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1.
《Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research》2008,3(5):207-217
In a questionnaire survey of dog owners, 88% of respondents’ dogs had received some form of training. Training methods varied; 16% of owners said that they used only positive reinforcement, 12% used a combination of positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement, 32% used a combination of positive reinforcement and positive punishment, and the remaining 40% used a combination of all categories. Seventy-two percent of owners used some form of positive punishment. The mean number of potentially undesirable behaviors reported was 11.3 per dog. Attendance at formal training classes did not significantly affect the total number of potentially undesirable behaviors reported. However, dogs that had attended puppy socialization classes were less likely to show an undesirable reaction to dogs from outside the household, and owners who carried out informal training at home, but did not attend any form of formal training class, were more likely to report some form of aggression in their dog. The training method used by owners was also related to the total number of potentially undesirable behaviors shown by the dogs. When individual categories of potentially undesirable behavior were investigated, the type of training method used was also significantly associated with attention-seeking score, fear (avoidance) score, and aggression score. Other factors related to the overall number of potentially undesirable behaviors included the age and origin of the dog. 相似文献
2.
本文阐述了动物行为训练的生物学背景和相应的心理学和神经生理学原理,论述了动物四种学习方式以及动物训练的两种方法：强化和惩罚。 相似文献
3.
In dog training, the question of preventing unwanted behaviours is lively discussed. On the one hand, many dog owners are faced with the problem to be obliged to interrupt certain behaviours in their dog. On the other hand, uncertainty regarding the use of any form of punishment is widely spread among dog owners. The discussion ranges from the principle question whether punishment should be employed at all, to the question which form of punishment is still adequate and which form is not. When discussing this issue from a more scientific point of view, one has to consider the learning theories in dogs including the different forms of conditioning, the association timing as well as the correct application of reinforcement and punishment. When considering scientific research as regards the use of punishment in dog training, only the use of electric training collars has been assessed with the aid of physiologic data. In this study, no considerable impact on the animals could be observed if these devices were correctly used. Concerning other forms of punishment, studies which include physiologic data as means to measure stress are still non-existing. Such studies are currently carried out at our institute. The results of these surveys should be included in further discussions on whether the use of electric training collars should be permitted in certain areas of dog training. 相似文献
4.
Instrumental learning plays an important role in dog–human interactions. The recent demand for pet dog training has resulted in the development of various training methods. The present exploratory study aims to compare the effects of 2 training methods on both the behavioral welfare of the dog and the dog–owner relationship: the first method is based on positive reinforcement (appearance of an appetitive stimulus), whereas the second method is based on negative reinforcement (disappearance of an aversive stimulus). The study compared behaviors linked to signs of stress and attentive behaviors toward the owner in 2 dog training schools, which used different methods. Walking on-leash activity and obeying the “sit” command were studied. The results show that dogs from the school using a negative reinforcement–based method demonstrated lowered body postures and signals of stress, whereas dogs from the school using a positive reinforcement–based method showed increased attentiveness toward their owner. However, neither method affected avoidance behaviors. This exploratory study reveals the differential effects of the 2 training methods on dogs' behaviors; it suggests that training methods based on positive reinforcement are less stressful and potentially better for their welfare. 相似文献
5.
《Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine》2014,23(3):230-233
Behavior and behavior-associated issues are an important part of psittacine medicine. However, many veterinarians have an approach to parrots from the basics of handling and restraint to their assessment of behavioral issues (e.g., feather plucking), that fails to take into account the importance of understanding a bird’s natural behavior in the wild, and how these actions can be adapted to optimize interactions between the bird and their human owners. Understanding how to influence parrot behavior by positive reinforcement rather than punishment is key to improving the welfare of these captive birds and their owners. 相似文献
6.
This paper reports the results of a case-control study of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases born in Great Britain after the statutory reinforcement of the ban (BARB) on the feeding of mammalian-derived meat and bone meal on 31 July 1996. A total of 499 suspect clinical cases of BSE, born after 31 July 1996, and reported negative by July 31, 1996 and were compared with the set of 164 confirmed Great BARB cases in Great Britain detected by both passive and active surveillance. Animal-level risk factors (age and type of feed offered) and herd-level risk factors (herd size and type, number of prereinforced feed ban BSE cases born on the holding, the presence of other domestic species and waste management) were obtained for the analysis. BARB cases were 2.56 times (95 per cent CI 1.29 to 5.07) more likely to be exposed to homemix or a combination of homemix and proprietary feeds were 0.59 times (95 per cent CI 0.50 to 0.69) as less likely to be exposed to the unit increases in the number of prereinforced feed ban BSE cases diagnosed on the natal holding. A supplementary spatial analysis of these cases revealed three areas of excess BARB density: Northwest and Southwest of Wales and Northeast of Scotland. 相似文献
7.
Addie DD McLachlan SA Golder M Ramsey I Jarrett O 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2004,6(2):63-67
A commercially available in-practice test for feline coronavirus (FCoV) antibodies (FCoV Immunocomb, Biogal Galed Laboratories) was evaluated by comparison with the gold standard FCoV immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test. One hundred and three serum or plasma samples were selected and tested: 70 were positive by both tests, 24 were negative by both tests. The in-practice test produced five false positive and four false negative results. The sensitivity of the in-practice test was 95% and the specificity was 83%. When the titres were compared it was found that the in-practice test results were significantly correlated with IFA titres but the degree of correlation was not likely to be clinically useful. The IFA titres of the four false negative samples were found to be low (less than 40) which suggests that even a cat with a false negative result is still unlikely to be excreting FCoV. A negative result with the in-practice assay is likely to be reliable for screening cats prior to entry into an FCoV-free cattery or stud. It would also be useful in the investigation of suspected FIP as most cats with this condition have high IFA titres of antibodies. A strong positive result would be useful in the diagnosis of FIP (in conjunction with other biochemical and cytological testing), but positive results would be of limited value in monitoring FCoV infection in healthy cats as the antibody titre could not be reliably compared with those obtained with IFA. All positive results obtained using the in-practice kit should be confirmed and titrated by IFA. The kit also appeared to work efficiently with ascites samples (n=6) but too few samples were analysed to draw firm conclusions. 相似文献
8.
Transport-related problem behaviors (TRPBs) in horses are an animal welfare concern, and many training methods in loading/travelling have been recommended to reduce their incidence. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of TRPB and training methods in Australia and to identify risks for and consequences of TRPB. An online survey was conducted, and respondents reported whether and how they trained horses for loading and/or travelling. They were also asked whether their horses suffered from transport-related problem behaviors or injuries, the industry sector in which they participated and details of the vehicle used for transport. TRPB were classified into preloading, loading, travelling (TPB), and unloading. Training methods were classified into operant conditioning (OC), self-loading (SL), habituation (H), and no training (NT). TRPB were reported by 38.0% of respondents, mainly at loading and travelling. Although 43.5% of respondents did not train their horses, OC, H, and SL were applied by 25.5%, 20.2%, and 10.8%, respectively. In 98% of cases, OC was applied by negative reinforcement/positive punishment. Training method was identified as a risk factor for all types of TRPB: their odds were higher in horses trained by OC and NT compared to SL and H. Racing horses were at high risk of TPB (P < .001). Two-horse straight float was associated with a higher risk of preloading (P = .018) and loading problem behaviors (P = .007) and injuries (P = .022). While loading and travelling problems were a risk factor for transport-related injuries, H and SL reduced this risk. These training approaches are recommended to safeguard horse welfare during transport. 相似文献
9.
The aim of this questionnaire-based retrospective study was to ascertain veterinary practitioners in the British Isles' approaches to osteoarthritis in dogs. The Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple ordinal logistic regression were used to compare demographic data with treatment options. Questionnaires were returned by 228 practitioners (a response rate of 22.8 per cent). The majority of responses were from males (70 per cent). Eighty-six per cent (188 of 220) of the respondents had graduated from veterinary schools in the UK and Ireland. Veterinarians who had graduated less recently used exercise modulation less frequently (P<0.004, odds ratio [OR]=1.06) and ranked exercise modulation as less important (P=0.008, OR=1.04). Veterinarians who had graduated outside the UK or Ireland were less likely (P=0.033, OR=0.46) to use exercise modulation than those who had graduated in the UK or Ireland. Veterinarians who had graduated more recently were less likely (P=0.008, OR=0.95) to use medications. Female veterinary surgeons were less likely to rank medications as important (P<0.0001, OR=0.29) and less likely to rank corticosteroids as important (P=0.046, OR=0.42) than male veterinary surgeons. Practitioners who had graduated outside the UK or Ireland were less likely (P=0.01, OR=0.30) to rank corticosteroids as important. There was a significant mild negative correlation between the frequency of use of structure-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (SMOADs) and practitioners' opinions on rank importance (-0.32, P<0.0001). Medications such as SMOADs and nutraceuticals were ranked as not important but were used frequently. Overall, age, sex, the university of graduation and the number of canine consultations per day had an impact on the practitioners' treatment protocols. 相似文献
10.
11.
R C Rosenthal 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》1990,20(4):1093-1104
Canine LSA is a fatal disease if untreated, but fortunately it is also a disease that is very responsive to therapeutic intervention. It is likely that most cases seen and treated by practitioners will be managed with the currently effective drugs and with new protocols as they are developed. Other approaches, including immunotherapy and BMT, are likely to remain more in the arena of the academic institution but should be available in the referral setting for appropriate cases. Great strides have been made in the less than 30 years that canine LSA has been widely treated; it is reasonable that similar progress is to be expected in the years to come. 相似文献
12.
Mariko Yamamoto Takefumi Kikusui Mitsuaki Ohta 《Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research》2009,4(1):11-18
This study examined the influence of delayed actions from the owner, including commands, reinforcement, and punishment, on already-learned behaviors in 10 dogs. The delay times were set to 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.27, and 0.13 seconds (s). Responses to commands with a delay (Delayed) were compared with those that were not delayed (Nondelayed). The results indicated that appropriate responses to commands decreased in 2.0, 1.0, and 0.5 s delayed conditions. As delay time increased, response to commands decreased. The numbers of commands used by handlers to make their dogs obey was significantly increased with a 2.0 and 1.0 second delay compared to the nondelayed trials. The time required for dogs to obey the commands was significantly increased in 2.0, 1.0, and 0.5 s delayed conditions compared to those of the nondelayed trials. There were no significant differences between the 0.27 s, 0.13 s, and the nondelayed condition. These results suggest that timing is an important factor affecting a dog's behavior not only while learning new things, but also in the production of learned desirable behaviors that could occur during everyday interactions. 相似文献
13.
S L Fubini Y T Gr?hn D F Smith 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1991,198(3):460-464
Clinical and surgical findings in 458 dairy cows with right displacement of the abomasum or abomasal volvulus (AV) were analyzed to determine the association between these variables and the outcome (productive, salvaged, or terminal) of the affected cow. Heart rate at initial examination was higher in the salvaged and terminal groups of cows (P less than 0.0001) than in the productive group. The plasma Na+ concentration was lower in the salvaged and terminal groups of cows (P less than 0.0001) than in the productive group. The plasma C1- concentration was lower in the salvaged group of cows than in cows with either productive or terminal outcomes (P less than 0.0001). Anion gap was significantly higher (P less than 0.0001) in the salvaged and terminal groups than in cows classified as productive. On the basis of surgical findings, cattle with right displacement of the abomasum were more likely to survive than cows with AV. Cows that required fluid decompression of the abomasum via abomasotomy were less likely to survive than those in which gaseous decompression was performed. Cows with evidence of vascular compromise of the abomasal wall were less likely to survive than those with normal abomasal serosa. Preoperative heart rate and anion gap had positive correlations with the presence of abomasal necrosis, whereas temperature, venous blood pH, plasma bicarbonate, and base excess concentrations had negative correlations. Cows in terminal stages of AV were likely to have a mixed primary acid-base disturbance, consisting of metabolic alkalosis with superimposed metabolic acidosis. These findings were highly correlated with abomasal necrosis. 相似文献
14.
Newton HT Green MJ Benchaoui H Cracknell V Rowan T Bradley AJ 《The Veterinary record》2008,162(21):678-684
All the quarters in the cows with high somatic cell counts in 10 herds were treated at drying off with either 600 mg cloxacillin or 600 mg cloxacillin and 4 g of an internal teat sealant containing 65 per cent bismuth subnitrate. The quarters were sampled daily for bacteriological tests for the three days before drying off and twice after calving to establish whether they were infected. Clinical mastitis cases were monitored from drying off until 100 days after calving. The odds of a quarter being bacteriologically negative after calving or developing clinical mastitis in the first 100 days after calving were investigated by multilevel logistic regression. The quarters treated with the internal sealant and cloxacillin were significantly more likely to be bacteriologically negative in the immediate period after calving and were significantly less likely to suffer clinical mastitis during the first 100 days after calving than the quarters treated with cloxacillin alone. There was more variation between cows than between herds in the underlying risk of an infection after calving, but there was more variation between herds than between cows in the underlying risk of clinical mastitis during the 100 days after calving. 相似文献
15.
A retrospective study was conducted to determine the relative frequency and type of elimination problem seen in dogs at a university referral practice and to evaluate the efficacy of the suggested treatments. Cases presented to the Animal Behavior Clinic at Cornell University between 1987 and 1996 were reviewed. Of 1,173 cases, 105 (9%) were house-soiling cases. Of these cases, the authors obtained outcome information from 70. Within the diagnosis of house soiling, incomplete housebreaking (n=59; 84%) were the most frequent referral cases, of which 48 cases (81%; 95% confidence interval, 69% to 90%) improved. Separation anxiety was considered the second most common underlying cause (n=27; 39%), of which 85% (n=23; 95% confidence interval, 66% to 96%) improved. Behavior modification was the most often suggested treatment (n=58), with 48 (83%) cases improving. Behavior modification consisted of accompanying the dog to the preferred elimination area, rewarding the dog for eliminating there, and punishing the dog only when caught in the act of house soiling. These results suggest that correct house training, behavior modification involving positive reinforcement, and appropriate punishment are essential to diminish house-soiling problems in dogs. 相似文献
16.
K S Schulz 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2001,31(1):85-99, vi
Lameness of the forelimb may be one of the more frustrating problems in small animal orthopedics. It is likely that numerous causes of forelimb lameness are not yet defined or well understood. The common and some less common causes of forelimb lameness are discussed as well as their means of diagnosis. The application of new diagnostic tools including arthroscopy and ultrasound are also discussed. 相似文献
17.
The accuracy of visual inspection of wool lots for lice as a test for louse infestation was estimated using information provided by 178 woolgrowers in Queensland, Australia. The estimated sensitivity of inspection was 36% (95% confidence interval, 19-58%) and the specificity was 95% (95% CI, 88-98%). Accuracy was influenced by timing, after shearing, of pesticide application for louse control and by class of pesticide last applied after shearing. Visual inspection was less sensitive (29%) if pesticides were applied >3 months after shearing and less sensitive (21%) if an insect growth regulator was the class of pesticide last used after shearing. Based on 36% sensitivity, it was estimated that 16 inspections would have to be conducted to reduce the false negative test rate to <20% in the study population. We suggest that visual inspection of wool lots could be used to efficiently monitor the prevalence of louse infestations in Queensland sheep flocks. Positive inspection results are more likely to represent real louse infestations, rather than a false test result, in flocks grazed in the more extensive regions of Queensland. 相似文献
18.
1. Domestic fowls were trained to peck a disc in order to receive a limited thermal reinforcement. 2. When subsequently tested, their use of the operant response was a function of ambient temperature, decreasing from 0 to 24 degrees C and rising again steeply from 28 to 42 degrees C. 3. Under cool conditions changes in rate of heat production were of major significance in maintaining homeothermy, whilst in the heat the operant response was used in preference to, or in addition to, thermal panting. 4. Data from the behavioural studies, together with those on autonomic effector mechanisms, indicate that optimal thermal conditions for the fowl are likely to be attained at 22 to 24 degrees C. 相似文献
19.
Paul D. McGreevy Melissa Starling N.J. Branson Mia L. Cobb Debbie Calnon 《Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research》2012,7(2):103-117
This article reviews the literature on the complex and variable nature of the dog–human dyad and describes the influence of terms such as “dominance” on attitudes that humans have toward dogs. It highlights a legacy of tension between ethology and psychology and notes that some practitioners have skills with dogs that elude the best learning theorists. Despite the widespread appeal of being able to communicate with dogs as dogs do with one another, attempting to apply the intraspecific dog ethogram to human–dog and dog–human interactions may have limited scope. The balance of learning theory and ethology on our interactions with dogs is sometimes elusive but should spur the scientific community to examine skills deployed by the most effective humane practitioners. This process will demystify the so-called whispering techniques and permit discourse on the reasons some training and handling techniques are more effective, relevant, and humane than others. This article explores the mismatch between the use of nonverbal communication of 2 species and offers a framework for future studies in this domain. Technologies emerging from equitation science may help to disclose confusing interventions through the collar and lead and thus define effective and humane use of negative reinforcement. The case for a validated intraspecific and interspecific canid ethogram is also made. 相似文献
20.
Ralph C. Weichselbaum DVM Daniel A. Feeney DVM MS Carl R. Jessen DVM PhD Carl A. Osborne DVM PhD V. Dreytser MS J. Holte PhD 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1999,40(4):386-400
Urocystoliths of 9 mineral types from 437 canine patients submitted to the University of Minnesota Urolith Bank were imaged in a urinary bladder phantom. Imaging techniques simulated were survey radiography, pneumocystography, double contrast cystography (two iodine concentrations) and real-time ultrasonography (3.5 MHz, 5.0 MHz, 7.5 MHz). Imaging techniques were compared for accuracy of urocystolith detection, accuracy of urocystolith enumeration, and tendencies for over or undercounting. Across urocystolith mineral types, the false negative rates (no urocystoliths detected in a given case) for survey radiographs range from 2 to 27%. Pneumocystographic techniques are one-half as likely to yield false negative results as are survey radiographic techniques. Underestimates of urocystolith numbers and false negatives are likely using 80 mg iodine/ml double contrast cystography because calcium-based urocystoliths are isopaque in this contrast medium dilution. The 200 mg iodine/ml double contrast cystographic techniques are unlikely to yield false negative diagnoses even for very small (< or = 1.0 mm) urocystoliths and is comparable to pneumocystography for detection and slightly better for enumeration. The likelihood of an ultrasonographic false negative for urocystoliths decreases with increasing MHz. Under optimal conditions using a 7.5 MHz mechanical sector transducer, the false negative rates were comparable to double contrast cystography, but rates increased notably with lower MHz transducers. 相似文献