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1.
研究了己唑醇在水稻植株、稻田水、土壤、稻壳、糙米中的残留及消解动态。己唑醇的最小检出量分别为2.5×10-11g,在稻田水中的最低检出浓度为1.25×10-3mg/L,在水稻植株、土壤、稻壳和糙米中的最低检出浓度为6.25×10-3mg/kg。湖南长沙和贵州贵阳两地残留消解动态实验结果表明,己唑醇在植株中的半衰期分别为7.44、7.07 d。最终残留实验表明,己唑醇按推荐剂量360g（a.i.）/hm2,分别施药2、3次,在距最后1次施药后的第28d或水稻收获,收获的糙米中己唑醇的残留量均未超过欧盟规定大米中MRL值0.02mg/kg。  相似文献   

2.
采用QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-Ms/MS)建立了戊唑醇在田水、土壤、水稻植株和糙米、稻壳样品中的残留检测方法。样品前处理均采用乙腈作提取剂、PSA和MgSO_4为分散净化剂的QuEchERs方法,利用LC-MS/MS进行检测。当戊唑醇在田水、土壤、植株、糙米和稻壳中的添加浓度为0.005~0.5mg/kg时,其平均回收率在83.2%~109.7%之间,RSD为1.8%~5.7%;戊唑醇的最小检出量为2.5×10~(-11)g,最低检测浓度为0.005 mg/kg。消解动态试验结果显示,戊唑醇在水稻植株、土壤以及田水中的消解动态规律均符合一级动力学方程,其半衰期分别为4.29~6.23d,6.30~11.55d和0.92~3.15d;最终残留试验结果表明,药后35d糙米中的戊唑醇最终残留量为0.435mg/kg,低于我国规定的最大残留限量值0.5mg/kg,建议在稻田上使用3%戊唑醇超低容量液剂时,施药剂量为90g.a.i/ha,施药2次,安全间隔期为35d。  相似文献   

3.
研究了稻田施用氯氟吡氧乙酸后,其在水稻植株、糙米、稻壳、稻田土壤和田水中的残留动态。样品采用氢氧化钠-甲醇溶液振荡提取,二氯甲烷液液分配,甲酯化后经气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定。结果表明:氯氟吡氧乙酸在水稻植株、稻田土壤、田水、糙米和稻壳中的平均 回收率在85.5% ~103.2%之间,相对标准偏差在1.9% ~9.9%之间;其最小检出量为2.0×10-12g, 在植株、糙米、稻壳、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度分别为 0.005,0.02,0.005,0.002 mg/kg 和0.001 mg/L。2007和2008年在安徽潜山、广东广州两地的田间残留试验结果表明:氯氟吡氧乙酸在水稻植株中的降解半衰期为4.9 ~6.0 d,土壤中为5.5 ~8.6 d,田水中为11.0~13.8 d;收获的糙米中氯氟吡氧乙酸的最终残留量在未检出~0.13 mg/kg之间,均低于其在糙米上的最大残留限量(MRL)值0.2 mg/kg(中国)。建议5%氯氟吡氧乙酸可湿性粉剂用于防治水稻田杂草时,施药剂量按有效成分计不得超过168.8 g/hm2,于返青期施药1次。  相似文献   

4.
采用气相色谱电子捕获检测(GC-ECD)建立了水稻中除草剂甲草胺的残留分析方法。样品经乙酸乙酯提取,乙二氨基-N-丙基硅烷(PSA)和石墨化炭黑(GCB)净化后采用GC-ECD检测。结果表明:在0.01~1mg/L范围内甲草胺浓度与响应值线性关系良好,相关系数(r)为0.998 8。当甲草胺在水稻植株、稻壳、糙米、田水和土壤中的添加水平为0.01~0.5mg/kg时,平均回收率为79.5%~113.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.5%~12.7%。甲草胺的最低检出浓度为0.01mg/kg。采用该方法对甲草胺在田间水稻中的消解动态和最终残留进行了测定。甲草胺在稻田植株和田水样品中的消解均符合一级动力学方程。半衰期分别为11.17~26.65d和1.56~1.78d,属于易降解农药。  相似文献   

5.
为评价呋虫胺在水稻生态系统中的残留与消解行为,分别在海南、湖南和黑龙江省3地进行了规范残留试验。建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (UPLC-MS/MS) 检测呋虫胺 (DNF) 及其代谢物1-甲基-3-[(3-四氢呋喃) 甲基]脲 (UF) 与1-甲基-3-[(3-四氢呋喃) 甲基]二氢胍盐 (DN) 在水稻稻株、土壤、田水、糙米和稻壳中残留的分析方法。样品经含体积分数为1%的乙酸水溶液或乙腈溶液提取,QuEChERS方法净化,以甲醇-水混合溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,多反应监测 (MRM) 模式扫描,外标法定量。结果表明:3种分析物的进样浓度与其峰面积之间呈良好线性相关,R2>0.999。DNF、UF和DN在稻株、土壤、田水、糙米和稻壳中的平均回收率在71%~102%之间,在稻株、土壤、田水和糙米中的相对标准偏差 (RSD) 在1.2%~8.3%之间,在稻壳中的RSD在4.4%~20%之间。3种分析物在稻株、土壤、田水、糙米和稻壳中的最低检测浓度 (LOQ) 分别为0.1 mg/kg、0.02 mg/kg、0.01 mg/L、0.02 mg/kg和0.1 mg/kg。DNF、UF和DN的最小检出量分别为1、0.4和4 pg。3种分析物的消解半衰期分别为:DNF在稻株上为0.41~2.7 d,土壤中为1.6~4.2 d,田水中为0.90~2.2 d;DN在稻株上为2.9~13 d,土壤中为64~65 d,田水中为4.2 d;UF在稻株上为0.43~3.1 d。20%呋虫胺悬浮剂以有效成分120~180 g/hm2的剂量于水稻抽穗期施用2~3次,施药间隔期21 d,分别于距末次施药后14 d与21 d采收,呋虫胺在糙米中的残留最大值为0.11 mg/kg,低于中国制定的其在糙米上的最大残留限量标准1 mg/kg。  相似文献   

6.
本文采用QuEChERS方法,建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)快速测定氟唑菌酰胺在水稻糙米、水稻壳、水稻植株、稻田水和土壤样品中的残留分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶(C18)、石墨化炭黑(GCB)和N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)净化后采用外标法进行定量分析。添加浓度为0.1、0.5和1mg/kg时,氟唑菌酰胺在水稻植株、土壤、糙米、稻壳和稻田水中的平均回收率为82.7%~111.7%,变异系数为1.6%~13.0%,氟唑菌酰胺在水稻植株、土壤、糙米、稻壳和稻田水中的最低检出浓度LOQs分别是18.89、2.85、10.27、30.21和3.21μg/kg。该方法的准确度和精密度等均符合农药残留分析的要求。田间试验结果表明,氟唑菌酰胺在水稻植株中的消解动态符合一级动力学方程,安徽、广西和北京三地的水稻植株上的消解半衰期分别为2.5、3.8和9.9d,表明氟唑菌酰胺属于易降解农药。  相似文献   

7.
建立了气相色谱-离子阱质谱（GC-ITMS）检测稻田水、土壤、糙米、稻壳和植株中噻呋酰胺残留的分析方法,通过田间试验研究了噻呋酰胺在稻田中的残留及消解动态。结果表明:在0.03~6 mg/L范围内,噻呋酰胺的进样质量浓度与色谱峰面积间呈良好的线性关系;在添加水平为0.03、0.3和3 mg/L时,噻呋酰胺在田水、土壤、糙米、稻壳和水稻植株中的平均回收率在71%~100%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）在1.8%~11.4%之间。噻呋酰胺在以上基质中的方法定量限（LOQ）为0.03 mg/kg,检出限（LOD）为0.01 mg/kg。分别用一级动力学方程和二级动力学方程对消解动态试验数据进行了拟合,田水中噻呋酰胺的消解半衰期为2.4~9.2 d,土壤中的为1.8~10.3 d,植株中的为1.3~4.1 d。本研究结果表明,在有效使用剂量不高于169.2 g/hm2,水稻生育期施药次数不超过3次的条件下,稻谷成熟收获时噻呋酰胺在稻谷中的残留量远低于中国国家标准中规定的3 mg/kg。  相似文献   

8.
二氯喹啉草酮是经中国农业农村部批准登记的茎叶处理除草剂,迄今为止对其潜在的环境污染尚未见报道。本研究建立了一种采用QuEChERS前处理方法结合高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱 (HPLC-MS/MS) 联用技术检测二氯喹啉草酮在水稻植株、稻谷和土壤中残留的方法,并采用该方法测定了二氯喹啉草酮在水稻植株中的消解动态和最终残留。结果表明:二氯喹啉草酮的进样质量浓度与其峰面积间呈良好的线性相关,R2>0.99;其在植株、土壤、田水、稻壳和糙米中的平均回收率在78%~99%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 在3.9%~11%之间,在植株、土壤、田水、稻壳和糙米中的最低检测浓度 (LOQ) 均为0.002 mg/kg。二氯喹啉草酮在水稻植株中的消解半衰期为6.7~12.8 d。以有效成分900~1 350 g/hm2的剂量于水稻苗期施用1次,在施药96 d后采集的土壤、稻壳和糙米中均未检测出二氯喹啉草酮。本研究结果可为水稻中二氯喹啉草酮最大残留限量值和田间使用规范的制定提供参考。  相似文献   

9.
采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)建立了水稻中多杀霉素的残留分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,乙二氨基-N-丙基硅烷(PSA)和石墨化碳黑(GCB)净化,HPLC-MS/MS检测。结果表明:多杀霉素A在0.006 ~1.2 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(R2)为0.990 5;多杀霉素D在0.001~0.2 mg/L范围内线性关系良好, R2 为0.994 9。多杀霉素A和D的检出限(LOD)在田水中均为0.001 mg/L,在稻田土壤、水稻植株、糙米、稻壳和稻杆中均为0.005 mg/kg;多杀霉素A和D的定量限(LOQ)在田水中均为0.005 mg/L,在稻田土及各水稻基质中分别为0.06和0.01 mg/kg。在添加水平为0.005~6.0 mg/kg范围内,稻田土壤、田水及水稻各基质中多杀霉素A和D的平均回收率为72.9%~107.9%,相对标准偏差( RSD )为1.7%~13.5%。采用该方法对多杀霉素在田间水稻中的消解动态和最终残留进行了测定。结果表明,多杀霉素在稻田土壤、田水和水稻植株样品中的消解均符合一级动力学方程,半衰期分别约为7.5、1.2和 4.8 d,属于易降解农药。  相似文献   

10.
五氟磺草胺在稻田中的消解动态及残留特性   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  
建立了超高效液相色谱-质谱联用检测五氟磺草胺在水稻植株、稻田土壤、田水和糙米中残留的分析方法,结合田间试验研究了五氟磺草胺在稻田环境中的消解及残留特性,并对稻米中五氟磺草胺残留的膳食暴露进行了初步评估。结果表明:在0.005~0.5 mg/L范围内,五氟磺草胺的质量浓度与对应的峰面积间呈良好线性关系,检出限（LOD）为0.001~0.002 mg/kg,定量限（LOQ）为0.003~0.005 mg/kg。在0.005~0.5 mg/kg添加水平下,五氟磺草胺在水稻植株、稻田土壤、田水和糙米中的平均回收率在89%~106%之间,相对标准偏差在2.8%~8.5%之间。浙江、福建和黑龙江2年3地的田间试验表明:0.025%五氟磺草胺颗粒剂在水稻植株、稻田土壤和田水中的消解半衰期分别为1.5~3.3,3.0~4.7和1.6-3.0 d,说明该药剂在稻田环境中消解速率较快。以五氟磺草胺有效成分含量37.5和56.3 g/hm2分别施药1次,于水稻成熟期采样检测,发现其在糙米中的残留量低于0.005 mg/kg,表明其膳食摄入风险很低,该研究结果可为五氟磺草胺风险评估提供一定参考。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

13.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

14.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

15.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

16.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

17.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

18.
Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.  相似文献   

19.
Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F 3, F 4 and F 5, but not in F 1 and F 2 that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F 1 and F 2 in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.  相似文献   

20.
Solacol®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.  相似文献   

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