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1.
Measurements were taken in the metacarpal and metatarsal bones in 42 calves and 10 dairy cows post-mortem to determine whether there are anatomical differences in bone length. Manual and digital measurements of various bone length parameters were taken. There was a significant difference in the mean length of the condyles of the metacarpal and the metatarsal bones in calves and cows, the lateral condyle being longer than the medial. In all but one metatarsal bone (98.8%), the lateral condyle was longer than the medial. In the metacarpal bones, the lateral condyle was longer in only 52.4% of the bones, in 21.2%, they had the same length and in 27.4% the medial condyle was longer. These intrinsic anatomical differences can help distinguish between the left and right metacarpal and metatarsal bones, for instance, in anatomical and archaeological studies. Knowledge of these differences might be useful for studies on digit function and on the possible predisposition of cattle to claw diseases in the lateral claws of the hind limbs. 相似文献
2.
The digital skeleton of the hindlimbs was evaluated radiographically in 27 standing Brown Swiss heifers. The lateral digital skeleton was significantly longer than its medial counterpart on both a hard (wooden block) and a softer (wooden block covered with a thin rubber mat) surface. There were no significant differences between lengths measured on the hard and the soft surface. The difference between the length of the lateral and medial digits originated at the level of the condyles and increased with P1 and P2. It was partially compensated by a higher third phalanx (P3) in the medial digit, but this did not offset the overall length difference. The findings of this study confirmed that the length asymmetry of the paired digits of cattle documented previously in post‐mortem specimens is also present in living cattle. Further investigation is required to determine the clinical relevance of the length asymmetry of the digital skeleton in cattle. 相似文献
3.
The front and hind feet from a total of 64 boars, 86 sows and 107 barrows were radiographed after necropsy to study the nature of inequalities in digits and their relation to nutrition and structural unsoundness in swine. Boars were fed ad libitum or 75% ad libitum with 100 or 150% of 1979 NRC recommended vitamin-mineral levels, whereas, sows were fed the same two levels of energy with 100 or 150% of NRC recommended calcium-phosphorus (Ca-P) levels during the growing-finishing period. Barrows were fed two sources of phosphorus with increasing levels of sodium. Radiographs of metacarpals, metatarsals and associated phalanges were measured for length and deviations of proximal and distal extremities. The length of both medial and lateral bones were longer (P less than .05) in boars fed 75% ad libitum than in the ad libitum-fed group, which was probably due to age (285 +/- 8.7 vs 240 +/- 8.4 d). Dietary energy and Ca-P level did not influence the bone lengths in sows. Similarly, dietary phosphorus source or sodium level had no influence on bone lengths or deviations in barrows. The incidence of inequality in digits with a smaller medial digit was 90.9% in boars, 96.7% in sows and 87.6% in barrows. In boars and sows, the inequality in digits of front feet was due to lower positioning of proximal extremities of lateral bones because the total lengths of both medial and lateral bones were approximately equal. In hind feet, this inequality was more due to longer lateral bones because the proximal extremities of metatarsals were positioned at approximately an equal level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
4.
The aim of this study was to compare measurements of the medial and lateral claws of the hind feet in cattle, and to establish reference values to aid in functional claw trimming. Variables of the medial and lateral claws of 40 hind feet obtained from 40 slaughtered German Simmental cows were measured. To standardise the observations the soles of both the medial and lateral claws were first trimmed to a defined thickness of 5mm at the apex and 8mm at the heel, before measurements were taken. After this standardisation, the mean lengths of the dorsal walls of the two claws were not significantly different (means, lateral 76.8, medial 77.1 mm). However, there were considerable other differences. For example, the soles of the lateral claws were significantly (P < 0.01) longer (means, 120.1mm versus 112.7 mm, and wider (means, 52.0 mm versus 42.5 mm). In 36/40 feet, the sole of the lateral claw protruded approximately 2-3mm above the sole of the medial claw after the standardisation. The soles of the lateral claws were therefore then trimmed to the height of the medial claw ("levelling") and the measurements were repeated in the lateral claws. The dorsal wall of the lateral claw was then significantly shorter than that of the medial claw (means, 74.8 mm versus 77.1 mm) and, most importantly from a functional point of view, the sole was significantly thinner than that of the medial claw (means, 2.71 mm versus 5mm at the toe tip, 4.9mm versus 8 mm at the heel). Finally, the horn capsule of all claws was removed and various measurements of the corium surface were made. The length of the dorsal corium surface did not differ statistically (P > 0.05) between the lateral (mean, 62.6 mm) and medial (mean, 62.5 mm) claws. Strict adherence to the principles of functional trimming thus reduces the thickness of the sole, the length of the dorsal wall and the length and height of the bulb of the lateral claw. This suggests that the sole of the medial claw should be left an extra 3 mm thicker than previously recommended such that, after "levelling", the sole of the lateral claw remains thick enough to protect fully the corium and the claw retains a more normal shape. 相似文献
5.
Measurements of both front feet of slaughtered German Simmental cattle (17 heifers, 13 cows) were carried out to document the normal shape and size of the forelimb claws and to gain information about function and possible predisposition to disease. Only clinically normal feet were examined, and a standardised sole thickness of 5mm at the tip and 8mm in the heel region in both claws was established as a reference. The dorsal wall length, dorsal wall angle, heel length, height and width, sole and claw length and claw width, sole circumference and sole area were measured. After removal of the horn capsules, measurements of values at the level of the corium were carried out. The lateral front claws were wider and the medial claws longer than their partner claws. Overall, the sole surface areas and circumferences of the paired claws were similar, but were statistically larger in the medial claws. The front claws were characterised by long and high heel bulbs, and had a toe length:heel bulb length ratio of approximately 1.6:1. These properties, together with the musculo-tendinous attachment of the limbs to the trunk, are believed to provide better protection for the forelimb claws when standing or walking on hard surfaces. Functional mechanical relief of the medial front claws is probably best achieved by pairing the soles of the foot to the same level, which usually entails reduction of the lateral claw. For German Simmental cattle, a dorsal wall length of 75mm can be used as a guideline when trimming front and hind feet. 相似文献
6.
Angiography of normal and diseased feet in cattle was carried out. In osteomyelitis of distal phalanx there was a narrowing of the digital artery with diminished vascular supply to the affected digit. An area of bone necrosis was found to be avascular. With overgrown hooves, narrowing of both the medial and lateral digital arteries with ill-defined laminar vessels was seen. The vascular pattern in cattle with cork screw claws was characterized by a dilated tortuous digital artery and a crowded arterial network resulting in increased vascular supply in the affected claw. Abrupt stricture of common digital artery, a crowded vascular network in the area of the middle phalanx and filling defects of terminal arches were demonstrated in animals with exostosis 相似文献
7.
Motoharu Oishi Keiji Kamijo Kana Iitani Reiichiro Sato Kazutaka Yamada Nobutsune Ichihara 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2020,49(3):333-344
The 12 left digits of the thoracic limb of Holstein female cows were obtained from a slaughterhouse, and 13 linear measurements of skeletal specimens of the digits of the thoracic limb were used in this study. Bivariate plots, regressions and correlation analyses were performed to assess the relationships between osteometric data and age, and between osteometric data and body size. The geometric mean (GM) of the metacarpal size was used as a proxy of body weight. The results of the regression analysis demonstrated that the length and the width of the distal phalanx were significantly correlated with age, whereas those of other bones were not. In addition, the correlations of the distal phalanx tended to be higher with age than with the GM of the metacarpal size, and their skeletal measurements tended to be longer in older animals than in younger animals. These findings suggest that the distal phalanx is slightly elongated and enlarged in its solear aspect with increasing age in skeletally mature cows. Moreover, although the side difference in the distal phalanx between the lateral and medial digits did not increase significantly with age, the solear aspect of the distal phalanx tended to be rougher, and deformation of the flexor tubercle tended to be more pronounced in the medial digit compared with the lateral digit. Therefore, in the distal phalanx of the front feet, the skeletal deformation with age and asymmetrical bone development might be related to the pathogenesis of claw horn lesions, as in the hind feet. 相似文献
8.
The thickness of the subsolar soft tissue layer (dermis and subcutaneous tissue) of the hind lateral and medial claws of 23 Holstein dairy cattle was measured by ultrasound imaging. The results showed that on average the subsolar soft tissue layer of the lateral hind claw was significantly thicker (4.29 mm) than that of the medial hind claw (3.92 mm). 相似文献
9.
A. M. Alrtib C. J. Philip A. H. Abdunnabi H. M. S. Davies 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2013,42(1):9-20
There are many reports describing fractures in the bony elements of the equine fetlock joint and a few of these discuss possible relationships of these fractures to the mechanical loading of these bones. The likelihood of fracture must be related to the size and shape of bones involved, but information concerning the normal range in size and shape of these bones in horses is lacking. This study aimed to identify morphometrical variations of these bones within different groups of horses. Right and left metacarpal, proximal phalangeal and proximal sesamoid bones were collected from 10 Thoroughbreds (TB), five Standardbreds (SB) and eight Ponies (P) euthanized for non‐orthopaedic reasons. All bones were boiled, cleaned and dried. Dimensional parameters were measured using a custom‐built apparatus, calliper and plastic tape. The width and depth of the medial condyles of Mc3 were greater than the lateral condyles in all groups. The length to the lateral condyle was greater than the length to the medial condyle of Mc3, and the lengths of the lateral sides of the Mc3 and P1 bones were greater than the lengths of the medial sides in both forelimbs of all groups. The lateral sesamoids were similar to, or larger than, the medial sesamoids in all dimensions. There were some morphometrical variations in the bony elements of the equine fetlock joints in all groups. 相似文献
10.
van Amstel SR Palin FL Rorhbach BW Shearer JK 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2003,223(4):492-494
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether ultrasound could be used to measure sole horn thickness in dairy cattle after claw trimming with an adaptation of the Dutch method. DESIGN: Case series. ANIMALS: 24 adult Holstein dairy cows. PROCEDURE: Cows were restrained in a standing position, and claws were trimmed with an adaptation of the Dutch trimming method. B-mode ultrasonography was then performed. The transducer was placed on the sole just caudal to the apex of the toe and immediately medial and parallel to the abaxial white zone. The inner margin of the sole was identified as a thin hyperechoic line. Soles were considered to be too thin if sole horn thickness, determined by use of ultrasonography, was < 5 mm. RESULTS: Sole horn, underlying soft tissues, and the distal surface of the third phalanx were imaged in 151 claws. The inner margin of the sole could not be identified in 4 claws, and 37 claws could not be imaged because cows collapsed in the restraining chute. Mean +/- SD sole thickness for all claws was 71 +/- 1.3 mm. Only 1 sole was < 5 mm thick. The lateral front claws were significantly thicker than the medial hind claws. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that ultrasound imaging can be used to determine sole thickness in dairy cattle after routine claw trimming. 相似文献
11.
T Hiraga M Abe K Iwasa K Takehana M Tetsuka 《Nippon juigaku zasshi. The Japanese journal of veterinary science》1989,51(5):1011-1015
A male Holstein-Friesian calf with seven legs was examined macroscopically and radiographically. External features included two normal forelimbs, two normal hindlimbs (lateral hindlimbs), and two abnormal hindlimbs (medial hindlimbs) which were underdeveloped. Also, a rudimentary forelimb, which was attached to the pelvic region, was observed between both the medial hindlimbs. It consisted of an underdeveloped humerus, a duplicated ulna, several carpal bones, a partially duplicated metacarpal bone and three digits with three hoofs. This leg was connected with two sets of coxae by a irregular-shaped bone considered the vestigial vertebrae and ribs. Two penises and scrotums, three kidneys and testes were also observed. This calf is the first case of dipygus associated with pygopagus parasiticus in cattle. Based on these findings, the pathogenesis of this rare anomaly was briefly discussed from an embryological point of view. 相似文献
12.
Altenbrunner-Martinek B Klein D Kofler J Baumgartner W 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2007,120(11-12):508-512
A male, 10 month old llama with malformation of both front limbs was presented. Both front limbs had one more digit located medially. The distal phalanx of this additional digit at the left front limb reached the ground by the tip of the keratinzed pad and the toenail. The accessory digit at the right front limb was bent in a 90 degree angle caudolateraly. Beside the digital bones of the accessory digits the second metacarpal bone and the first carpal bone could be detected in both front limbs by radiological examination. Secondary a bilateral slight carpal valgus deformity could be seen. 相似文献
13.
M. Makungu H. B. Groenewald W. M. du Plessis M. Barrows K. N. Koeppel 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2014,43(3):190-202
In family Lemuridae, anatomical variations exist. Considering its conservation status (near threatened) and presence of similarities between strepsirrhines and primitive animals, it was thought to be beneficial to describe the gross osteology and radiographic anatomy of the pelvis and hind limb of ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) as a reference for clinical use and species identification. Radiography was performed in 14 captive adult ring‐tailed lemurs. The radiographic findings were correlated with bone specimens from two adult animals. Additionally, computed tomography of the hind limbs was performed in one animal. The pelvic bone has a well‐developed caudal ventral iliac spine. The patella has a prominent tuberosity on the cranial surface. The first metatarsal bone and digit 1 are markedly stouter than the other metatarsal bones and digits with medial divergence from the rest of the metatarsal bones and digits. Ossicles were seen in the lateral meniscus, inter‐phalangeal joint of digit 1 and in the infrapatellar fat pad. Areas of mineral opacity were seen within the external genitalia, which are believed to be the os penis and os clitoris. Variations exist in the normal osteology and radiographic appearance of the pelvis and hind limb of different animal species. The use of only atlases from domestic cats and dogs for interpretative purposes may be misleading. 相似文献
14.
Kofler J 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》1999,157(2):139-147
Clinical signs, causative factors, radiographic findings, type and duration of treatment or reason for killing were evaluated in 53 cattle (mean age: 5.3 years) suffering from toe ulcer and/or apical pedal bone necrosis. A total of 78 claws were affected. Four cattle suffered from a toe ulcer in one claw, 35 cattle showed osteolysis of the apex of the distal phalanx in a single claw and 14 cattle in two or three claws per cow. Overtrimming by means of a grinding disc and/or perforation of the sole was diagnosed as the major cause in 27 cattle (49%), laminitis in 30.2% and traumatic injuries in 11.3%. Radiography revealed a varying degree of osteolysis involving up to two-thirds of the pedal bone. Twenty-one cattle (39.6%) showing multiple toe disorders or involvement of one single claw with concurrent internal diseases were destroyed. In 23 cattle, the osteolytic bone was resected using a bone curette or hammer and chisel. Of these, the treatment was successful in 20 animals. The healing period ranged from 16-60 days when one claw was affected and from 43-53 days when two claws were affected. In five cattle, the digit was amputated. 相似文献
15.
Huth C Russke A Alsleben B Hamann H Distl O 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2005,118(3-4):150-159
In 56 heifers of the three breeds German Holstein (GH), German Brown (GB) und German Red (GR) the body weight and height were determined at the age of 350 to 550 days in intervals of 6 to 8 weeks. At the right front limb and the left hind limb the claw measurements dorsal wall length, diagonal length, heel length and height, the angle of the dorsal wall and the hardness of the claw were taken. Furthermore, the punctual pressure under the medial and the lateral claw of the right front limb and the left hind limb were determined using an electronic measuring system. The GH heifers weighing 387.3 kg on an average and having a mean height of 132.3 cm at the sacral bone in the course of the present study were the heaviest and tallest breed at the age of 12 to 18 months. GB had a weight of 366.2 kg and 106.2 cm height at the sacral bone. The GR were the smallest breed (126.0 cm) and weighed 337.7 kg. The heel at the front limb was on the average 1 cm shorter than at the hind limb and it was 0.5 cm lower. The angle of the dorsal border was 4-5 degrees higher at the hind limb. The GR had the flattest claws. The animals showed a larger average weight load on the medial claws than on the lateral claws especially of the front limbs. The highest pressures per cm2 were found underneath the rear part of the medial claw in all breeds. At the front limb, the GB showed significantly higher average pressures per cm2 under the front sectors of the claws than GH and GR, while the other values did not differ significantly between the breeds. The GH tended to have lower average pressures per cm2 underneath the claws of the hind limb, but this was only significant at the front medial sector of the claw. 相似文献
16.
The relationship of muscle and bone structure to limb weakness was examined in 60 Duroc pigs from 3 lines divergently selected for thoracic limb weakness. The lines were designated high, control, or low, with the low line having inferior thoracic limb structure. At approximately 100 kg, 10 pigs of each line and gender were scored for thoracic limb structure and movement. Right and left thoracic limbs were collected at slaughter. A computerized morphometric image analysis system was used to determine cross-sectional areas of muscles, bones, and soft tissues at levels through the brachium, antebrachium, metacarpus, and digits. The statistical model that was used to analyze the data included the effects of line, sire, gender, and side (left vs right), with weight as a covariate. Total bone area was similar for all 3 lines of pigs at all cross-sectional levels, but significant differences in muscle and other soft tissue areas were observed, including significantly greater extensor area for the antebrachium (P less than 0.001) in low-line pigs than in control- and high-line pigs, smaller total area (P less than 0.05) of the metacarpus in low-line pigs than in control and high-line pigs, and less total area of the medial digit (P less than 0.01) in low-line pigs than in control- or high-line pigs. Total area of bone and soft tissue for each cross-sectional region was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in boars than in gilts. Side differences also were observed in total cross-sectional areas of bone and soft tissue of the antebrachium, metacarpus, and digits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
17.
Ana Cecília Machado Cruvinel Matheus Camargos de Britto Rosa Bruna Lívia Lopes Guimares Cecília Ferreira Amaral Silva Paulo Henrique de Sampaio da Silva Cesar de Lima Borges Leo Juliano V. Peixoto Joo Chrysostomo de Resende Júnior Antonio Carlos Cunha Lacreta Junior Marcelo Passamani Andr Rodrigues da Cunha Barreto‐Vianna Eduardo M. M. de Lima Gregrio Corrêa Guimares 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2019,48(3):256-263
18.
Benjamin W. Newcomer Manuel F. Chamorro 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2016,57(4):401-406
The objective of this retrospective study was to characterize the relative prevalence of diagnoses and location of lameness lesions in beef cattle. Medical records from 2005 to 2012 were reviewed and 745 cases of beef cattle that had presented for lameness were identified. Information regarding signalment, lesion location, and cause of lameness was analyzed. The cause of lameness was localized to the foot in approximately 85% of cases; a hind limb was affected over 70% of the time. The lateral claw was most commonly affected in cases of both fore- and hind-limb lameness. The most common diagnoses of noninfectious etiology were screw claw, vertical fissure, and interdigital fibroma. Infectious foot disease accounted for only 20% of foot lameness. Routine foot trimming may be warranted in some herds to improve weight-bearing balance and alleviate lameness. 相似文献
19.
OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to test whether longer third metacarpal (MC3) bones had thicker dorsal cortices in a group of racehorses that were exercising at similar maximum speeds, and to establish if horses with larger differences in length between their right and left MC3 bones showed larger differences in the dorsal cortical thickness between the two limbs. DESIGN: An observational study. PROCEDURE: Forty Thoroughbred racehorses aged between 2 and 6 years and in training at racing speed at two racing stables were used. Two sets of radiographs of each left and right metacarpus of each horse were measured for bone length and dorsal cortical width according to standardised methods. RESULTS: The dorsal cortex thickness showed a linear relationship with bone length for the range of lengths between 25 and 30 cm for both the right MC3 (R2 = 0.30, P = 0.0003) and the left (R2 = 0.23, P = 0.002). The longer bones had thicker dorsal cortices. When results from the two limbs were combined to test if the difference in length between the right and left MC3 in an individual horse was associated with a thicker dorsal cortex in the longer MC3 there was no consistent relationship (R2 = 0.008, P = 0.58). CONCLUSION: In this sample of racehorses longer MC3 bones were likely to have been exposed to a greater dorsopalmar bending moment at the mid shaft that was reflected in a thicker dorsal cortex. The lack of a relationship between midshaft thickness and bone length within individual horses suggests that direct mechanical effects of conformation and environment were less important than the individual's level of skill (or the degree of laterality in their movements) developed before their exposure to fast exercise. It is likely that racehorses with longer right MC3 bones were more able to control the loading of the right MC3 than the left during fast exercise. 相似文献
20.
There are a number of differences between the claws of the front and hind limbs in cattle concerning macroscopic shape, chemical and physical properties of claw horn and epidemiological data. Front claws have superior data in almost every respect. Virtually no information is available on the mechanical stability of the suspensory apparatus of the third phalanx. It was the objective of this study to develop a method to measure the maximum strength (N/mm2) of the suspensory apparatus of the bovine distal phalanx. This apparatus includes all layers of tissue such as bone, corium, corioepidermal junction and wall horn. The feet of 13 clinically healthy beef bulls were collected from the local abattoir. Testing was performed in three locations of the wall segment (dorsal, abaxial, axial) in a material testing machine. The corium and the corioepidermal junction were set under increasing tension until failure occurred. Maximum stress was recorded. The values ranged between 2.47-3.13 N/mm2 (dorsal), 4.08-4.87 N/mm2 (abaxial) and 2.27-2.66 N/mm2 (axial). No differences could be validated statistically between front and hind claws and between lateral and medial claws respectively. Abaxial ultimate stress values were significantly higher than dorsal and axial ones. Between the two a statistical difference could not be validated. Most of the specimens (57.1%) were torn apart at the corioepidermal junction, almost a quarter of the samples (27.6%) were to a degree disrupted at the corioepidermal junction and to a certain extent in the deeper layers of the corium. A few samples showed disruption within the horn (11.5%) or at the attachment of the third phalanx (3.8%). Biomechanical features of the experimental set-up are discussed. The biological significance of these findings is that the body weight and the additional dynamic loading is predominantly taken over by the abaxial part of the claw, while the dorsal and axial aspects are less loaded. 相似文献