantitatively substitute maize in the starter diets. 相似文献
2. The egg production of birds fed on the unsupplemented triticale diet was significantly higher than that of the birds fed on the unsupplemented maize diet, but was not significantly different from that of the birds fed on the maize plus meat meal diet.
3. Protein quality of the unsupplemented triticale diet as judged by efficiency of nitrogen retention was similar or inferior to that of the unsupplemented maize diet.
4. The higher protein content of triticale and the increased intake of these diets seemed to be responsible for the better performance observed.
5. Addition of groundnut oil to the triticale diet did not improve either egg weight or production.
6. It is concluded that the quantitative substitution for triticale of maize does not adversely affect egg production and egg weight. 相似文献
2. Increasing proportions (0, 25, 50 or 75%) of the maize of a diet were replaced by triticale 131 to provide diets of equal energy and nitrogen contents for broilers. These diets resulted in weight gains of 1.775, 1.782, 1.713 and 1.808 kg respectively at 8 weeks and there were no significant differences among efficiencies of food conversions.
3. Dressed carcass weights as percentages of body weight were 74.38, 75.01, 73.98 and 74.50 respectively and did not differ significantly.
4. Triticale in the diet did not seem to influence the relative weights of either liver or gizzard.
5. The flavour of the meat seemed to become less acceptable as the triticale in the diet increased but there were no significant differences in tenderness and juiciness of the meat caused by the treatments. 相似文献
2. Live‐weight at 56 d of age was not different on a diet containing 300 g triticale per kg to that on the control diet but was significantly reduced by diets containing 500 g triticale or 300 g rye per kg.
3. Food conversion efficiency was best with 300 g triticale per kg of diet. 相似文献
2. AMEn values for cockerels of malting barley, oats, triticale and maize were 11.6, 10.48, 11.44 and 14.42 MJ/kg respectively. Significantly higher values of 14.21, 12.65, 12.60 and 14.89 MJ/kg were determined for malting barley, oats, triticale and maize for ostriches.
3. TMEn values determined by regression yielded values in ostriches of 13.92, 12.27, 13.21 and 15.22 MJ/kg for malting barley, oats, triticale and maize respectively. The corresponding TMEn values in cockerels were 11.33, 10.63, 11.82 and 14.07 MJ/kg.
4. The ostrich is capable of utilising fibre more efficiently than poultry. The higher energy values observed for the various ingredients also indicated that the non‐starch polysaccharides such as ß‐glucans and arabinoxylans in the more fibrous energy sources had little if any effect on the available energy of these ingredients as found with poultry.
5. The potential of ostriches to utilise the more fibrous energy sources like barley, oats and triticale allows for their economical use in diet formulation. This possibility may result in markedly lower food costs for ostriches. 相似文献
2. A water‐insoluble pentosan preparation (WIP, 720 g arabinoxy‐lan/kg) caused a depression of apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of 1.63 MJ/kg DM at the highest level of inclusion (41.9 g/kg). Broilers maintained on this diet showed significant growth depression and a decrease in feed conversion efficiency.
3. A water‐soluble pentosan preparation (WSP, 520 g arabinoxy‐lan/kg) showed less anti‐nutritive activity.
4. In a second experiment the AME of rice (pearled), maize, sorghum, wheat, triticale, barley and rye was determined. The AME values obtained were highly correlated (r= — 0.98, P<0.001) with the summed levels of pentosans and β‐glucans found in the cereals.
5. It was concluded that the pentosans of wheat possess anti‐nutritive activity when present in broiler diets and that similar polysaccharides may influence the nutritive value of other cereals. 相似文献
2. For both cockerels and chicks, the digestibility and TMEn of semipurified starches from triticale were higher than those from beans. Starch digestibilities of triticales (range 99.1 to 97.7%), of semipurified starches from triticales (range 96.5 to 89.9%) and from field beans (range 75.4 to 71.6%) were similar for both cockerels and chicks.
3. The addition of NT‐hulls improved, in general, the digestibility of semipurified starches for both chicks and cockerels, which suggests that fibre improves the digestion of semipurified starches.
4. The effects of tannins of T‐hulls on semipurified starch from beans and from triticale were different. Tannins always decreased the digestibility and TMEn of semipurified starch from field beans but only decreased the digestibility and TMEn of semipurified starch from triticale when fed to chicks, but not when fed to cockerels.
5. The addition of tannin extract always decreased the digestibility of semipurified starches by a greater amount than T‐hulls, which supports the idea that the effect of tannins depends on the quantity of tannin ingested. 相似文献
2. Substitution of 141 g MSK/kg diet for maize in a practical diet did not affect performance of chicks, whereas adverse effects occurred with 282 g or more/kg.
3. Processing of MSK improved performance but it was still not equivalent to that achieved with maize.
4. Increasing the protein content of the diet containing processed MSK from 207 to 226 g/kg did not improve performance and replacing ground nut meal with soyabean meal depressed performance. 相似文献
2. By regression analysis of absorption on intake, the true digestibilities of the crude protein, using colostomised birds, were calculated to be 85.2 and 72.0%, those of the crude fat 94.4 and 89.7% and those of the carbohydrate 82.0 and 75.5% for triticale and rye respectively.
3. The classical metabolisable energy values of the triticale and rye samples were found to be 14.08 and 12.51 MJ/kg (3.36 and 2.99 Mcal/kg) respectively.
4. It is concluded that triticale is a better food source for the chicken than either wheat or rye. 相似文献
2. Birds receiving raw khesari consumed less food and grew more slowly than birds receiving a maize‐soya diet. Supplementation with DL‐methionine did not improve the nutritive value of khesari diets, but the inclusion of L‐tryptophan produced a positive response.
3. When khesari was either autoclaved or heated in a commercial “ micronisation “ process and then incorporated at 367 g/kg in a balanced chick diet, growth and efficiency of food utilisation were at least equal to those obtained with a maize‐soya diet.
4. Khesari depresses chick growth when fed raw, but is an excellent protein source for growing chicks if fed after a suitable heat treatment. Since the component in raw khesari which is toxic to chickens is heat‐labile, it is probably not the same factor that is responsible for human lathyrism. 相似文献
2. Trypsin inhibitor activity, and the contents of oxalate and phytate‐phosphorus in SPM were too low to be of any nutritional concern.
3. The apparent metabolisable energy content of SPM was determined to be similar to that of maize (14–51 v 14–45 MJ/kg).
4. The results of feeding trials showed that SPM can replace up to 400 g/kg maize in broiler diets without adverse effects in performance. The depression in weight gains observed in birds fed on a diet containing 600 g SPM/kg was related largely to lowered food intake arising from the powdery texture of SPM. 相似文献
2. Force‐feeding significantly increased the weight and area of the crop, the weight of the proventriculus, the length and area of the jejunum and ileum, but decreased the weight of the gizzard and the thickness of its caudodorsal thick muscle. Feeding a barley‐based diet also decreased the thickness of caudodorsal thick muscle of gizzard.
3. Force‐feeding enhanced the absorption rates (μmol/cm2) of glucose and L‐methionine in both jejunum and ileum. Ducks fed on a maize‐based diet showed a slightly higher absorption rate of glucose compared to those fed on a barley‐based diet.
4. Force‐feeding caused a significant increase of endogenous non‐protein nitrogen (μg/cm2/h) in both jejunum and ileum and a slight increase of endogenous protein nitrogen in the jejunum. 相似文献
2. The problems could be overcome by water‐treatment of the barley or by addition of β‐glucanase.
3. The problems appear to be caused by a viscous factor, which is hydrolysed by β‐glucanase. Water‐treatment allows hydrolysis by enzymes in the barley.
4. Heat‐treatment of barley denatures hydrolytic enzymes and prevents reduction in viscosity. 相似文献
2. Deposition of 14C label into breast and heart muscles responded positively to dietary lysine concentration. There was no apparent relationship between dietary lysine intake and deposition of label into carbon dioxide or excreta.
3. Efficiency of lysine retention, above maintenance, was estimated to be 0.523 ± 0.034.
4. Turkeys exhibited variable metabolic efficiency in the use of lysine as indicated by loss of U‐14C‐lysine label to expired carbon dioxide and to excreta by individual turkeys. 相似文献
2. Average daily food intake, daily weight gain and food conversion were similar among treatments.
3. There were linear increases in plasma and liver Cu concentrations (P< 0.01) as dietary Cu increased.
4. Bioavailability of Cu as carbonate was 0.66 that of Cu in the acetate based on the multiple regression slope ratio of liver Cu concentration on added dietary Cu. Although responses for the two Cu sources did not differ significantly, the relative bioavailability of the Cu carbonate was similar (0.66 vs 0.68) to that obtained in an earlier study (Ledoux et al., 1991) with greater dietary Cu contents (150, 300 and 450 mg/kg) in which the slopes of the equations representing the two sources differed (P<0.05). 相似文献
2. Addition of 10 g ascorbic acid/kg to the control diet (without excess tyrosine) produced no beneficial effects on performance. Excess dietary tyrosine caused depressions in all measures of performance.
3. Adding 0.1, 1, 10 or 20 g ascorbic acid/kg to the diet containing excess tyrosine tended to improve performance.
4. Subcutaneous injection of 50 mg ascorbic acid/bird d to chicks receiving excess tyrosine brought about a significant improvement in body‐weight gain.
5. The elevation of plasma free tyrosine caused by excess dietary tyrosine decreased as dietary ascorbic acid increased.
6. Ascorbic acid can alleviate, though not completely counteract, the adverse effect of excess dietary tyrosine. 相似文献
2. When a milled, unsupplemented diet based on rice and groundnut was fed, food utilisation, carcass fat content and serum aspartate amino transferase [EG 2.6.1.1] activity indicated the need for supplementation with at least 3 mg pyridoxine, or a total concentration of 8.8 mg/kg diet.
3. With a maize‐groundnut diet body‐weight gain, food intake and tissue aspartate aminotransferase activities suggested that dietary supplementation with pyridoxine was unnecessary, but food utilisation indicated a need for supplementation with 3 mg or a total intake of 9 mg pyridoxine/ kg diet.
4. A practical broiler chick starter diet was used to show that the total concentration of pyridoxine should be at least 7.2 mg/kg when maize‐groundnut diets are fed. 相似文献
2. At 28 d performance was similar in heat‐exposed and respective pair‐fed controls, but poorer than in ad libitum‐fed controls. Food intake and gain were less for heat‐exposed than for pair‐fed birds at 41 and 54 d (data combined).
3. Proportional fat pad size, adipose cell volume and number were less for all groups than for ad libitum‐fed controls at 41 d, but these differences largely disappeared by 54 d. Carcass fat varied little between groups.
4. Carcass moisture was less in heat‐exposed than in pair‐fed birds at 54 d and carcass protein greater at 41 d. 相似文献
2. Dietary corticosterone reduced the titre to sheep red blood cells, while it was unchanged by clenbuterol.
3. Clenbuterol exerted a promoting effect on gain‐to‐food ratio, carcase protein and hepatic microsomal cytochrome P‐450 content.
4. Addition of clenbuterol to the corticosterone‐containing diet prevented the increase in abdominal fat weight and uric acid excretion induced by corticosterone, but did not affect total fat mass.
5. The results showed that clenbuterol reduced abdominal rather than carcase fat and prevented protein degradation in the body when chicks were treated with corticosterone. Clenbuterol also influenced the content of cytochrome P‐450, but not the humoral immunity. 相似文献
2. A randombred control population of known pedigree was used to measure the environmental trends.
3. Selection in pure lines resulted in concomitant improvement in the crosses for the selected as well as the correlated traits.
4. Cross performance was comparatively more than expected on the basis of mid‐parent values, indicating involvement of non‐additive gene action in the expression of cross performance.
5. Crosses responded better to independent culling level selection for egg weight than their parents.
6. Heterosis appeared to increase in later generations as compared with initial generations of selection. 相似文献