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1.
The effects of the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin (Karate) on non-target arthropods in winter wheat were studied throughout two successive seasons in 1998 and 1999. The study particularly focussed on the crop in the growing season after insecticide application (also winter wheat) for detection of potential long-term effects and for determination of the suitability of different sampling methods.The investigations were based on the assumption that arthropod immigration from surrounding areas is limited in large fields. For this reason a simple approach seemed to be feasible. Two plots of equal size (10 ha, adjusted to each other) were defined in a 100 ha field and designated control and treatment plots. Ten sampling points were established on each plot. The following monitoring methods were utilised: visual counting, sweep netting and pitfall trapping. In the first year of investigation, countings and catches were carried out 2 days prior to insecticide application and 2, 16, 30 and 44 days after application. In the next year, they were carried out 365 days and 384 days after insecticide application in the successive crop of winter wheat.At the time of the first sampling prior to insecticide application, the two plots showed significant differences with respect to arthropod density or activity, particularly in visual counting and to a minor degree to sweep netting and pitfall trapping. Lower densities or activities were observed in the plot reserved for treatment. Measures for mathematical equalisation of the results of population densities before pesticide treatment should be considered.After insecticide application, the densities or activities of non-target arthropods decreased, particularly in visual counting and sweep netting. After one year, these effects disappeared to a large extent. Several groups of arthropods reached even higher levels in the treated plot than in the untreated one. The pitfall traps revealed weak activity-decreasing effects in carabids and spiders in the treated plot, but the opposite tendency for staphylinids. Hence, it seems that the conditions in a large field are less homogeneous, and that smaller scale conditions can support processes of recovery in non-target populations. 相似文献
2.
We assessed the response of maize canopy arthropods to the insecticide chlorpyrifos. Four 0.3 ha (18 2 180 m) plots were divided into two subplots, a control and a treated area. During tasseling of the plants, the treated area was sprayed twice, with an interval of 3 days. Ten plants were sampled: 1 day before spraying, and 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after spraying. The insecticide had no effect on insect herbivores: a high density of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae was present in the treated plots. A few predator arthropod species were negatively affected by the insecticide, but their numbers or activity increased 2 weeks after the treatment of the plots. A canonical variate analysis showed no pronounced effect of the insecticide on arthropod communities; the largest variations on species abundance were related to sampling occasion. These results can be explained by the combination of the short period of chlorpyrifos residual activity on the plant surface and the great potential for recolonization of the areas by most of the monitored arthropods. 相似文献
3.
Jeffrey A. Lockwood Scott P. Schell R. Nelson Foster Chris Reuter Tahar Rachadi 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(1):29-42
The Reduced Agent-Area Treatment (RAAT) approach involves applying low rates of insecticides in intermittent swaths to control grasshopper infestations in an effort to achieve a more economically and environmentally sound pest management strategy compared to traditional blanket applications at high rates. Operationalscale (>250 ha) insecticide tests on Wyoming rangeland grasshopper infestations (18-56 grasshoppers/m2) at two sites in 1997 revealed that carbaryl yielded 94% control as a blanket treatment (560 g/ha) and 81% control as a RAAT application (280 g/ha applied to 50% of the infested land). Malathion yielded 90% control as a blanket treatment (683 g/ha) and 91% control as an RAAT application (342 g/ha applied to 80% of the infested land), and fipronil (4 g/ha) yielded 98% control as a blanket treatment and 92% control when applied to 33% of the infested land. One year after treatment, the RAAT and blanket-treated plots had 2-4% (Pollet Ranch) of the densities in untreated plots. Economic analysis showed that the greatest benefit:cost ratio was obtained with the fipronil-RAAT method, followed by carbaryl-RAAT, malathion-RAAT, malathion-blanket, fipronil-blanket, carbaryl-blanket. The worst-case outcome of fipronil and carbaryl with a RAAT approach had a greater economic return than the best-case outcome of no treatment. Following blanket treatments, non-target arthropod abundance was highest in the fipronil plots, followed by carbaryl and malathion; arthropod biomass was higher in the carbaryl plots than fipronil and malathion. In RAAT plots, arthropods were generally less impacted than in the blanket plots, with the least reduction caused by fipronil and carbaryl. Thus, the RAAT tactic appears to be economically and environmentally superior to blanket treatments under large-scale, operational conditions. 相似文献
4.
Geoffrey K Frampton 《Pest management science》1999,55(9):875-886
Contiguous winter wheat fields of similar cropping history and soil type were used in a study of the responses of Collembola to summer sprays of cypermethrin and pirimicarb in southern England. Chlorpyrifos was included in the study as a toxic standard. Epigeic arthropods were captured by suction sampling and crop-inhabiting species obtained by dissecting wheat ears. Eight genera of Collembola responded significantly to the insecticide treatments. Collembolan abundance decreased after chlorpyrifos was applied but increased after use of cypermethrin. Negative effects of cypermethrin and pirimicarb on Collembola were not detected in this study. Effects of chlorpyrifos varied spatially as a result of faunal heterogeneity among the fields, despite apparent homogeneity of the site. Some species known to be susceptible to chlorpyrifos were absent from one or more of the fields. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of non-target pesticide effects and the potential use of Collembola as bioindicators in field studies with pesticides are discussed. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
5.
The effect of spraying winter rape and winter wheat with deltamethrin on the numbers of epigeal Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Linyphiidae caught in pitfall traps was studied in Northern Germany in 1980 and 1981. Two experiments were performed with each crop, deltamethrin being sprayed at 7.5 g a.i. ha?1 in 300 litres of water in springtime on rape, and in midsummer on wheat. Sprayed plots were rectangles of 2 and 3 ha; unsprayed plots were squares of 0.5 ha each (two replicates). Ten pitfall traps were placed per replicate at least 3 weeks before spraying and were left for at least 3 weeks after spraying, the traps being emptied weekly. Beneficial Carabid species which have been shown already to have an economic significance, were rare during this study, but four other species (three of them were autumn breeders) were not affected by deltamethrin. At the spraying dates the autumn breeders were hidden in the soil as pupae. Three Staphylinid species, studied in only one experiment each, appeared to be strongly reduced in numbers by deltamethrin. The Linyphiid spiders were affected most heavily by deltamethrin sprayed in spring or in midsummer; the initial mortality of more than 92% lasted longer than 4 weeks, and an adverse effect was still significant in winter wheat 6 weeks after spraying. Overall, deltamethrin appears to have a broad spectrum effect concerning the epigeal predatory arthropods. 相似文献
6.
Michael D Toews R Scott Tubbs Dylan Q Wann Dana Sullivan 《Pest management science》2010,66(10):1089-1095
BACKGROUND: Thrips are the most consistent insect pests of seedling cotton in the southeastern United States, where symptoms can range from leaf curling to stand loss. In a 2 year study, thrips adults and immatures were sampled at 14, 21 and 28 days after planting on cotton planted with a thiamethoxam seed treatment in concert with crimson clover, wheat or rye winter cover crops and conventional or strip tillage to investigate potential differences in thrips infestations. RESULTS: Densities of adult thrips, primarily Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), peaked on the first sampling date, whereas immature densities peaked on the second sampling date. Regardless of winter cover crop, plots that received strip tillage experienced significantly fewer thrips at each sampling interval. In addition, assessment of percentage ground cover 42 days after planting showed that there was more than twice as much ground cover in the strip‐tilled plots compared with conventionally tilled plots. Correlation analyses showed that increased ground cover was inversely related to thrips densities that occurred on all three sampling dates in 2008 and the final sampling date in 2009. CONCLUSIONS: Growers who utilize strip tillage and a winter cover crop can utilize seed treatments for mitigation of early‐season thrips infestation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
7.
In the present study, the effects of spinosad, spinetoram and chlorpyrifos on ground-dwelling arthropod diversity and abundance were compared in a herbaceous field in order to evaluate their relative compatibility with conservation of arthropod densities. Ten different treatments of spinosad, spinetoram, and chlorpyrifos, which was used as a toxic reference, were allocated at random to experimental plots. A total of 101,119 individuals of epigeal arthropods belonging to 18 orders and suborders were captured in pitfall traps, with the most abundant taxa Hymenoptera, Collembola, Araneae, Acari, Coleoptera, Isopoda, Julida and Opiliones. The orders Araneae, Coleoptera, Collembola, Hymenoptera and Opiliones were identified to the family or species level. Gnaphosidae, Carabidae, Entomobryidae, Formicidae and Metaplatybunus grandissimus CL Koch (Phalangiidae) were the most abundant taxa of Araneae, Coleoptera, Collembola, Hymenoptera and Opiliones, respectively. Significant density reduction was observed for Gnaphosidae, Linyphiidae (Araneae), Carabidae, Entomobryidae, Formicidae and M. grandissimus after chlorpyrifos treatment. Formicidae individuals were significantly reduced after spinosad application, while the Entomobryidae and M. grandissimus individuals were reduced after the application of both spinosad and spinetoram. Our results showed no significant differences in diversity level of orders and suborders as well as of Araneae families between the spinetoram-treated plots at both concentrations tested and the control. In contrast, a significant difference in the diversity of Coleoptera was detected between the spinetoram treatments and the control. Our findings showed that spinosad and spinetoram may disrupt the structure and the abundance of surface-active arthropod fauna causing considerable changes in the ground-dwelling biodiversity of this ecosystem. 相似文献
8.
Replicated field plot trials were carried out to evaluate the role of fish as biocontrol agents of insect pests of rice in the Philippines. Evidence from suction sampling, examination of fish gut contents, and rice plant damage assessment strongly suggest that Common Carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) and Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) do significantly reduce the densities of stemboring moths and chironomid midges, while the abundance levels of other arthropods are not significantly affected. This impact by fish often was more important in the wet season when heavy rains and wind likely caused the arthropods to become dislodged from the plant and fall onto the water. Predation by fish was particularly evident during the first 45 days of the crop during the wet season when adult chironomid midge abundance was high. The fish gut content analysis revealed that all insect guilds are represented in the diet of both of the fish species regardless of whether the life-cycle of the arthropod prey is aquatic, semi-terrestrial, or terrestrial. Thus, fish in rice fields are part of the assemblage of natural enemies of rice pests. While fish alone cannot completely suppress rice pest populations below the economic threshold, their significant contribution should not be overlooked. 相似文献
9.
Ecological backlashes such as insecticide resistance, resurgence and secondary pest outbreaks are frequent problems associated with insecticide use against arthropod pest species. The last two have been particularly important in sparking interest in the phenomenon of insecticide‐induced hormesis within entomology and acarology. Hormesis describes a biphasic dose–response relationship that is characterized by a reversal of response between low and high doses of a stressor (e.g. insecticides). Although the concept of insecticide‐induced hormesis often does not receive sufficient attention, or has been subject to semantic confusion, it has been reported in many arthropod pest species and natural enemies, and has been linked to pest outbreaks and potential problems with insecticide resistance. The study of hormesis remains largely neglected in entomology and acarology. Here, we examined the concept of insecticide‐induced hormesis in arthropods, its functional basis and potential fitness consequences, and its importance in arthropod pest management and other areas. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
10.
Field trials were conducted in spring wheat to observe effects of jasmonic acid (JA) on aphids, thrips and wheat blossom midge (WBM). Two spring wheat varieties (Triso and Kadrilj) were sprayed twice, with two concentrations of JA plus control. Wheat pests and associated natural enemies (Coccinellidae, Empididae and Aphelinidae) were surveyed by direct count and sweep net methods. Thrips larvae and adults and WBM larvae were estimated by dissecting wheat ears. Wheat midge larvae were monitored using white traps in treated and untreated plots. At the end of season, wheat yield was assessed in treated and control plots. There was a significant difference in the number of insect pests and their natural enemies between treatments in both varieties. Plants in control plots had higher numbers of aphids, thrips and midges than in treated plots. There were more aphids, thrips and midges on the variety ??Triso?? than on ??Kadrilj??. JA application enhanced wheat yield in treated plots compared to control plots. The results indicated that JA mediated induction of plant defense in wheat plants can improve resistance against insect herbivores. JA could be used to develop environmentally sound crop management with reduced insecticide applications. 相似文献
11.
A field study was conducted during 2005 and 2006 in Terra Quente, northeastern Portugal, to evaluate the efficacy of the spinosad-based insecticide Spintor Cebo® (Dow Agrosciences Ibérica, S.A.) against the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), as well as the impact of the treatments on non-target arthropods. Results suggest that this insecticide could be as effective as dimethoate and since it was reported as having more benign toxicological and ecological profiles, it seems to be a good alternative to control the pest in Continental Mediterranean climates such as Terra Quente. However, its use should be evaluated carefully, mainly in conditions that increase the arthropod biological control agents’ propensity for feeding on it (e.g. absence of pollen, nectar and honeydews) to identify unintended impacts on conservation biological control of olive pests as a result of its application. 相似文献
12.
In the south-west of England, cereal aphids can spread barley yellow dwarf virus and reproduce during winter. Ground-living polyphagous predators may be important in controlling these active cereal aphids. This 2-year study investigated the effect of deltamethrin on predator numbers, using pitfall traps. A randomised block design was used in an area of winter wheat (cv. Aquilla) in which deltamethrin-treated and control plots were surrounded by polyethylene barriers. Pitfall catches of polyphagous predators were reduced by about 30% in the treated plots compared with the control plots. 相似文献
13.
K. Andersson 《EPPO Bulletin》1984,14(3):409-416
The effects of increasing inputs of pesticides, nitrogen and growth regulators were studied in field trials in winter wheat and spring barley in southern Sweden. The trials also included a comparison of different strategies: no control, routine control and supervised control. In 1982 EPIPRE, a computerized pest and disease management system developed in the Netherlands, was included. High inputs of nitrogen only slightly influenced the yields. In winter wheat, routine control, comprising one insecticide and three fungicide sprays, heavily increased the yield and was more profitable than supervised control. On an average only 1.2 pesticide sprays were carried out in supervised plots. However, in spring barley supervised control was slightly more profitable than routine control comprising one fungicide and one insecticide application. The average number of sprays in supervised was 0.6 only. In both winter wheat and barley the yield increase for routine control significantly increased with increasing nitrogen level. In barley a significant relationship between number of aphids per tiller and yield increase could be proved. 相似文献
14.
LIU Rentao 《干旱区科学》2016,8(4):632-646
Different microhabitats along dune slope were found to affect the distribution of plant performances and soil properties in desertified ecosystems.However,the ground-active arthropod responses to rainfall-induced dune microhabitats were largely unknown in desertified regions.At dune top,midslope and bottom,ground-active arthropods were sampled by the method of pitfall traps in addition to the herbaceous and soil measurements during spring,summer and autumn from 2012 to 2013.Ground-active arthropod had a strong dynamics in time,seasonally and yearly in responses to rainfall-induced dune microhabitats and the variations were significant higher than those of soil and herbaceous properties.The abundance distribution of dominant taxa(i.e.Melolonthidae,Carabidae,Glaphyridae,Tenebrionidae and Formicidae families)among dune microhabitats was similar between seasons within the same year,whereas they differed markedly between two sampling years with varying rainfall patterns.A significant(P<0.05)difference in total abundance,taxa richness and Shannon index among dune microhabitats was found only in certain season time,particularly in 2013;however,no significant(P>0.05)differences were found among dune microhabitats when averaged on three sampling seasons within the year of either 2012 or 2013.In all,the taxonomical structure differed considerably from the community structure in ground-active arthropod response to rainfall-induced dune microhabitats.The spatial distribution of taxonomical groups among dune microhabitats was significantly affected by inter-annual rainfall changes,whereas that of community structure was affected by both intra-and inter-annual rainfall changes in desertified ecosystems. 相似文献
15.
Nawal Gaafar Nabil El-Wakeil Abdellah S.H. Abdel-Moniem Christa Volkmar 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2014,66(3):121-128
Wheat insect pests and the beneficial arthropod populations were assessed using sweep net across a large scale winter wheat field in Bad Lausick (Free State of Saxony, Germany) before and after insecticide applications. The insecticides used were Karate (pyrethroid), Biscaya (neonicotinoid) and NeemAzal T/S (botanical insecticide). The tested compounds were sprayed twice during the early season growth stage (Elongation- GS 32) and at the heading stage (GS 55), and their effects were evaluated on wheat insect pests. The side effects of these insecticides on associated natural enemies were also studied. Monitoring was conducted for 4 weeks after each treatment. Cereal aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, cereal leaf beetles, cereal bugs and also many natural enemies such as predators (lady beetles, lacewings, syrphids, dance flies and spiders) and parasitoids (parasitic wasps) were surveyed. The dose of these insecticides resulted in reductions of wheat insect and natural enemy populations and this reduction was corrected based on Abbott equation. The results showed that Karate is correlated with the highest percentage reduction (79.5 %) to wheat insect pests. Karate use also resulted in a percentage reduction to natural enemies (30–60 %). Biscaya and NeemAzal T/S is correlated with an equivalent mortality percents (50–65 %) to wheat insect pests and resulted in a smaller percentage reduction of natural enemies (10–40 %) compared to Karate. Thrips and cereal bugs were more affected than leafhoppers. Lacewings and dance flies were more susceptible; while spider, syrphids and parasitoid wasps were more tolerant. Compatibility between natural insecticides and natural enemies is highly required to keep the environment clean. 相似文献
16.
Imidacloprid is a pesticide often used to control insect pests on residential lawns and golf courses. To investigate its potential to be transported into non-target aquatic systems by rainfall events, imidacloprid was applied as 5.0 g kg-1 GR and 750 g kg-1 WP to 12 plots planted with bermuda grass set on a 5% slope. The dimethylamine salt of the herbicide 2,4-D was applied simultaneously to the plots in order to normalize the results to prior trials conducted with other pesticides. At a rate of 2.5 cm h-1, 5-cm rainfall events were simulated at 24 and 48 h after application and 2.5-cm events were simulated at 96 and 192 h. After each event water was collected from each plot and analyzed by HPLC for residual insecticide or herbicide. Approximately 1.4% of the insecticide formulated as WP and 1.9% of that formulated as GR was lost from the plots after four run-off events. Of the total mass lost, 64% and 30% respectively occurred in the first and second run-off events for the WP formulation versus 75% and 20% for the GR formulation. These values compare with a total mass export of 2.6% for 2,4-D, of which 95% and 4% of the loss occurred respectively in the first and second run-off events. The maximum concentration of imidacloprid detected in run-off water was 0.49 mg litre-1 and occurred during the first run-off event. 相似文献
17.
BACKGROUND: Estimates of arthropod population size may paradoxically increase following insecticide applications. Research with ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) suggests that such unusual results reflect increased arthropod movement and capture in traps rather than real changes in population size. However, it is unclear whether direct (hyperactivity) or indirect (prey-mediated) mechanisms produce increased movement. RESULTS: Video tracking of Scarites quadriceps Chaudior indicated that brief exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin or tefluthrin increased total distance moved, maximum velocity and percentage of time moving. Repeated measurements on individual beetles indicated that movement decreased 240 min after initial lambda-cyhalothrin exposure, but increased again following a second exposure, suggesting hyperactivity could lead to increased trap captures in the field. Two field experiments in which ground beetles were collected after lambda-cyhalothrin or permethrin application attempted to detect increases in population size estimates as a result of hyperactivity. Field trials used mark-release-recapture methods in small plots and natural carabid populations in larger plots, but found no significant short-term (<6 day) increases in beetle trap captures. CONCLUSION: The disagreement between laboratory and field results suggests mechanisms other than hyperactivity may better explain unusual changes in population size estimates. When traps are used as a primary sampling tool, unexpected population-level effects should be interpreted carefully or with additional data less influenced by arthropod activity. 相似文献
18.
为明确土壤干旱对麦田燕麦孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae(Ha)发生动态的影响,于2014年分别对灌溉和非灌溉小区定期取样,通过对土壤中线虫的分离和小麦根组织中线虫的镜检,确定灌溉和非灌溉小区中Ha各虫态的发生密度。结果表明,与非灌溉小区相比,灌溉小区土壤中2龄幼虫和白色雌虫以及根组织中2、3或4龄幼虫的群体密度在4—5月均明显较高;尤其在4月,灌溉小区2龄幼虫平均孵出量和侵入量分别为3.0条/100 g土壤和19.0条/10 g根,而非灌溉小区的分别仅为0.6条/100 g土壤和1.0条/10 g根。在小麦生长期,灌溉小区的Ha群体密度略有增长,繁殖系数为1.04,而非灌溉小区的显著下降,繁殖系数仅为0.09。研究表明,土壤严重干旱能抑制Ha 2龄幼虫的孵出和侵入,减少3、4龄幼虫和白色雌虫发生数量,导致繁殖系数显著下降。 相似文献
19.
The predaceous stinkbug Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) feeds on plants as well as on arthropod prey. The question arises whether feeding on plants might expose the predator to systemic insecticide via ingestion of the active ingredient or its metabolites through plant sap of treated plants. This interaction was investigated with nectaried and nectariless cotton plants cropped in pots and treated with the systemic insecticide thiamethoxam at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg per plant as a root drench. Development of P. nigrispinus fed on prey and on treated nectaried and nectariless cotton plants and confined at 15, 30 and 45 days after insecticide application, and adult reproduction from nymphs caged 30 days after treatment were determined. Podisus nigrispinus life history traits were unaffected by the type of cotton plant, nectaried or nectariless, but were significantly affected by insecticide dose and time after application. Developmental time was extended and fresh adult body weight was reduced by feeding on prey and treated plants. Nymphs caged on treated plants with the highest thiamethoxam concentration at 15 days after application produced only 13.2% of adults. Females emerged from nymphs caged on both plants and at all thiamethoxam concentrations at day 30 after application presented similar reproductive characteristics, except for age of first oviposition, which was delayed on plants treated with the highest thiamethoxam concentration. Thiamethoxam at 0.5 mg per plant restrained tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) colonization only during the first 15 days after application to either cotton plant, and similar immature densities were sampled at day 35 after application on treated and untreated plants. However, plants treated with 1.0 and 2.0 mg per plant as a drench and cropped in pots were protected from tobacco whitefly for up to 45 days after exposure to a whitefly colony. 相似文献