共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
M. P. Crosby A. Abu-Hilal A. Al-Homoud J. Erez R. Ortal 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2000,123(1-4):581-594
It has been assumed that marine habitats and resources, especially, are almost unlimited, and that if one habitat became degraded or a particular fisheries resource depleted, there always would be another to replace it. Therefore, natural resource management principals are beginning to include human motivation and responses as part of the marine and coastal systems that are being studied and managed. Managers of marine resources face the challenge of balancing conservation and development objectives in the context of the inherent uncertainty of natural systems and the political and social pressures of human systems. Natural resource managers, scientists and the general public seem to share a vision for the future as a world in which societal and economic decisions will be strongly coupled with an increasingly comprehensive understanding of the environment. This in turn will lead to both socio-economic health and ecosystem health. A paradigm shift is being seen in the evolution of the role of scientists in society from simply observers of the natural world with tenuous linkages to resource managers and the public, to partners in modern society's quest for answers to pressing questions related to sustainable use and conservation of natural resources. A US Agency for International Development supported, joint effort between the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Government of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to conduct a comprehensive research and monitoring program directed at the new Binational Red Sea Marine Pearce Park will be a pioneering effort to employ and test this new paradigm. 相似文献
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基于用地竞争的矿业废弃地再利用用地类型判定 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
合理确定矿业废弃地再利用用地类型,对满足矿业资源经济转型用地需求、优化矿区土地利用结构具有重要意义。该文以泽州县长河流域为研究区域,从适宜性和驱动力2个层面构建了矿业废弃地再利用用地竞争力评价指标体系,进而构建了基于该指标体系的矿业废弃地再利用用地竞争评价模型,并基于研究区行政界线图及矿业废弃地分布图,以矿业废弃地图斑为评价单元,量化评价指标,评价矿业废弃地再利用用地竞争力。采用三角模型,根据用地竞争力组合,对矿业废弃地再利用用地类型进行理论判定。研究结果表明:研究区中占总量50%的矿业废弃地可再利用为建设用地,主要分布在经济基础较好的乡镇周边及省道两侧;40%的矿业废弃地可再利用为农用地,主要分布于村庄周围;10%的矿业废弃地可再利用为生态用地,主要位于山区及水域附近。该研究结果可为优化矿区土地利用结构及矿业废弃地整治规划提供决策依据。 相似文献
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Since the early 1970s the Indonesian Government has tried to establish marine nature reserves. The initial marine protected areas, however, have not been successful, due to lack of enforcement, and the present account is of a site on the western tip of Bali, where it is hoped that the idea will come to fruition. The marine resources of this Reserve, Bali Barat, are described, together with the various ways in which they are at present being exploited. The plan developed for the Reserve aims to prohibit destructive uses, while allowing those which are not as yet considered damaging to the area. The needs for strict protection of certain sites for tourism and for subsistence uses have been reconciled through a system of zones. The experience gained from Bali Barat should enable effective marine reserve conservation to be extended to other parts of the country, and the Reserve could also contribute directly to education of the public, and to research and management expertise. 相似文献
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Current concepts of soil transformation and contamination in iron ore mining areas have been reviewed. Changes of soils and ecosystems in the mining areas are among the largest-scale impacts of economic activity on the nature. Regularities in the radial differentiation, spatial distribution, and accumulation of heavy metals in soils of different natural zones are analyzed. The effects of mining technogenesis and gas–dust emissions from enterprises on soil microbial communities and fauna are considered. In zones of longterm atmotechnogenic impact of mining and processing plants, the stable state of ecosystems is lost and/or a new technoecosystem different from the natural one, with own microbial cenosis, is formed, where communities of soil organisms are in the stress state. In the ore mining regions, embriozems are formed, which pass through specific stages of technogenically-determined development, as well as technosols, chemozems, and technogenic surface formations with variable material compositions and properties. Technogenic soils and soil-like bodies form a soil cover differing from the initial one, whose complexity and contrast are not related to the natural factors of differentiation. 相似文献
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以煤矿区井采为研究对象,建立了以自然环境条件、采矿条件、煤矿赋存条件3项为约束层,地形坡度、土地利用规划、煤层厚度等11个影响因子构成指标层的土地复垦成本评价指标体系,采用德尔菲法、层次分析法及YAAHP(V 6.0)软件确定了各项指标因子的权重。通过权重比较得出约束层的影响程度:煤矿赋存条件> 采矿条件> 自然环境条件,煤矿赋存条件中影响程度依次是:煤层厚度> 煤层倾角> 深厚比;采矿条件中各因子影响程度依次为:顶板管理方法> 采煤工艺> 采动程度;在自然环境条件下,土地利用规划> 有效土层厚度> 年降水量=土壤质地> 地形坡度。该评价指标体系的完善,为煤矿井采复垦成本修正系数的确定奠定基础。 相似文献
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黄土丘陵沟壑区煤矿沉陷耕地复垦 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
探索开发适宜黄土地貌和气候特点以及黄土丘陵采煤沉陷损伤规律的土地复垦模式,对于实现该区数量质量并重管理的耕地保护目标具有重要的现实意义。该文基于开采设计、沉降观测参数和MSAS软件,预测山西兴县斜沟煤矿一采区沉陷损毁土地面积为16.54 km2,损毁土地类型以耕地和草地为主,其中轻度破坏耕地面积3.70 km2,中度破坏耕地面积2.41 km2,重度破坏耕地面积0.17 km2。结合黄土丘陵沟壑低潜水位区土地损毁特征和区域生态保育和国土整治目标,拟对轻度破坏的1.65 km2耕地采用裂缝充填和土地平整复垦措施,按照集中连片的原则对轻度、中度和重度破坏的4.63 km2耕地采用坡改梯的土地复垦工程措施进行复垦,实现增加耕地面积0.40 km2,每年减少水土流失4.94万t,提高了耕地质量等级。研究认为,结合企业复垦资金和社会资金投入,按照集中连片的原则对采煤沉陷破坏的耕地采取坡改梯复垦是该区域损毁耕地复垦的有效模式。 相似文献
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Lignite mining, which has been pursued in Central Germany for 150 years, has left deep scars on the landscape on an area of over 600 km2. The open-cast mines set up to extract lignite, along with the dumps and pits arising during the course of mining activities, have resulted in a completely new landscape, the external appearance and abiotic factors of which differ from the developed, cultivated landscapes outside the mining areas. Dumps and slope faces are reclaimed on the basis of specific approaches, while pits are flooded to create strip mine lakes. Soil and water have developed in conformity with their own natural laws, knowledge of which is indispensable for recultivation. The development of new post-mining landscapes above all chiefly determined by ecological standards. 相似文献
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采用基于光谱混合分析(SMA)的地表覆盖指数对晋西北河保偏矿区1990—2006年土地退化风险进行评价,并结合土地利用类型分析土地利用动态变化对土地退化风险的影响。结果表明:研究期内矿区的土地退化风险总体上呈降低趋势,未利用地的开发利用和生态工程实施是导致区内土地退化风险降低的主要原因;煤矿开采虽然对土地退化有一定的影响,但矿区发展所引发的区内土地利用结构的改变以及退耕还林等一系列生态工程的实施很大程度上能抵消这种负面影响。 相似文献
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Periodic wildfire defines plant community composition and dynamics in many of the world’s semi-arid biomes, whose climates and floras also favor wild bee diversity. Invasive flammable grasses, deforestation, historical fire suppression and human ignition are increasing fire frequency and intensifying its severity, as well as introducing fire to previously fireproof biomes. In many of these habitats, bees are key pollinators. Many, often most of the solitary bee species and individuals in these biomes nest underground (so-called “mining” bees). To evaluate their susceptibility to fire, we tested heat tolerances of bees’ four life stages using an experimental design that mimicked heat conduction dynamics of natural soils. All life stages survived heating of up to 45 °C for 27 min, but none survived heating at 54 °C for 9 min; the pupal stage survived best. At near-lethal temperatures, more prolonged heating caused more mortality. These data were related to published studies of heat penetration depths in soil during fire and an exhaustive compilation of published nesting depths reported for mining bees. We conclude that a small fraction (9%) of the shallowest-nesting mining bee species is likely to die from soil heating by wildfire. Among these, ground-nesting megachilids (Osmia, Megachile) will be most vulnerable, owing to their shallow horizontal nests. Because mining bees prevail in most biomes of the temperate zone, any vegetation rehabilitation efforts should therefore expect that bee communities will largely survive the immediate effects of wildfire, and therefore will need pollen and nectar resources in the year(s) after fire. 相似文献
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农田质量的内涵应包括本底质量、经济质量和生态环境质量3部分。煤炭开采导致农田严重受损,科学合理评价煤炭开采对矿-农复合区农田质量的影响,对制定区域土地复垦规划和综合整治有着重要的意义。以山西省泽州县长河流域为研究区,该研究首先建立了煤炭开采沉陷区农田质量评价的指标体系,选取农田自然质量、农业生产条件、区位条件、农田环境条件来表征农田质量,对并依据这些指标进行空间可视化,利用多因素加权求和的方法对农田质量进行综合评价。研究结果表明:与煤炭开采非扰动区相比,位于煤矿区井田边界内的农田自然质量、农业生产条件、区位条件、农田生态环境条件评价分值均较低;煤矿井田边界范围内的农田质量(平均值为0.37)低于非矿区农田(平均值为0.55)。应结合煤炭开采扰动影响区农田质量区域分布特点,制定科学合理的矿-农复合区土地复垦规划和土地综合整治方案。 相似文献
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J. Mateu E. Porcu 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2016,21(3):403-406
Seismomatics is the fusion of mathematics, statistics, physics and data mining at the service of those scientific disciplines interested in the space–time analysis of natural or anthropogenic catastrophes. This special issue on seismomatics has been motivated by a conference of the same name, which took place in Valparaiso (Chile) from 5th to 9th of January 2015. The selection of papers comprises both new methodological proposals and a wide range of applications related to natural or anthropogenic catastrophes. We highlight statistical analysis of marine macroalgae, of annual minimum water levels of the Nile River, of massive data on chlorophyll, of temperature maxima recorded over a complex topography, and of airborne pollutants in relation to the spatial spread of human population across Europe. 相似文献
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采煤塌陷是发生在井采矿区的一种严重的地质灾害。为了定量评估采煤塌陷对植被的影响,在收集有关神府榆采煤塌陷区植被研究文献的基础上,采用Meta方法对现有的20多份研究结果进行了整合分析。结果表明:植被盖度在塌陷发生初期有所下降,塌陷两年后又呈上升的趋势,并超过塌陷前水平。经塌陷干扰后,矿区主要优势种有一些变化,一般而言,地表植物种数在塌陷发生1~2 a后有一定程度的增加,且塌陷区新增的植物种多是以沙米（Agriophyllum squarrosum（Linn.）Moq.）、角蒿（Incarvillea sinensis Lam.）等为主的短命或类短命荒漠植物。塌陷区植被变化特征展示了自然恢复在植被建设中的重要作用。神府榆矿区,以至黄土高原的生态建设需要采取自然修复为主与人工修复相辅的方式整体推进。 相似文献
14.
赣南地区稀土矿采矿迹地枯落物层和土壤层贮水功能研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探究赣南废弃稀土矿区土壤水源涵养功能,对其采矿迹地枯落物层和土壤层贮水功能采用环刀法进行研究。结果表明,不同采矿迹地0—30cm土层土壤含水量平均值表现为天然林地(180.37g/kg)>堆积地(170.67g/kg)>挖矿地(86.36g/kg);土壤容重平均值表现为堆积地(1.54g/cm^3)>挖矿地(1.31g/cm^3)>天然林地(1.20g/cm^3);土壤毛管孔隙度平均值表现为天然林地(44.08%)>堆积地(37.89%)>挖矿地(35.82%);土壤毛管蓄水量平均值表现为天然林地(440.77t/hm^2)>堆积地(378.94t/hm^2)>挖矿地(358.20t/hm^2)。土壤最大蓄水量的表现与土壤毛管蓄水量相似。不同采矿迹地涵养水源能力天然林地最强,其单位面积蓄水量为(561.34±44.32)t/hm^2,挖矿地最差,其值为(431.65±53.66)t/hm^2。由此可见,天然林地土壤水源涵养功能强于各采矿迹地,稀土矿区采矿作业对枯落物层和土壤层贮水功能影响较大。 相似文献
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生态足迹是一种度量人类对自然利用程度的综合指标,它受到人口、土地、科技、消费等众多社会、经济和自然因素的影响,在时间和空间上具有多尺度特征。在计算平朔矿区1989—2010年人均EF的基础上,采用EMD和动力学预测方法,研究矿区人均EF的长时间序列演化规律,结果表明,矿区人均生态足迹存在一个4.68 a左右的准周期波动;从人均EF波动的趋势量分布来看,1989年以来平朔矿区的人均生态足迹不断增长,且年平均增长率为1.787 4%,但2001年以后的10 a间,由于矿区加强了土地复垦和生态重建工作,人均EF的年平均增长率下降为0.046 7%;预测结果表明,虽然矿区人均EF依然呈上升趋势,但年均增长率减缓,模型预测2020年平朔矿区人均生态足迹为2.566 hm2/cap;研究结果有助于了解矿区未来资源的利用情况和区域生态压力面临的问题,为有关部门制定和实施相应的可持续发展战略措施提供理论参考。 相似文献
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晋陕蒙能源基地位于黄河中游的陕北、晋西北和内蒙古南部接壤地区.煤炭储量占全国的1/3,为优质动力煤,易开采.本区将是中国下一个世纪重要能源基地.通过近10年的建设,年产1000万t的生产能力已经形成,铁路、公路交通和通讯等设施逐步配套,为建设现代化煤田奠定了良好的基础.但是,该区地处水蚀风蚀交错地带,社会经济基础薄弱,自然条件恶劣,生态环境脆弱,水土流失、土地沙化十分严重,环境整治的任务本来就很艰巨.近年来煤炭开发中剧烈的人为作用诱发和加剧了这些环境灾害,同时也引起了一系列新的环境问题:如人为水土流失和土地沙漠化的加剧、沉陷、崩塌、泥石流的产生、河道弃土（石）堆积淤积严重,致使行洪能力锐减、水气资源的破坏与污染、土地和植被资源的退化等等.环境整治已成为能源开发持续发展十分紧迫的关键问题.本文根据近期科学考察结果,对以开矿为中心的人文活动产生的环境效应进行了分析.总的看来:煤田建设极大地促进了当地的经济发展;剧烈的人为活动产生了严重的环境问题;有关部门采取的环境建设措施发挥了明显的作用.总之,只要能在煤炭开发的同时注重环境建设.该区的经济将得到飞速发展.为了使煤炭开发和环境建设协调同步进行,拟建立由地面监测网（水文站,气象站,径流泥沙观测点）和多层遥感数据有机结合的综合监测网络系统.同时,强化水土流失与土地沙漠化的整治,开展矿区复垦等专项技术体系研究,建立环境整治试验示范基地. 相似文献
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Because of its position to the west of Europe, much of the wet sulphur deposition in the west of the UK is background in the sense that it is not attributable to pollutants emitted within Europe less than four days previously. There are both natural and anthropogenic sources of this sulphur. An important natural source, especially during the summer, is dimethylsulphide (DMS) produced by marine phytoplankton. To identify the contribution of marine biogenic sulphur we have measured stable sulphur isotope ratios in precipitation. We show that biogenic sulphur is significant in summer but contributes little in winter and that around 5–10% of the annual background wet sulphur deposition is due to biogenic sources. During July and December 1993, airflow across the UK was predominantly westerly. The measured biogenic component of precipitation sulphate accounted for around 30 % of background sulphate in July but was negligible in December. Investigation of five day back-trajectories for the period indicated little opportunity for re-circulation of European emissions, suggesting that other (non-DMS) natural sources and non-European anthropogenic emissions were responsible for most of the background sulphur. 相似文献
18.
秦岭是中国的“中央水塔”,研究秦岭北麓矿山生境质量的时空演变特征对区域生态保护和可持续发展意义重大。为了评估小流域背景下人类活动对矿山生态环境的影响,该研究针对沣河流域内的重点工程祥峪铁矿区,基于遥感影像提取其1985、2002、2010年和2022年土地利用变化,结合InVEST (integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs)模型和地理探测器定量分析该矿区生境质量变化与驱动因素。结果表明：祥峪铁矿区的土地利用变化主要由旱地逐步转变为林地和工业用地,疏林地转入面积达到18245505.71 m2,退耕还林还草工程取得显著成效;祥峪铁矿区生境质量指数由0.50下降为0.49,标准差由0.06增加为0.09,说明生境质量有所下降,空间差异不断扩大,区域整体平均生境退化度降低,但工业用地迅速扩张对周边林地产生持续影响;生境质量变化是自然因素和人文因素共同作用的结果,其中,土地利用变化是造成生态环境脆弱的主要原因,对生境质量变化的解释力达到0.82。该研究可为分析其他类似矿区生态环境演变,推动景观格局的优化和生态文明建设提供科学参考。 相似文献
19.
The Marine Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site, Japan, provides a case study for adaptive marine ecosystem management and co-management of coastal fisheries. Shiretoko was the third World Natural Heritage Site registered in Japan and earned this title because of its (i) formation of seasonal sea ice at some of the lowest latitudes in the world, (ii) high biodiversity, and (iii) many globally threatened species. The natural resource management plan of the Shiretoko site is characterized by transparency and consensus building, because (i) UNESCO and IUCN require that the plan be sustainable and (ii) the Government of Japan has guaranteed local fisheries that there will be no additional regulations included in the plan. The Marine Management Plan describes which species and factors are monitored, how these data are evaluated, and how the benchmarks specified by ecosystem management are determined. The plan will provide a valuable example for the establishment of “environment-friendly fisheries” in Japan and other countries, because it includes voluntary activities by resource users that are suitable for use in a local context, flexible to ecological/social fluctuations, and efficiently implemented through increased legitimacy and compliance. This approach is appropriate for coastal communities where a large number of small-scale fishers catch a variety of species using various types of gear. We develop a method to evaluate fisheries integrity by-catch and yield data. 相似文献
20.
毛乌素沙地煤矿开采对植被景观的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
毛乌素沙地气候干燥,水资源短缺,生态环境十分脆弱,对各种人为扰动极为敏感。该地区煤炭资源的开采势必会增加当地环境负担,使得生态环境恶化。以陕西省神木县大保当煤矿为例,通过实地调查,在查明自然植被种类、类型和分布的基础上,借助地理信息系统技术与地表沉陷预测模型,对煤矿开采造成的植被景观格局变化进行了预测,并分析了斑块数、形状指数、多样性指数等指标。结果表明,煤矿开采后矿区景观破碎度上升,斑块形状复杂化,景观异质性降低,植被生物量减少。矿区植被类型发生变化,原先以叉子圆柏(Sabina vulgaris)、北沙柳(Salix psammophila)、斜茎黄耆(Astragalus adsurgens)为优势种的灌木丛向以黑沙蒿(Artemisia ordosica)为优势种的灌草丛转化。从矿区整体变化程度来看,煤矿开采对区域自然生态系统存在一定的干扰,但未造成其根本性改变,自然生态系统仍存在一定的恢复和调控能力,应采取一系列生物与工程措施引导矿区生态环境向可持续方向发展。 相似文献