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1.
葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PDH)是磷酸戊糖途径中的关键限速酶,在植物生长发育及非生物胁迫响应中发挥重要作用。本研究利用生物信息学对小麦 G6PDH基因家族成员进行鉴定,并对该家族基因编码蛋白的理化性质、进化关系、亚细胞定位、基因复制事件以及在不同组织和不同胁迫下的表达模式进行分析。结果表明,在小麦基因组中共鉴定到14个 G6PDH基因家族成员,分布在小麦2A、2B、2D、4A、4B、4D、6A、6B和6D染色体上,其中5个基因编码的蛋白为胞质型,9个为质体型。亚细胞定位预测表明,胞质型G6PDH蛋白主要定位于细胞质上,而质体型G6PDH蛋白主要定位于叶绿体上。根据系统进化和保守结构域特征,可将14个小麦G6PDH蛋白分为Cy、P0、P1和P2四个亚组。共线性分析表明,小麦 G6PDH基因家族成员存在17对片段重复基因。RNA-seq分析结果表明,小麦 G6PDH基因家族成员在不同组织中存在明显的表达差异,其中 TaG6PDH1-2A/2B/2D基因在根中的表达量最高; TaG6PDH2-2A和 TaG6PDH2-2B基因在干旱胁迫后1 h以及热胁迫后6 h均上调表达。进一步利用qRT-PCR检测6个小麦 G6PDH基因在干旱和盐胁迫下的表达模式,发现分别有5个基因在小麦根中均上调表达,推测小麦 G6PDH基因在非生物胁迫响应过程中发挥着重要功能。 相似文献
2.
Apigenin di-C-glycosides (ACGs) are present in the grain of bread wheat and other related cereals primarily as one or two sets of Wesseley-Moser isomers containing either arabinose and glucose (ACG1) or arabinose and galactose (ACG2) on the A ring of apigenin. These compounds may contribute to the yellow colour of wheat-based products made under alkaline conditions and in addition, have possible roles in a number of plant physiology processes and human health. The aims of this investigation were to survey genetic variation for ACG content and composition in hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to examine ACGs in the putative progenitors of hexaploid wheat and available genetic stocks as a first step towards understanding the mechanisms involved in their biosynthesis and genetic control. Substantial variation in both grain ACG content and the ratio, ACG1/ACG2, were identified within bread wheat cultivars and related species. Genotype controlled the major portion of the variation. ACG content appeared to be a multigenic trait whereas variation in ACG1/ACG2 was associated with a limited number of chromosomes, in particular chromosomes 1B, 7B and 7D. The results suggest that it should be possible to manipulate both ACG content and composition traits through breeding. 相似文献
3.
从人工合成六倍体小麦SHW-L1改良后代中选育的5个春小麦新品系,在青海表现出比对照品种高原448更优的农艺性状和产量潜力,推测源于外源物种的野生不良性状被淘汰,保留在新品系中的外源染色体区段可能对遗传改良有贡献。为了了解源自人工合成小麦SHW-L1的外源染色体区段在这5个改良新品系中的分布,利用11 660个具有染色体位置信息的多态性DArTseq标记对这5个改良品系进行了外源染色体区段分析。结果表明,共检测到78个外源染色体区段,其中,65个为源于四倍体小麦的A和B基因组,13个为来自于节节麦的D基因组。24个源于四倍体小麦的外源染色体区段分布于3个以上的品系中,这些区段主要来自于A基因组,其中2A有8个,7A有4个,1A有3个,6A有3个。本研究材料来自于混合选择,不同品系共有的外源染色体区段可能含有对当前育种有价值的重要基因位点或基因簇,这样的区段将是下一步关注的重点。 相似文献
4.
远缘杂交及异源多倍化导致许多重要作物的起源与进化，而芸薹属栽培异源四倍种是研究作物异源多倍化的模式系统之一。异源多倍体是如何调控及协调来自不同二倍体祖先的不同基因组的遗传行为及基因表达，是过去二十年间的研究热点和重要的生物学问题。利用不断发展的分子生物学技术，一方面揭示出芸薹属及其他多倍体物种基因组表现出动态性质，即在形成初期及长期进化过程中持续发生遗传及表观遗传的变化；另一方面发现异源多倍化过程中伴随着大量的基因表达模式改变，包括非加性表达、超亲表达、表达水平显性、部分同源偏向表达、基因剂量平衡效应等现象。上述基因组结构、表观遗传改变以及基因表达模式的调控，使新产生的多倍体得以成功进化为新物种。 相似文献
5.
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity causes undesirable darkening of raw Asian noodles and other wheat products. In this study we investigate the genetic origins and diversity of wheat kernel PPO. PPO was characterized via activity assays, antigenic staining, and Southern blots in Triticum aestivum, Triticum dicoccoides, Triticum durum, Triticum dicoccum, Triticum monococcum, Triticum urartu, Aegilops speltoides, and Aegilops tauschii. Among these species, PPO activity was well-correlated with antigenic staining intensity toward a wheat kernel-type PPO antibody. High PPO activity was observed in all three T. monococcum accessions (Am genome), one Ae. speltoides accession, one T. durum accession, and two hexaploid wheat cultivars. Southern blots suggested the presence of two or more kernel-type PPO genes in diploid progenitors of the hexaploid A, B, and D genomes. Whole-kernel PPO activity was evaluated in disomic substitution lines derived from three T. dicoccoides accessions in the background of T. durum ‘Langdon’. PPO activity was primarily associated with chromosome 2A and to a much lower degree with chromosome 2B. DNA sequence comparisons showed that the intron associated with the high PPO allele on chromosome 2AL of hexaploid wheat had 94% nucleotide identity with the homeologous intron found in T. monococcum, a species with high kernel PPO activity. This implies that the ancestral PPO allele on the A genome is one of the high activity, and the low PPO allele found in hexaploid wheat represents a relatively recent genetic alteration. Results confirm the presence of multiple kernel-type PPO genes in the diploid and tetraploid progenitors and relatives of hexaploid wheat. However, it is likely that relatively few of the many kernel-type PPO genes present in wheat contribute substantially to kernel PPO activity. A single genetic locus on homeologous group 2 chromosomes may be the primary cause of high PPO activity in wheat kernels. 相似文献
6.
SnRK2是一种植物特异性的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶，在植物生长发育和胁迫耐受信号传递过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。为探索SnRK2在小麦抗逆中的作用，基于最新的小麦基因组信息，采用blastp和hmmer两种方法在普通小麦中共鉴定到30个SnRK2基因家族成员。系统发育分析表明，SnRK2基因在普通小麦及其祖先物种的进化过程中高度保守。利用RNA seq数据分析小麦SnRK2基因在不同组织以及不同胁迫条件下的表达模式，结果表明，小麦SnRK2基因家族成员在不同组织以及不同胁迫条件下表达量均存在差异，且具有显著的组织特异性。通过qRT PCR进一步验证6个小麦SnRK2基因的表达模式，发现不同基因之间的表达量存在明显差异，推测小麦SnRK2基因家族的部分成员出现功能分化。随后，利用已发表的六倍体小麦重测序数据，分析不同小麦群体中SnRK2基因的核苷酸多样性(Pi)和分化指数(Fst)，并解析单倍型，推测Ta 5B SnRK2.28基因的AA单倍型为优异等位变异。通过同源建模预测小麦SnRK2蛋白的三维结构，发现小麦SnRK2蛋白结构在进化上高度保守。 相似文献
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8.
High temperature has a negative impact on wheat grain quality and reduces market value. Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank), one of the earliest domesticated wheat species, is a source of genetic diversity for the improvement of heat and drought tolerance in modern wheat. However, the potential of emmer wheat for the improvement of grain physical quality under high temperature stress is little studied. A diverse set of 184 emmer-based hexaploid lines was developed by crossing emmer wheat with hexaploid wheat and backcrossing once to hexaploid wheat. These materials, seven hexaploid recurrent parents and seven commercial cultivars, were evaluated at two times of sowing (E1 and E2) in the field, in 2015–2016. The materials were genotyped using a 90 K SNP platform and these data were used to estimate the contribution of emmer wheat to the progeny. Significant phenotypic and genetic variation for grain physical quality traits including protein content and test weight was observed. High temperature significantly increased protein content and decreased test weight. Large scale field phenotyping identified emmer progenies with improved grain characteristic compared to their respective parents and commercial cultivars in both environments. A few families consistently produced higher trait means across environments compared to their recurrent parents. The emmer wheat parent contributed between 1 and 37% of the genome in emmer-based genotypes. Selected emmer derived lines with superior protein content and test weight, tended to have a greater genetic contribution from the emmer parent, ranging from 12 to 37% and 7–37% in E1 and E2, respectively. It was concluded that new genetic variation for seed traits, such as protein content and test weight, can be introduced to hexaploid wheat from emmer wheat. The newly developed emmer derivatives identified with enhanced grain quality under high temperature stress can potentially be used to improve grain quality through breeding. 相似文献
9.
节节麦(Aegilops tauschii,DD)是六倍体普通小麦D基因组的祖先,其自然类群中含有丰富的抗逆、高产基因,利用其与四倍体硬粒小麦合成的六倍体小麦在现代小麦育种中得到了愈来愈多的应用。本课题在野生节节麦类群中发现了大穗、大粒材料AT462,利用其作母本与节节麦材料AT18(强分蘖)杂交;构建了F2、F3群体,通过调查亲本和群体单株的穗长、小穗数、粒长、粒宽和粒重等表型,对这些穗部性状进行了相关性分析和遗传分析。结果表明:(1)在F2和F3群体中,粒重、粒长与穗长之间不存在显著相关性,而且穗长与粒宽之间在两个群体中的平均相关系数绝对值小于0.1,粒重与小穗数之间的相关系数绝对值小于0.2,表明节节麦大粒相关性状不受穗长的影响,受小穗数影响也较小;(2)采用F2单世代分离分析的方法对节节麦AT462×AT18的F2群体大穗、大粒相关性状进行遗传分析,其中穗长受2对具有加性效应的主效基因控制;粒重和小穗数均同时受2对基因的加性效应、显性效应以及互作效应控制,其中加性效应占主导地位;粒长、粒宽均受2对基因的加性效应、显性效应以及互作效应控制,且三种效应较为均衡。这说明控制节节麦粒重、穗长、小穗数等产量性状相关基因的加性效应在遗传中占主导地位,在育种中较易利用,且其主效基因的遗传力达0.9。 相似文献
10.
Electrophoretic (urea SDS–PAGE) and chromatographic (RP–HPLC) analysis was performed on 8 allelic variants of HMW glutenin subunits derived fromTriticum tauschiiand from the D genome of a hexaploid wheat species (Triticum macha) and hexaploid landraces. These subunits had been previously identified using SDS–PAGE. The characterisation revealed that subunits Dy10tand Dy12tfromT. tauschiicould be differentiated from their bread wheat counterparts using both urea SDS–PAGE and RP–HPLC. In the latter case, theT. tauschiiy-type subunits were clearly more hydrophobic than the Dy type subunits of bread wheat. The characterisation also suggested that subunit Dx5t, derived from two separateT. tauschiiaccessions, did not contain the extra cysteine residue characteristic of Dx5 from bread wheat. RFLP analysis of the genes encoding the HMW glutenin subunits of interest suggested that the absence of Dx-type HMW glutenins in two hexaploid landraces was due to lack of expression of their encoding genes. The relationship betweenHindIII DNA fragment size and protein subunit size, as measured by electrophoretic mobility, is examined and discussed. Finally, the solubility properties of a HMW protein designated T1 (derived fromT. tauschiiaccession AUS 18913) suggested that it was not a HMW glutenin subunit as was previously thought. Further studies are needed to clarify the identity of this subunit. 相似文献
11.
为挖掘更多的茎基腐病抗性QTL用于分子标记辅助育种,以中抗茎基腐病品种CI12633和感茎基腐病品种扬麦158的重组自交系群体为材料,采用SSR和SNP等分子标记对群体中的94个家系进行基因型分析,绘制遗传连锁图,并结合3次室内群体的茎基腐病抗性鉴定结果对小麦茎基腐病抗性QTL进行定位。结果表明,与小麦茎基腐病抗性相关的QTL分布在1D、2B、3B(2)、7A和7D染色体上,可解释9.2%～14.6%的表型变异;1D和3B染色体上的抗性QTL来自CI12633,2B、7A和7D染色体上的抗性QTL来自扬麦158;1D、2B和3B(与Chr3B_479785994紧密连锁)染色体上的抗性QTL为茎基腐病抗性主效QTL。发现的QTL及其紧密连锁的分子标记可为今后开展抗茎基腐病小麦分子标记辅助育种提供帮助。 相似文献
12.
为明确小麦不同近缘种籽粒蛋白质积累的演进规律,以二倍体野生一粒小麦(T. boeoticum)、栽培一粒小麦(T.monococcum)、节节麦(Ae.tauschii)和黑麦(S.cereale),四倍体野生二粒小麦(T.dicoccoides)、栽培二粒小麦(T.dicoccum)和硬粒小麦(T.durum),六倍体普通小麦(T. aestivum)扬麦9号、豫麦34和扬麦158为材料,采用盆栽试验研究了小麦不同近缘种籽粒蛋白质积累的动态变化及相关酶活性的差异.结果表明,与六倍体普通小麦相比,二倍体和四倍体材料籽粒产量和蛋白质产量低,但蛋白质含量高,其灌浆初期氮代谢能力比较强,硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶(GPT)活性较高,蛋白质积累速度快;除黑麦外,其他二倍体和四倍体材料蛋白质合成关键酶活性下降早而快,在灌浆中后期低于普通小麦,蛋白质积累的功能期较短.因此,普通小麦灌浆后期较高的氮代谢酶活性和较长的持续期是提高籽粒产量和蛋白质合成的重要生理原因. 相似文献
13.
CO蛋白(CONSTANS)是光周期途径中重要的调控因子,为了从普通小麦中进一步挖掘COlike基因,利用同源克隆的方法得到与大麦HvCO9基因同源的小麦TaCO9基因。结果表明,在冬性品种西农889中,初步克隆得到TaCO9基因的三个同源序列,分别命名为TaCO9-1、TaCO9-2、TaCO9-3。其cDNA序列全长均为870bp,开放阅读框为1 977bp,编码289个氨基酸,含有CO-like蛋白家族典型的CCT结构域,但不含B-box结构域;而在春性品种中发现TaCO9-1序列的第二外显子区域有6个碱基的插入,利用中国春缺-四体材料将该序列定位于小麦的1A染色体,命名为TaCO9-1A。系统发育分析表明,TaCO9蛋白与水稻Ghd7及大麦HvCO9位于同一分支。空间结构分析表明,其CCT结构域的NF-YA2区域较为保守,而该区域与CCAAT box互作相关。本研究克隆得到的TaCO9基因可能是小麦CO-like基因家族的新成员,与大麦HvCO9基因的结构相似,可作为新的小麦光周期候选基因加以研究利用。 相似文献
14.
Molecular genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci associated with loaf volume in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. Elangovan R. Rai B.B. Dholakia M.D. Lagu R. Tiwari R.K. Gupta V.S. Rao M.S. Rder V.S. Gupta 《Journal of Cereal Science》2008,47(3):587-598
Major efforts in wheat research are being made to improve the yield and quality of wheat. Loaf volume (Lv) is the main quality parameter deciding the bread making potential of wheat. To genetically dissect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Lv, a Recombinant Inbred Line (RIL) population (F8) was developed from a cross between two Indian wheat varieties “HI 977” and “HD 2329”. A total of 914 SSR and 100 ISSR primers were used for molecular analysis and the genetic map comprising 19 chromosomes was constructed with 202 SSR markers and 2 HMW glutenin subunit loci: Glu-B1 and Glu-D1. The phenotypic data were collected from six environments including three different agro-climatic zones for 2 consecutive years. Dissection of Lv through AMMI model revealed significant G×E variance for the trait. QTL analysis was performed using composite interval mapping. A total of 30 QTLs for Lv were detected and significant QTLs were identified on 6B and 6D chromosomes; 1B, 1D, 2A, 3A, 5B and 5D also contributed genetically to Lv. Association between 6B and 6D QTLs and variable expression of gliadins on group 6 chromosomes were discussed. QTLs detected in this study were compared with other QTL analysis in wheat. 相似文献
15.
易位是一种常见的染色体变异类型,在小麦进化及育种进程中发挥了较大的作用。为给小麦育种改良提供新的材料,本研究采用非变性原位杂交（ND-FISH）技术,对八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦品种川麦107杂交产生的高代稳定品系进行分析鉴定。结果发现,4个小麦品系TC、19Y-145、19Y-185和19Y-200分别在7B与3D、2D与3B、7B与4D和3B与3D染色体之间发生了相互易位。在TC、19Y-145中,易位断裂点发生在着丝粒区域,分别形成3DS·7BS和3DL·7BL、2DS·3BS和2DL·3BL相互易位染色体。在19Y-185中,易位断裂点发生在7B染色体的长臂和4D染色体的短臂上,构成4DS-7BS·7BL和4DL·4DS-7BL相互易位染色体。在19Y-200中,易位断裂点发生在3B染色体和3D染色体的长臂上,形成3DL-3BS·3BL和3DS·3DL-3BL相互易位染色体。在这4种易位类型中,除3B与3D染色体易位有报道外,其余3种均为新的易位类型。推测这些染色体相互易位类型可能与四川独特的环境气候有关。本研究获得的小麦染色体有益相互易位类型,不仅能够拓宽小麦的遗传基础,也可为研究小麦的染色体变异和种质创新提供新的材料。 相似文献
16.
高亲和性钾离子转运蛋白（high-affinity K+ transporter，HKT）是植物体内一种非常重要的离子转运蛋白，具有运输Na+/K+的能力，在植物响应盐胁迫过程中发挥重要作用。为系统了解小麦TaHKT家族基因，挖掘有效的小麦耐盐基因，本研究采用生物信息学的方法，对小麦TaHKT家族基因进行了全基因组分析，鉴定了家族成员，构建了系统进化树,并对其跨膜结构域、染色体定位、基因结构、Motif、上游顺式作用元件、共线性以及表达谱等进行了分析。结果鉴定出23个TaHKT基因，其编码蛋白质长度为443~590 aa，等电点范围8.2~10.4，跨膜结构域为6~8个。23个基因分布于小麦的2、4、6、7号染色体上，根据亲缘关系可将其分为3个亚族，同一亚族的成员具有较为相似的Motif组成和基因结构。23个基因中，发现了4对串联重复基因，10对大片段复制基因，具有良好的共线性。顺式作用元件分析发现，大部分TaHKT成员含有盐胁迫响应元件MYB、G-box、ABRE和DRE。表达谱分析发现，TaHKT基因在小麦的16种组织中均有表达，在根、茎中的表达量较高，其中TraesCS4D02G361300（ID,下同）在根中的表达量最高。在盐胁迫处理后，不同成员对盐胁迫响应程度不同，TraesCS7B02G318400在盐胁迫处理后表达量逐渐降低；TraesCS2B02G451400和TraesCS2D02G428200在盐胁迫处理后的表达量也明显降低；TraesCS2B02G451800在根部几乎不表达，但在受到盐胁迫处理后表达量逐渐提高，推测它们在小麦抵御盐胁迫过程中发挥不同作用。 相似文献
17.
Genetic dissection of dough rheology traits (DRT) in hexaploid wheat was carried out using nine mixograph characters evaluated in two consecutive years in three agro-climatic zones in India in an RIL population (HI977 × HD2329). Pearson correlations determined in each year-location indicated 15 stable trait inter-relationships among them but inconsistent correlations with loaf volume (LV) were observed. Using AMMI analysis we derived patterns in G × E interactions (GEI) indicating 6–47% contribution for the DRT. Composite interval mapping using a linkage map of 202 SSR markers identified 144 DRT QTLs of which, 96 were detected in single- and the rest in two to five year-locations. Sixteen QTL clusters located on ten chromosomes were identified and only three of them on chromosomes 1B, 5B and 6D involved LV QTLs. For each trait, majority of the DRT QTLs detected in single as well as multiple environments showed location-specificity and suggested that owing to GEI, breeding for wheat dough quality might need careful selection of QTLs targeted for individual agro-climatic zones. The inconsistent correlations of DRT and LV and differential locations of their QTLs in this population corroborated that using dough rheological traits alone to predict LV might pose challenges during wheat improvement. 相似文献
18.
为了解人工合成六倍体小麦(Synthetic hexapliod wheats,SHW)导入对普通小麦品质的影响及其潜在利用价值,2004～2005年,对重组近交系群体(人工合成六倍体小麦Syn-CD780×普通小麦品种CY12)的主要品质指标进行了检测.结果表明,籽粒硬度、籽粒蛋白质含量、降落值、湿面筋含量、吸水率、形成时间和稳定时间等7个品质参数的群体平均值都介于两个亲本之间,只有降落值和面团稳定时间2个参数的群体平均值高于Syn-CD780.在131个株系中,有15个株系的综合品质指标较为突出.非遮雨处理的籽粒硬度和吸水率显著低于遮雨处理,而籽粒蛋白质含量、降落值、湿面筋含量和稳定时间等4个品质指标则相反,表明遮雨与否对小麦品质参数的影响较大.Syn-CD780在小麦品质改良上有一定的潜在利用价值. 相似文献
19.
小麦产量性状的QTL分析 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：14
为寻找更多与小麦产量性状相关的数量性状位点（QTL），利用江苏地方品种望水白与墨西哥小麦品种Alondra杂交构建的重组自交系群体（104个家系），在3个试验环境下进行了单株有效穗数、主穗粒数、单穗粒数和千粒重4个性状的QTL分析，结果在5A染色体上检测到与单株有效穗数相关、可以解释10．3％～18．8％表型变异的QTL1个；检测到与主穗粒数相关的QTL8个，分别位于染色体1B、1D、3B、4A、5D、6B上和连锁群4上（未知具体染色体归属），单个QTL可以解释9．9％～19．9％的表型变异；检测到与单穗粒数相关的QTL11个，分别位于染色体1B、1D、2A、2B、3B、4A、5D、6B和7A上，单个QTL可解释7．5％～43．4％的表型变异；检测到与千粒重相关的QTL5个，分别位于2A、2B、3B、4D和7A染色体上，单个QTL可解释9．6％～25．7％的表型变异。获得的QTL可以用于分子标记辅助育种。 相似文献
20.
Kr1基因是小麦远缘杂交不亲和主效基因,为了解其表达及调控机制,本研究系统比较了小麦自花授粉和小麦×玉米远缘杂交两个过程中Kr1基因的表达差异,同时分析了这两个过程中Kr1基因部分序列的DNA甲基化状态。结果表明,Kr1基因在小麦自花授粉过程中始终处于低量表达或不表达状态,而在小麦×玉米远缘杂交过程中的表达呈动态变化,具体表现为授粉前低量表达,授粉后迅速大量表达,24h后又恢复为低量表达,高峰表达时期在外源花粉授入后0.5~2h左右。DNA甲基化分析显示,小麦自花授粉前后Kr1基因一直处于较高水平的甲基化状态,分别为58%和62%;而在授以玉米花粉后,Kr1基因迅速去甲基化,在0.5h内降到12%,在其后的1、2、24h内一直维持在10%~12%的低甲基化水平,表明DNA甲基化修饰参与了Kr1基因在小麦×玉米远缘杂交中的表达调控。 相似文献