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1.
为了提高普鲁兰酶产酶酶活,以GX-6为出发菌株,采用低能离子束修饰技术对其进行诱变,并通过响应面法优化其发酵培养基。结果表明,最佳离子束诱变参数为:注入能量10 keV、诱变剂量1×1015 ions·cm-2、诱变时间38 s,此条件下菌株正突变率比负突变率高,利用离子束诱变技术反复诱变,最终获得一株普鲁兰酶酶活较高且遗传性稳定的突变菌株GX-6-2,其酶活为2.13 U·mL-1,较出发菌株酶活(0.65 U·mL-1)提高了2.28倍。由Plackett-Burmen试验分析得到影响普鲁兰酶酶活的3个显著因素分别是玉米淀粉、麦芽糖和吐温-80。通过响应面试验得到最佳发酵培养参数为:玉米淀粉56.5 g·L-1、麦芽糖11.5 g·L-1、吐温-80 1.0 mL·L-1、黄豆饼粉 25 g·L-1、pH值7.0、发酵温度37℃、接种量3%、发酵时间24 h、装液量50 mL、转速180 r·min-1,此条件下诱变菌株的酶活为2.57 U·mL-1,较出发菌株酶活提高了2.95倍。对突变菌株的发酵特性进行初步研究发现,发酵培养24 h时,突变菌株酶活达到2.67 U·mL-1,较出发菌株提高了3.11倍。本研究结果为利用低能离子束修饰技术诱变选育普鲁兰酶产生菌提供了一定的理论参考。 相似文献
2.
低温挤出-多酶协同降解脱胚玉米中淀粉的机理 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了改变目前挤出酶解谷物淀粉仅添加一种酶制剂(α-淀粉酶),只能降解淀粉的α-1,4糖苷键,不能降解支链淀粉的α-1,6糖苷键,限制淀粉转化成葡萄糖的收率进一步提高的现状,该文应用低温(≤80℃)挤出-多酶(α-淀粉酶、糖化酶、普鲁兰酶)协同降解技术,制备挤出过程中物料的石蜡显微制片,观察脱胚玉米经低温挤出-多酶协同降解处理后,细胞壁、细胞中的淀粉颗粒和蛋白质颗粒的分布状况以及淀粉含量、糊化度、可溶性糖含量的变化。结果表明:在挤出过程中,淀粉发生糊化和降解,表观淀粉质量分数减少,从81.50%减少到74.40%,可溶性糖质量分数增加,从1.07%增加到2.26%,挤出过程中加入酶制剂后这种变化更加明显。添加单一α-淀粉酶表观淀粉质量分数从79.72%减少到69.16%,可溶性糖质量分数从6.54%增加到7.90%。添加α-淀粉酶和糖化酶表观淀粉质量分数从81.42%减少到72.45%,可溶性糖质量分数从11.65%增加到14.71%。添加α-淀粉酶和普鲁兰酶表观淀粉质量分数从81.31%减少到70.31%,可溶性糖质量分数从6.74%增加到8.29%。添加α-淀粉酶、糖化酶、普鲁兰酶3种酶时淀粉质量分数从81.06%减少到69.05%,可溶性糖质量分数从11.25%增加到16.35%。因此,3种酶(α-淀粉酶、糖化酶、普鲁兰酶)协同作用对淀粉降解以及可溶性糖含量的增加作用效果最好。显微切片的分析结果表明:添加3种酶制剂(α-淀粉酶+糖化酶+普鲁兰酶)的切片,细胞结构中淀粉颗粒被降解破坏的程度大于添加1种(耐高温α-淀粉酶)、2种(α-淀粉酶+糖化酶,或者α-淀粉酶+普鲁兰酶)酶制剂的细胞结构中淀粉颗粒被降解破坏的程度。低温挤出-多酶协同降解后,脱胚玉米挤出物的总淀粉含量降低、可溶性糖含量增加,糊化度增加。试验表明:添加3种酶制剂协同降解脱胚玉米中淀粉的作用效果优于添加1种酶制剂或2种酶制剂的淀粉降解效果,为进一步提高淀粉转化成葡萄糖的收率提供科学依据。 相似文献
3.
绿色木霉葡聚糖内切酶Ⅰ基因的定点突变及酶学性质的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
将绿色木霉葡聚糖内切酶EGⅠ基因eg1亚克隆到表达载体pSE380,构建出重组质粒pSE380-eg1,转化到大肠杆菌JM109中表达,利用金属亲和层析对EGI进行纯化,纯化后的酶比活力达到3.8U/mg,其最适反应温度为48℃,最适pH为5.2。同时对EGⅠ的氨基酸残基G291位进行随机定点突变,筛选到一株突变酶G291S,其比活力为野生酶的2.2倍,Km值为野生酶的0.66倍,最适反应温度和最适反应pH值未发生改变。 相似文献
4.
从实验室现有菌种资源中筛选出木聚糖酶高产菌株,发酵液酶活达到408 U;仅采用超滤和凝胶层析2个步骤即从发酵液中提取到电泳纯木聚糖酶,回收率高达69.17 %,比活达到28453.6 U/mg;用ESI-MS/MS法测得该酶氨基酸序列,与该研究室登陆GenBank的木聚糖酶基因表达的氨基酸序列一致;其酶学性质为：采用SDS-PAGE和凝胶层析测得分子量为22.54 kD、21.89 kD;IEF-PAGE测得等电点为9.63;以桦木木聚糖为底物时,Km值和Vmax分别为1.0mg/ml和33.3μmol/（min.ml）,燕麦木聚糖的Km值和Vmax分别为0.5mg/ml和33.3μmol/（min.ml）;最适作用温度60℃,稳定温度0℃~60℃;最适pH5.8,稳定pH3.4~6.4;Fe2+、Co2+有激活作用,Cu2+有强烈抑制作用。 相似文献
5.
环状芽孢杆菌乳糖酶基因在大肠杆菌中的表达及酶学性质分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
摘要: 将环状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus circulans )中的乳糖酶基因在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli )中进行了高效表达, 并测定了表达的乳糖酶的基本酶学性质。结果表明, 表达的乳糖酶有生物学活性, 但与来源于环状芽孢杆菌的原始酶相比, 其酶促反应的最适pH、最适温度、Km值, 以及酶的pH稳定性和温度稳定性等酶学性质均有较大变化。表达的乳糖酶最适pH为5.0, 低于原始酶的pH 6.5; 最适温度为37 ℃, 而原始酶为55 ℃; 其耐酸性、耐热性及对金属离子的抗性等方面比原酶有所提高; 而且表达的乳糖酶Km比原始酶小285倍、Vmax比原始酶大5.4倍，表明经大肠杆菌表达的乳糖酶有较高的底物亲和力，酶促反应效率更高。从乳糖酶的单位表达量来看, 原始酶在环状芽孢杆菌的表达量为20.98 U/mL，而在大肠杆菌中的表达量提高到33.102 U/mL。 相似文献
6.
本研究从威海文登海域筛选获得一株产淀粉酶海洋菌W11,初步鉴定为弧菌,并探讨pH、温度、无机离子对淀粉酶活性和稳定性的影响及该酶底物浓度效应和Km值。结果表明：在pH7.5左右酶活性最高,pH在4.0～7.5范围内体现较强的稳定性。最适酶解温度为55℃,酶液在60℃以下有较好的热稳定性;Ba2＋、Mn2＋对淀粉酶有激活作用,而Cu2＋、Mg2＋、Zn2＋则抑制淀粉酶活性,表观Km值为0.973mg/mL。海洋菌W11所产的中温淀粉酶保存温度范围较广、适应pH作用的范围广及稳定性较强,将有着广泛的应用潜力。 相似文献
7.
对Thermobifida fusca海藻糖合成酶(TreS)保守区域的氨基酸残基I224、N242、Q333、E352和N415进行定点突变,结果表明:位点I224、N242、N415突变后酶的活力与野生型TreS相近,E352位点突变后酶的比活力提高为野生型TreS的1.25倍。突变酶的最适温度、pH、Km和Kcat没有明显变化;突变Q333R则使TreS丧失了酶活力。 相似文献
8.
β-1,3-1,4-内切葡聚糖酶普遍存在于植物内生芽胞杆菌中,为了探讨其功能,以内生解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)TB2菌株基因组为模板,克隆了β-1,3-1,4-内切葡聚糖酶基因(bglS).测序结果表明,该基因的ORF全长732 bp,编码一条243个氨基酸的蛋白,理论分子量约为27.33 kD,等电点约为6.89,其ORF序列已登录GenBank(Accession No.EU368224).Blast同源性分析结果表明,该基因的ORF序列与植物互作生防解淀粉芽胞杆菌(B.amyloliquefaciens FZB42,GenBank Accession No.CP000560)的β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因核苷酸序列的一致性达97.3%,氨基酸序列的一致性达97.1%.将β-1,3-1,4-内切葡聚糖酶基因全长克隆至pUC18载体上,利用基因自身的启动子构建重组表达载体pUC-bglS,并导入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21菌株中表达.SDS-PAGE分析表明,BL21::pUC-bglS菌株表达了27 kD左右的蛋白;该酶的最适反应温度为55℃,在50℃以下保温60 min后残余80%以上酶活;最适反应pH为6.2,在pH4.4～6.8 4℃保温30 min残余85%以上的酶活;Ca2+和Fe肛可提高β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的活性,而Cu2+、Zn2+、Mg2+和Mn2+对其活性具有显著的抑制作用.实验结果为进一步研究植物内生解淀粉芽胞杆菌TB2 β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的功能和应用打下了基础. 相似文献
9.
为获取全新来源并具有潜在高性能的海因酶,本研究通过对海洋沉积物进行以D-对羟基苯海因作为唯一氮源的选择培养基对潜在菌株进行初步筛选,然后通过双层琼脂法和微孔快速筛选法对初筛菌株进行复筛,并结合分子生物学筛选方法进行终筛,最终得到桔橙小单胞菌(Micromonospora aurantiaca,GenBank登录号:FJ547135.1)、金色链霉菌(Streptomnyces aureofaciens,GenBank登录号:AB326923.1)、桑氏链霉菌(Streptomyces sampsonii,GenBank登录号:GU238264.1)和链霉菌7-145(Streptomyces sp.7-145,GenBank登录号:JQ782979.2)4株产D-海因酶的阳性链霉菌.用兼并引物扩增4株阳性菌中的D-海因酶表达序列,转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli),并构建表达相应D-海因酶的工程菌株E.coli S1、E.coli S14、E.coli S29和E.coliS 145,提纯4种D-海因酶,并测定酶的酶活和动力学参数.结果显示,链霉菌7-145菌株中表达的海因酶活性最高,比活力为9.7 U/mg,催化速度常数Kcat=3.2x106/s,Km=9.5 mmol/L.最后利用Swiss-model软件对其进行在线同源模建和Caver Analyst软件对链霉菌7-145菌株来源的海因酶的催化通道进行结构模拟分析.模拟分析结果显示,本研究中D-海因酶的主要催化通道Tunnel 1长度为9.1(A),瓶颈氨基酸残基为59位的组氨酸、181位的组氨酸和313位的谷氨酸,瓶颈半径为2.18 (A);潜在的催化通道Tunnel 2长度为13.6(A),瓶颈氨基酸为62位的苏氨酸、93位的天冬酰胺和107位的色氨酸,瓶颈半径为1.52(A).如果对Tunnel 2通道中的62位的苏氨酸、93位的天冬酰胺和107位的色氨酸进行定点突变,有望开发出一种性能更优的D-海因酶.本研究提供了一种全新的海因酶阳性菌筛选体系,通过计算机模拟手段能够更直观了解海因酶的催化机制,为进一步获得性能更优的海因酶奠定基础. 相似文献
10.
酶解薯类淀粉适用于电镜观察其颗粒表面及内部结构 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了同步研究淀粉颗粒表面小体和壳层结构,用α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和普鲁兰酶,在室温下单一或复合酶解马铃薯、红薯、木薯淀粉颗粒,用扫描电子显微镜观察酶解颗粒并进行性质测试。研究结果表明,单一酶作用时,只有α-淀粉酶可使3种薯类淀粉显露颗粒表面小体(直径29～73 nm)和壳层结构(厚度150～400 nm);马铃薯淀粉的酶解率(1.1%)远低于其他2种淀粉的(14.1%、16.3%)。马铃薯淀粉表面小体的排列较紧密、壳层结构较致密,决定了其具有较强的抗酶解性和较大的峰值黏度(即膨胀能力)。复合酶作用时,α-淀粉酶复合与其单一作用的效果类似。因此单一α-淀粉酶有限酶解法可以作为淀粉颗粒表面小体和壳层结构的研究方法,酶解条件为:酶浓度80 U/mL,室温下酶解12 h。该研究结果为淀粉类产品在实际加工过程中的品质控制提供了理论基础。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
18.
Dhritiman Ghosh Velusamy Srinivasan Olli H. Tuovinen Aaron Peacock Mark Radosevich 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(6):1331-1334
We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg−1 buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg−1 in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation. 相似文献
19.
Pilar García Juan-Vicente Monte Carlos Casanova Consuelo Soler 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(1):103-109
Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed. 相似文献
20.
The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants. 相似文献