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1.
Local infiltration tests on 1.5 m long blocked furrows were carried out on a loam soil to assess N fertiliser leaching under furrow irrigation where ridging operations entails placing nitrogen on the upper part of the ridge. This article focuses on the impact of flow depths, or water application depth (WAD), on nitrogen movement in seven 1.5-m long blocked furrows. For a first irrigation event, a WAD greater than or equal to 240 mm, significantly reduced the heterogeneity of the N concentration profiles measured at the top of the ridge and beneath the furrow. The virtually homogeneous N soil distribution with depth permitted the determination of the nitrogen balance throughout the season using soil samples obtained at the beginning and end of the season as well as the determination of nitrogen present in the crop tissue. This is not possible when there is a heterogeneous N soil profile at the end of the irrigation season, as observed under moderate WAD conditions. In addition, a substantial WAD delivered during the first irrigation event, and at a period where the plant N requirements are high, does not affect crop yield potential.  相似文献   

2.
Increasing water and fertilizer productivity stands as a relevant challenge for sustainable agriculture. Alternate furrow irrigation and surface fertigation have long been identified as water and fertilizer conserving techniques in agricultural lands. The objective of this study was to simulate water flow and fertilizer transport in the soil surface and in the soil profile for variable and fixed alternate furrow fertigation and for conventional furrow fertigation. An experimental data set was used to calibrate and validate two simulation models: a 1D surface fertigation model and the 2D subsurface water and solute transfer model HYDRUS-2D. Both models were combined to simulate the fertigation process in furrow irrigation. The surface fertigation model could successfully simulate runoff discharge and nitrate concentration for all irrigation treatments. Six soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters were inversely estimated using the Levenberg–Marquardt optimization technique. The outcome of this process calibrated HYDRUS-2D to the observed field data. HYDRUS-2D was run in validation mode, simulating water content and nitrate concentration in the soil profiles of the wet furrows, ridges and dry furrows at the upstream, middle and downstream parts of the experimental field. This model produced adequate agreement between measured and predicted soil water content and nitrate concentration. The combined model stands as a valuable tool to better design and manage fertigation in alternate and conventional furrow irrigation.  相似文献   

3.
Closed-end level furrows are commonly used to irrigate vegetables in the Lower Colorado River region (LCRR). The application efficiency of furrow irrigation in this area is often low. The objective of this study is to develop management tools and guidelines for the efficient irrigation of vegetables using closed-end level furrows. The study consisted of field experiment and modeling (model calibration, model verification, and the development of management tools by simulation). Field experiments were performed over a period of 27 months. Infiltration parameters were estimated for four soil textural groups (i.e., moderately coarse textured, medium textured, moderately fine textured, and fine textured soils) using a two-point method modified for closed-end level furrows. Model verification shows that the surface irrigation hydraulic model used in this study (SRFR) is capable of simulating the furrow irrigation process with acceptable levels of accuracy. Results of the study also indicate that adequate and efficient irrigations can be achieved using closed-end level furrows through the proper selection of unit inlet flow rate, Qo, and cutoff time, tco. However, given the soil and crop combinations in the LCRR, sometimes significant increases in irrigation efficiency, compared to present levels, can be attained only if furrow lengths are shorter than the typical size currently in use in the LCRR. Limitations of the proposed management tools and on-going research to address these limitations are briefly discussed.  相似文献   

4.
Field experiments were carried out over a 2-year period on a loamy soil plot under corn in Montpellier (south-east France). The effectiveness of improved irrigation practices in reducing the adverse impact of irrigation on the environment was assessed. Different irrigation and fertiliser treatments were applied to identify the best irrigation and fertilisation strategy for each technique (furrow and sprinkler) to ensure both good yields and lower NO3- leaching. No significant differences in corn yield and NO3- leaching were found for the climatic scenario of 1999 between sprinkler and furrow irrigation during the irrigation season. Following the rainy events occurring after plant maturity (and the irrigation season), differences in N leaching were observed between the treatments. The study shows that both the fertiliser method, consisting of applying a fertiliser just before ridging the furrows, and the two-dimensional (2D) infiltration process, greatly influence the N distribution in the soil. N distribution seems to have a beneficial impact on both yield and N leaching under heavy irrigation rates during the cropping season. But, under rainy events (particularly those occurring after harvesting), the N, stored in the upper part of the ridge and not previously taken up by plants, can be released into the deeper soil layers in a furrow-irrigated plot. In contrast, the 1D infiltration process occurring during sprinkler irrigation events affects the entire soil surface in the same way. As a result the same irrigation rate would probably increase N leaching under sprinkler irrigation to a greater extent than under furrow-irrigation during an irrigation period. In order to assess the robustness of these interpretations derived from soil N-profile analysis, a modelling approach was used to test the irrigation and fertilisation strategies under heavy irrigation rates such as those occurring at the downstream part of closed-end furrows. The RAIEOPT and STICS models were used to simulate water application depths, crop yield and NO3- leaching on three measurement sites located along the central furrow of each treatment. The use of a 2D water- and solute-transport model such as HYDRUS-2D enabled us to strengthen the conclusions derived from the observations made on the N distribution under a cross-section of furrow. This model helped to illustrate the risk of over-estimation of N leaching when using a simplified 1D solute-transport model such as STICS.  相似文献   

5.
Water distribution can be nonuniform along the furrow length under surface irrigation. This “down field” nonuniformity is combined with “inter-row” non-uniformity which is a consequence of differences in infiltration characteristics across the plot. Global nonuniformity of application depth causes variation of yield, drainage and nitrogen leaching. In addition to that, due to year-to-year variability of climate, irrigation depths range significantly (from 0 to 360 mm/season). The objective of this paper is to study the impact of the nonuniformity of irrigation-water distribution within a furrow plot on yield, water and nitrogen losses when climate variation is taken into account. Six maize vegetation seasons on a Chromic Luvisol soil in the Sofia region with varying irrigation requirements are considered. Irrigation water is distributed in relative terms over the plot at different levels of nonuniformity (coefficient of variation Cv ranging from 13 to 66%) by the FURMOD model. Water and nitrogen cycle and crop growth are simulated then compared at 30 representative points in the set with various “climate-irrigation nonuniformity” combinations by the CERES-maize model. It was established that non-uniformity of irrigation is not important in wet vegetation periods. The drier the irrigation season, the higher the yield loss and risk to environment due to nonuniformity of irrigation water distribution. In moderate and dry irrigation seasons it causes yield losses of 2–14%, significant variation (30% < Cv < 200%) of drainage, nitrogen leaching and residual soil nitrate over the furrow set. Surface irrigation performances can be improved by reducing lateral nonuniformity of stream advance.  相似文献   

6.
Surface storage of water in furrow irrigation is an important parameter in volume balance analysis for computing different parameters such as infiltration characteristics. Surface storage can be estimated in several ways. A commonly used method is to multiply the cross-sectional area of flow at the inlet of a furrow by a shape factor, whose value is often assumed to vary between 0.7 and 0.8. In this study, field data for 13 furrow irrigation events were collected from a farm in northern New South Wales, Australia. These data were used to investigate the validity of the assumption regarding the value of the shape factor. The soil type at the experimental site has a high clay content (up to 67%) and develops cracks when dry. The values of the shape factor calculated for the irrigation events in the study varied from 0.96 to 1.8, and varied between furrows and from one irrigation to the next in the same furrow. They also varied considerably during a given irrigation event. It is therefore incorrect to assume a constant value of the shape factor between 0.7 and 0.8 in mathematical models of furrow irrigation. Received: 6 May 1996  相似文献   

7.
The effects of irrigation methods, application rates and initial moisture content on soil water storage and surface runoff were studied in soils liable to surface crust formation during 1995–1996 at the University of Jordan Research Station near Al-Muwaqqar village. Four irrigation methods were tested (sprinkler, furrow, basin and trickle) and four application rates (6.2, 14.4, 24.4 and 28.4 mm/h). Two runs were performed (soil initially dry and soil initially wet). Basin irrigation provided the highest application efficiency followed by trickle, sprinkler and furrow irrigation methods. Entrapping water by the basin borders increased soil water storage by allowing more water to infiltrate through the surface crust. Decreasing the application rate from 28.4 to 6.2 mm/h increased soil water storage significantly in all 150 mm layers to a depth of 600 mm. If the soil was already wet, soil moisture storage decreased owing to siltation during the prewetting and formation of a surface crust and low soil water storage capacity. A sedimentary crust formed at the bottom of the furrows in the furrow irrigation treatment, which reduced soil water storage and increased surface runoff significantly owing to the reduction in infiltration. Increasing the application rate from 6.2 to 28.4 mm/h in the furrow surface irrigation treatment increased the runoff discharge 10-fold. Even with the lowest application rate the runoff coefficient under sprinkler irrigation was 20.3% indicating high susceptibility of Al-Muwaqqar soils to surface crust formation.  相似文献   

8.
TDR was used to estimate furrow infiltration, which is a key component in furrow irrigation system design and management. Furrow irrigation experiments were conducted on bare and cropped fields consisting of three 40 m long parabolic shaped furrows spaced at 0.8 m on a slope of 0.5%. The centre furrow was taken as the study furrow and the other two provided a buffer to the centre furrow. Altogether, 22 irrigations were conducted during 2004 and 2005 with inflow rates ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 l s−1. TDR probes were installed vertically around the centre furrow at four locations 0.5 (S1), 13 (S2), 26 (S3) and 39.5 m (S4) from the inlet end. The S1 and S3 locations had four TDR probes installed at 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60 m depths whereas the S2 and S4 locations had two probes each at 0.15 and 0.30 m depths. Soil moisture data collected at 5-min intervals were used to determine the average soil moisture content of the field. The change in moisture content was used to estimate the furrow infiltration which was compared with that measured using an inflow–outflow (IO) method. The performance of the TDR method was studied by calculating the absolute prediction error (APE), root mean square error (RMSE) and index of agreement (I a). It was found that the TDR-method estimated furrow infiltration well for higher inflow rates and during the initial stages of irrigation. APE decreased and I a increased with increase in flow rate for both bare and cropped conditions. The APE and RMSE were found to be larger for a cropped field than the bare field when irrigated at the same inflow rate. The accuracy of the TDR-method for estimating total infiltration was improved by using the average field moisture content of 30 or 45 min after the recession phase ceased. These results indicate that TDR can be used to estimate in situ infiltration under furrow irrigation.  相似文献   

9.
To improve water saving and conservation in irrigated agriculture, a range of field evaluation experiments was carried out with various furrow irrigation treatments in cotton fields to estimate the possibilities of improving furrow irrigation performances under conditions of Central Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan. The research consisted in comparing surge and continuous-flow in long furrows and adopting alternate-furrow irrigation. The best results were achieved with surge-flow irrigation applied to alternate furrows. Field data allowed the calibration of a surface irrigation model that was used to identify alternative management issues. Results identified the need to better adjust inflow rates to soil infiltration conditions, cut-off times to the soil water deficits and improving irrigation scheduling. The best irrigation water productivity (0.61 kg m−3) was achieved with surge-flow on alternate furrows, which reduced irrigation water use by 44% (390 mm) and led to high application efficiency, near 85%. Results demonstrated the possibility for applying deficit irrigation in this region.  相似文献   

10.
The effect of replacing furrow irrigation with subsurface trickle irrigation on some soil physical and chemical properties of hardsetting red Alfisols when sown to cotton were evaluated on two farms (Bellevue and Brae Park) in the Macquarie valley of New South Wales, Australia, during 1998 and 1999. The soil at Bellevue had a heavier soil texture than that at Brae Park. Soil was sampled from depths of 0-0.15 m, 0.15-0.30 m, 0.30-0.45 m and 0.45-0.60 m in "paired" fields sown to either trickle- or furrow-irrigated cotton. The soil properties evaluated were soil structural stability as dispersion index, hardsetting characteristics, salinity as electrical conductivity (EC) of a 1:5 soil:water suspension, and sodicity as EC/exchangeable Na ratio. Compared with furrow irrigation, salinization, soil structural stabilization, hardsetting behaviour reduction and EC/exchangeable Na ratio increase were faster with trickle irrigation in the surface (0-0.15 m) of the heavier-textured soil at Bellevue. Changes at other soil depths were negligible. In contrast, in the lighter-textured soil at Brae Park, furrow irrigation increased the rates of salinization, structural stabilization, and hardsetting behaviour reduction in the subsoil more than trickle irrigation. Dispersion decreased rapidly at all depths and with both irrigation systems at both locations. The reduction in hardsetting was correlated to the reduction in dispersion in the 0-0.3 m depth at Bellevue and at the 0-0.6 m depth at Brae Park. The fall in dispersion in the 0.3-0.6 m depth at Bellevue was not accompanied by a corresponding reduction in hardsetting. Replacement of furrow irrigation with subsurface trickle irrigation in heavier-textured loamy soils can, therefore, result in short-term improvements in some soil properties, whereas in lighter-textured soils similar changes do not occur.  相似文献   

11.
Irrigation-induced furrow erosion reduces topsoil depth and pollutes surface waters. A variety of interacting factors, including inflow rate, slope and soil type, are known to affect furrow erosion. Data are inadequate to understand the furrow erosion process sufficiently well to recommend irrigation practices that maintain high levels of water quality and conserve soil. We performed furrow erosion field studies on two soils (a loamy textured alluvial soil and a clay loam cracking soil) with slopes ranging from 0.3 to 0.8%. Three inflow rates per furrow were applied in each of three irrigations. We found net rates of soil loss in the upper part of the furrow that were up to six times higher than the average net rate for the whole furrow. The soil loss was related to the inflow rate by power functions. High inflow rates on furrows with slopes greater than 0.3% caused unsustainable soil losses. However, at least in the loamy textured soil, it is possible to maintain high irrigation uniformity and application efficiency (within the range 80–85%), while keeping soil losses within a sustainable limit. An analysis of the sediment load data made in the frame of a simple conceptual model helped to explain the dynamics of the furrow erosion process and to establish the basis for modeling furrow erosion.Communicated by A. Kassam  相似文献   

12.
在干旱区大田条件下,以制种玉米"金西北22号"为供试材料,采用交替灌水、固定灌水、均匀灌水和交替施氮、固定施氮、均匀施氮二因素三水平的完全组合方案,在拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽雄期、灌浆期和成熟期对0~100 cm土层分层监测植株正下方、植株正南侧和植株正北侧的土壤NO_3~--N含量。结果表明:监测时期内,植株南、北两侧较植株下和0~40 cm土层较40~100 cm土层的土壤NO_3~--N含量时空分布受灌水施氮方式影响更大。固定灌水固定施氮下,水氮同区时土壤NO_3~--N在施氮侧下移,而水氮异区时土壤NO_3~--N在施氮侧累积。灌浆期,40~80 cm土层的植株下,与均匀灌水相比,交替灌水下不同施氮方式的土壤NO_3~--N含量减少9.9%~14.4%。交替灌水均匀施氮或交替灌水交替施氮使得土壤NO_3~--N在较长时间内维持在0~40 cm土层周围,成熟期二者0~100 cm土层的土壤NO_3~--N残留量相近,但较其他处理减少11.7%~27.3%。综上,交替灌水均匀施氮或交替灌水交替施氮使玉米生育期土壤NO_3~--N含量时空分布比较合理,成熟期土壤NO_3~--N残留量较低。  相似文献   

13.
Soil water distribution, irrigation water advance and uniformity, yield production and water-use efficiency (WUE) were tested with a new irrigation method for irrigated maize in an arid area with seasonal rainfall of 77.5–88.0 mm for 2 years (1997 and 1998). Irrigation was applied through furrows in three ways: alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), fixed furrow irrigation (FFI) and conventional furrow irrigation (CFI). AFI means that one of the two neighboring furrows was alternately irrigated during consecutive watering. FFI means that irrigation was fixed to one of the two neighboring furrows. CFI was the conventional method where every furrow was irrigated during each watering. Each irrigation method was further divided into three treatments using different irrigation amounts: i.e. 45, 30, and 22.5 mm water for each watering. Results showed that the soil water contents in the two neighboring furrows of AFI remained different until the next irrigation with a higher water content in the previously irrigated furrow. Infiltration in CFI was deeper than that in AFI and FFI. The time of water advance did not differ between AFI, FFI and CFI at all distances monitored, and water advanced at a similar rate in all the treatments. The Christiansen uniformity coefficient of water content in the soil (CUs) was used to evaluate the uniformity of irrigated water distribution and showed no decrease in AFI and FFI, although irrigation water use was smaller than in CFI. Root development was significantly enhanced by AFI treatment. Primary root numbers, total root dry weight and root density were all higher in AFI than in the FFI and CFI treatments. Less irrigation significantly reduced the total root dry weight and plant height in both the FFI and CFI treatments but this was less substantial with AFI treatments. The most surprising result was that AFI maintained high grain yield with up to a 50% reduction in irrigation amount, while the FFI and CFI treatments all showed a substantial decrease of yield with reduced irrigation. As a result, WUE for irrigated water was substantially increased. We conclude that AFI is an effective water-saving irrigation method in arid areas where maize production relies heavily on repeated irrigation. Received: 16 October 1999  相似文献   

14.
不同灌溉方式对保护地土壤有机磷组分的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
菜田土壤长期节水灌溉试验结果表明,蔬菜保护地0~60 cm土壤剖面中,滴灌、渗灌和沟灌条件下,土壤有机磷组成中均以中等活性有机磷为主,其次为活性有机磷。滴灌和渗灌处理耕层(0~20 cm)土壤中易被作物吸收利用的活性有机磷和中等活性有机磷含量高于传统沟灌处理。在10~30 cm土层范围内,渗灌处理土壤活性有机磷含量高于滴灌,而滴灌又高于沟灌。而0~60 cm土壤剖面中,中等活性有机磷含量均是滴灌大于沟灌大于渗灌。在0~40 cm土层内中稳性有机磷含量渗灌明显大于沟灌大于滴灌。40 cm以下则是沟灌大于渗灌和滴灌。0~20 cm土层土壤高稳性有机磷含量的大小顺序为沟灌大于渗灌大于滴灌。  相似文献   

15.
保护地蔬菜栽培不同灌水方法对表层土壤盐分含量的影响   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  
通过 3年连续保护地栽培蔬菜小区试验 ,对滴灌、渗灌、沟灌 3种灌水方法的土壤盐分积累状况进行了比较研究。试验后 0～ 2 0 cm土层土壤全盐含量以沟灌最高 ,渗灌次之 ,滴灌最低 ;滴灌土壤 p H下降幅度明显低于渗灌和沟灌土壤。在 0～ 2 0 cm土层内全盐含量呈幂指数形式分布 ,即地表处含量最高 ,随深度增加逐渐下降 ;而土壤 p H则随深度增加而直线上升。另外 ,土壤中可溶性盐的阴离以 NO-3 为主 ,阳离子以 Ca2 + 为主。这说明选择合理灌水方法 ,是防止土壤退化、提高保护地作物产量和质量的有效途径。  相似文献   

16.
温室内采用的供试作物为青椒,在土壤水分相同的条件下(土壤含水率下限为60%~70%,以占田间持水率的百分比计)通过试验对比分析了日光温室小管出流和沟灌2种灌溉方式对土壤温度、土壤水分、青椒叶绿素含量及长势、产量的影响。研究结果表明,在土层深度为5、15、25、35 cm时,小管出流的土壤温度较沟灌依次高0.24、0.23、0.17、0.30℃。在灌水前后的土壤水分空间分布及含水率均大于沟灌,小管出流灌溉方式下青椒的叶绿素含量较沟灌高6.8%,产量较沟灌增产34%,水分生产率比沟灌提高了0.9倍。  相似文献   

17.
油菜联合直播机组合式船型开沟器设计与开沟质量试验   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
针对冬油菜机械化播种需开畦沟避免渍害的要求,解决长江中下游地区土壤黏重板结、含水率波动大,导致播种时同步开畦沟的稳定性难以保证的实际问题,设计了油菜联合直播机开畦沟系统,提出了一种配合铧式前犁完成开畦沟功能的组合式船型开沟器。根据土壤切削、挤压和犁体曲面形成原理,分析了组合式船型开沟器的触土曲面力学特性,确定了其主要结构参数。以工作幅宽为2 300 mm的2BFQ-8型油菜联合直播机为试验平台,对铧式后犁、船式开沟犁、组合式船型开沟器3种不同结构型式开沟器,在平均土壤含水率为21.4%、31.4%、46.6%,与之对应的平均土壤坚实度为1 320、846、539 k Pa的3种工况下的稻茬田开展了开畦沟性能比较试验,并测绘畦沟沟型断面。试验结果表明:3种工况条件下,组合式船型开沟器均能开出沟宽244.0~271.7 mm、沟深194.0~229.5mm的梯形沟,沟宽和沟深稳定性系数均达90%以上。开沟后种床带厢面宽度稳定,宽度达2 039.0~2 051.5 mm,满足油菜种植开畦沟的农艺要求。  相似文献   

18.
Cablegation is a simple system for automating surface irrigation in small- and medium-sized fields using a gated pipe. In this work, a Programmable Logic Control, PLC, was used to develop an adaptive cablegation system capable of establishing the infiltration equation in real time and then adjusting the irrigation times to the infiltration rate and field geometry. A controlling program was developed for the on-field determination of the infiltration equation, simulation of advance in each furrow, and the optimization and management of the irrigation event. The equipment was tested in three experimental stations, including a Luvissol field organized in contour terraces with furrows of various lengths. The results demonstrate the capability of the system to adapt the application times to the different furrow lengths and the gradual decrease in the soil infiltration and to recommend an application depth that optimizes the Application Efficiency. Various improvements were made to this solar-powered cablegation, resulting in a reliable surface irrigation system capable of unsupervised operation.  相似文献   

19.
Subsurface drip irrigation of processing tomatoes is increasing in California. The common design approach is to bury drip lines 0.2–0.36 m deep in the middle of the plant row, which places drip lines directly beneath plant rows. This design limits the use of the drip irrigation system to only those crops compatible with this drip line and bed spacing, and thus, other design approaches are being investigated to increase the flexibility of the drip systems. These approaches are installing drip lines in alternate furrows and installing drip lines in every furrow, both of which place drip lines midway between plant rows. The furrows are the result of the cultural practices used to form beds for planting.This study investigated the effect of the different drip line placements on crop yield and quality. Results showed that the highest yields occurred for the buried placement and the smallest yields for the alternate furrow placement. For the buried placement, soil water content and root density were concentrated around the drip lines, directly beneath the plant rows, while for the furrow placements, zones of high soil water content and root density did not coincide with the plant rows. However, some growers have found the furrow placement to reduce some of the disease problems normally experienced with the traditional furrow irrigation methods.  相似文献   

20.
There exist capabilities for analyzing the behavior of surface flow and the ultimate distribution of infiltrated water in furrow irrigation. The corresponding synthesis, i.e., the selection of appropriate combinations of inflow rates, cutoff times and length of furrow — design and management, currently not so well established, is treated herein. A design-management nomograph is proposed for free draining graded furrows. This is a plot of efficiency, time of cutoff and uniformity coefficient contours each given on a length-flow rate space adjacent to one another, for a furrow with given infiltration characteristics, flow geometry, slope, roughness and required depth of application. The nomograph can be used to determine the combinations of length, time of cutoff and flow rate that would yield in optimum combination of efficiency and uniformity.  相似文献   

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