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1.
为明确不同轮作模式对小麦赤霉病菌种群结构和毒素化学型影响,于2019-2020两个小麦生长季,从湖北襄阳、枣阳长期稻-麦轮作和长期玉-麦轮作田分别采集小麦赤霉病穗,采用组织病理学分离镰孢菌单孢堆菌株,并对其采用特异性引物进行致病种和毒素化学型分子鉴定。结果表明,从采集样品中共分离获得191个镰孢菌单孢堆菌株;亚洲镰孢菌F.asiaticum为该区稻-麦轮作田优势种,占稻-麦轮作田分离菌株总数的93.0%,主要产生3-AcDON;禾谷镰孢菌F.graminearum为玉-麦轮作田优势种,占玉-麦轮作田分离菌株总数的62.9%,既可能产生15-AcDON,又可能产生3-AcDON;191个菌株中仅有11个菌株产生NIV,占比5.8%。以上结果揭示,小麦赤霉病镰孢菌致病种和毒素化学型组成与轮作模式密切相关,镰孢菌优势致病种和毒素的类型可能与镰孢菌对小麦前茬作物的偏好性有关。 相似文献
2.
禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)是小麦上的重要病原真菌。通过致病性测定从江苏小麦茎基腐病病害样本分离菌中筛选到了对小麦赤霉病和茎基腐病都有强致病力的F.graminearum菌株GF1117。为了对F.graminearum进行生物防治,利用稀释涂布平板法和平板对峙法从小麦不同生境中分离筛选到35株对GF1117具有明显拮抗效果的细菌菌株,分别在田间和温室进行了小麦赤霉病和茎基腐病的生物防治试验。结果表明,35株拮抗细菌对小麦赤霉病均有一定的防治效果,且在小麦感病品种和中抗品种上对茎基腐病的防效不同;菌株1-8对两种病害的防效都在45%以上。 相似文献
3.
H. Hooshmand C. F. Klopfenstein 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1995,47(3):227-238
The effects of gamma irradiation on degradation of aflatoxin B1 in wheat, corn, and soybeans and of T-2 toxin in wheat, deoxynivalenol (DON) in soybeans, and zearalenone in corn at 9, 13, and 17% moisture were studied. Radiation doses of 5, 7.5, 10 or 20 kGy were applied to spiked grain samples, and the residual toxins were measured using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Irradiation doses of up to 20 kGy did not significantly affect aflatoxin B1 in any of the three grains, but significant reductions occurred in T-2 toxin, DON, and zearalenone concentration at doses of 10 or 20 kGy and in T-2 toxin at the 7.5 kGy dose. Two-way analysis of variance with Tukey's Multiple Range Test showed no significant interaction between radiation dose and grain moisture level. Irradiation of the ground grains at doses higher than 5 kGy resulted in small, but significant, losses of lysine in corn (only at 7.5 kGy), wheat, and soybeans, and methionine was reduced in wheat and corn samples. In some cases, phenylalanine decreased in corn and wheat, and histidine levels in wheat were reduced in samples receiving 7.5 kGy of irradiation. Other essential amino acids were not affected significantly by irradiation.Contribution No. 94-114-J of the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. 相似文献
4.
基于环介导等温扩增技术检测江苏省中部地区小麦赤霉病病菌的种群组成 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确江苏省中部地区小麦赤霉病病菌的种群组成,于2017年在江苏省镇江市、扬州市和南京市采集小麦赤霉病样本151份,采用可特异性识别亚细亚镰孢、禾谷镰孢、黄色镰孢、藤仓镰孢、燕麦镰孢、木贼镰孢和拟轮枝镰孢的环介导等温扩增（loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP）检测技术检测了样本中该7种镰孢菌的分布情况。结果表明,从151份样本中共检测出7种镰孢菌中的6种。其中,亚细亚镰孢为优势种,检出率达100%;藤仓镰孢和禾谷镰孢为次优势种,检出率分别为10%和6%;黄色镰孢、燕麦镰孢和拟轮枝镰孢检出率依次为2.6%、2.0%和0.6%。小麦赤霉病存在复合侵染现象,从单份发病样本中最多检测到3种致病菌。LAMP法可用于小麦赤霉病病菌与种群组成的快速检测。 相似文献
5.
赤霉病主要由禾谷镰刀菌引起,该菌侵染小麦后会在籽粒中积累脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）等毒素,造成小麦细胞的氧化损伤,并损害人畜健康。为了揭示抗氧化剂维生素E对DON积累的影响,在活体条件下,通过双花滴注法在小麦扬花期同时接种维生素E溶液和禾谷镰刀菌菌液,测定病小穗率,并在小麦成熟期利用LC-MS测定籽粒中的DON含量;离体条件下,在PDA和TBI培养基中分别添加维生素E,测定培养基中禾谷镰刀菌菌丝的生长速率、DON含量和DON合成关键基因 Tri5的表达量。结果表明,活体条件下,维生素E负调控DON的积累,但不能阻止病原菌在穗部扩展;离体条件下,与对照相比,添加维生素E对禾谷镰刀菌的生长、产毒及 Tri5基因的表达均无显著影响。活体条件下,维生素E负调控毒素,可能是通过调控寄主小麦中相关基因的表达而间接调控禾谷镰刀菌产毒相关基因的表达,该结果可为维生素E在小麦DON防控方面的利用提供参考。 相似文献
6.
小麦镰刀菌毒素及其发生风险研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
近年来,小麦赤霉病在我国小麦产区高频率流行,尤其在长江中下游、淮河流域以及黄淮南部,导致小麦中镰刀菌毒素严重污染,不仅影响小麦产量,还危害人畜健康。镰刀菌毒素包括脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON,又称呕吐毒素)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(NIV)以及伏马毒素(FB)等,可以引起动物消化、神经、免疫以及生殖系统异常,有的还具有致癌作用。本文对我国小麦镰刀菌毒素的发生情况与影响因素进行了分析,同时对镰刀菌毒素的风险评估与防控研究的迫切性进行了探讨,以期提高人们对小麦镰刀菌毒素污染的认识,保障我国小麦产业的健康发展。 相似文献
7.
S. Landschoot K. Audenaert W. WaegemanB. Pycke B. BekaertB. De Baets G. Haesaert 《Crop Protection》2011,30(10):1297-1305
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating wheat disease and is influenced by weather conditions and agronomic factors. Since FHB is a mostly monocyclic disease, the quantity of primary inoculum is a key factor influencing its incidence. To investigate the connection between the primary Fusarium inoculum and the final population on wheat ears, naturally occurring populations of Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium poae and Microdochium nivale were studied at eight locations in Flanders, Belgium during the growing seasons of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010. To determine the composition of the primary inoculums in November, weeds, wheat and maize residues as well as soil samples were examined. At the end of the growing season, in July, the population on wheat ears was determined. In both growing seasons, the population was characterized by a large complexity and a differential composition at each location and for each type of sample. Nevertheless, some clear correspondences were observed: F. culmorum was a predominant species in crop residues and in soil samples in November, while the population on wheat ears in July consisted mainly of F. graminearum and F. poae, with only a lower frequency of F. culmorum, indicating that soil is not an important source of primary inoculum. The presence of M. nivale was restricted to weeds, crop residues and soil samples in November, and was nearly absent in July at the majority of locations. Finally, our results also indicate that the Fusarium population in July is more complex than the population at the beginning of the season in November. The information of the primary inoculum and the composition of the FHB population at the end of the growing season is important to predict FHB incidence and to implement control strategies for FHB. 相似文献
8.
Nitrogen fertilization has been shown to influence the occurrence and the impact of Fusarium head blight in wheat. It also plays a key role in adjusting barley quality to the requirements of the malting industry, implying specific contents of protein. The present study investigated the effect of nitrogen input on the incidence of relevant Fusarium species in spring barley under field and greenhouse conditions. Grain material from differently fertilized field plots was analyzed for fungal DNA and mycotoxins by qPCR and LC-MS/MS, respectively. Under natural pathogen pressure no effect of nitrogen on infection was observed. When pathogen pressure (Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium avenaceum) was increased via species-specific soil-surface inoculation, nitrogen application reduced contents of Fusarium DNA and mycotoxins in barley grain. Nitrogen-dependent canopy parameters were recorded over the season and correlated with DNA and mycotoxin data. Apparently, sparser canopy permitted more Fusarium infections in unfertilized plots. In addition, well nitrogen-fertilized plants allowed less fungal development in the barley spike after spray inoculation in the greenhouse. These results suggest that nitrogen fertilization restricts Fusarium grain infection of barley by influencing canopy characteristics and possibly plant physiology. 相似文献
9.
我国冬小麦主产省小麦茎基腐镰孢菌的组成及其致病力 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了解我国小麦茎基腐病的致病菌镰孢菌(Fusariumspp.)的组成,2009-2012年从江苏、安徽、河南、河北、山东等5个冬小麦主产省采集茎基腐病样本,从中分离了135个镰孢菌菌株,用PCR-RFLP和ITS序列分析的方法进行了种群鉴定,并分别在温室和田间条件下对不同种群及化学型菌株进行致病力测定。结果表明,在分离的135株病菌中,103株为F.asiaticum,17株为F.graminearum,其余为F.acuminatum、F.pseudoraminearum和F.avenaceum,说明引起我国小麦茎基腐的镰孢菌主要由F.asiaticum和F.graminearum组成,且以F.asiaticum种群分布为主。在120个镰孢菌综合物种菌株(F.asiaticum和F.graminearum)中,79株为3-AcDON化学型,17株为15-AcDON化学型,24株为NIV化学型。在F.graminearum菌株中只发现15-AcDON化学型;在F.asiaticum菌株中存在2种化学型,以3-AcDON化学型菌株为主,少部分为NIV化学型菌株。F.asiaticum种群致病力略高于F.graminearum种群,DON化学型菌株致病力略高于NIV化学型菌株,但均无显著性差异。 相似文献
10.
Since the production of durum wheat in the drier areas of the Mediterranean Basin is characterized by high variability in terms of yield and grain quality, there is also considerable interest in developing durum wheat in the northern regions, where the pedo-climatic conditions can offer the possibility of obtaining grain yields with higher technological quality and stability. However, the climatic conditions in the northern regions make durum wheat more prone to fungal foliar disease, particularly to Septoria Tritici Blotch (Septoria tritici Rob.) and to Fusarium Head Blight (Fusarium graminearum Petch and Fusarium culmorum Sacc.), with the consequent occurrence of DON in grains.Field experiments have been conducted over two growing seasons at four sites in North West Italy to evaluate the effect of fungicides and foliar nitrogen fertilizer application on durum wheat yield and grain quality. Five combinations of foliar application were compared at each site and each year (untreated control, azole fungicide application at heading, strobilurin fungicide at the stem elongation stage and/or at heading, the addition of a foliar N fertilizer to a fungicide programme). The following parameters were analysed: Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB) severity, flag leaf greenness using a chlorophyll meter, grain yield, test weight, grain protein content, ash content, vitreousness, Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) incidence and severity and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination. The collected data underline that the cultivation of durum wheat at the climatic conditions of North Italy is actually risky and needs a direct control of fungal disease, which would be able to reduce the development of both foliar and head attacks. The double treatment, with a strobilurin application during the stem elongation stage and azole at heading, results to be an essential practice and showed advantages in terms of the delay of flag leaf senescence (+27%), STB control (+31), FHB control (+11%), yield (+32%) and DON contamination (−45%), compared to the untreated control. Other foliar treatments at heading, such as strobilurin or foliar N fertilizer applications, do not seem to provide any further advantage, for either grain yield or quality. No significant effect of fungicide or foliar N fertilizer application was recorded on the protein or ash concentration or vitreousness. 相似文献
11.
《Journal of Cereal Science》2004,40(1):61-67
We have evaluated 145 covered and 29 hulless barley genotypes artificially infected with Fusarium graminearum Schw. in a field experiment. Significant genetic variation for Fusarium head blight severity measured by the area under the disease progress curve and for mycotoxin contamination was found among covered and hulless barley lines. The overall mean area under the disease progress curve of covered and hulless barley did not differ significantly. Twenty-nine hulless-covered pairs with approximately the same disease severity were chosen for analysis of mycotoxins (B-trichothecenes) in the harvested grain. The average content of deoxynivalenol of the 29 covered and 29 hulless barley samples was 15,520 and 12,964 μg kg−1, respectively. The mean deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol content of covered barley was significantly higher than that of hulless barleys (p<0.01), whereas for nivalenol there was no significant difference between the mean values of covered and hulless barley. Hulless barley appears to be less prone to accumulation of mycotoxins in the harvested crop than covered barley most likely because a considerable proportion of the mycotoxin resides in the barley hulls. 相似文献
12.
小麦赤霉菌毒素合成机制及检测技术研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
赤霉病的发生不仅会导致小麦严重减产,其病原菌产生的DON、NIV等毒素也会污染小麦籽粒,对人畜健康造成严重威胁,因此研发小麦赤霉病及赤霉菌毒素的监测与防控技术是小麦生产与消费领域的核心议题。本文从细胞、遗传、生化等角度全面综述了小麦赤霉菌毒素合成、转运和调控的分子机制,介绍了目前主流的赤霉菌毒素检测技术,并对各种方法的优缺点进行了系统比较。以上研究进展可启发赤霉菌毒素监测防控新技术的出现,有利于保障粮食供给和食品安全。 相似文献
13.
通过形态学和分子生物学方法对2016年采自吉林省36个村镇的玉米根腐病样品进行镰孢菌分离和鉴定,并通过田间试验筛选有效药剂。结果发现,共分离获得84株镰孢菌,主要包括尖孢镰孢、禾谷镰孢、拟轮枝镰孢、层出镰孢、三线镰孢等11种镰孢菌,其中尖孢镰孢平均分离频率最高,为45.2%;其次是禾谷镰孢,平均分离频率为20.2%。从分布区域看,尖孢镰孢是白城、吉林、辽源和通化地区玉米根腐病的主要致病菌,分离频率分别为75%、54.5%、85.7%和45.5%;禾谷镰孢是松原和四平地区玉米根腐病的主要致病菌,分离频率分别为41.7%和41.7%。田间试验表明,5种药剂的防治效果为16.35%～81.26%,药种比为10 g/kg的10%咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂对玉米根腐病防治效果最好,防效达81.26%。吉林省玉米根腐病的主要病原菌为尖孢镰孢,药种比为10 g/kg的10%咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂可用于玉米根腐病的田间防治。 相似文献
14.
鲁西南地区小麦茎基腐病病原菌鉴定及其致病力分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确山东小麦茎基腐病害主要致病菌组成及其致病力,于2016年在山东省聊城、德州、临沂市共7个地点采集了具有典型茎基腐症状的病株并对其主要致病菌进行了分离、鉴定和致病力分析。结果共分离到45株病原真菌,其中有22株为镰孢菌,分别属于假禾谷镰孢菌（Fusarium pseudograminearum）、禾谷镰孢菌（F.graminearum）和亚洲镰孢菌（F.asiaticum）,以假禾谷镰孢菌（F.pseudograminearum）分离频率最高,占所有镰孢菌株的68.18%;其余菌株属于链格孢菌（Alternaria spp.）。对22株镰孢菌进行小麦苗期致病力及重分离率测定发现,假禾谷镰孢菌（F.pseudograminearum）的致病力明显强于禾谷镰孢菌和亚洲镰孢菌,后两者的致病力相差不大;3种病原菌的重分离率均大于40%,病原菌测序鉴定结果与接种病原菌一致。 相似文献
15.
为明确上海地区鲜食玉米穗腐病致病镰孢菌的组成和分布,2020年在上海地区各鲜食玉米种植区采集66份穗粒腐果穗病样,通过组织分离、单孢纯化,获得272株单孢分离物。采用形态学和分子生物学等方法对单孢分离物进行鉴定,共鉴定到8个镰孢种203株镰孢菌,其中拟轮枝镰孢、变红镰孢、亚洲镰孢、产黄色镰孢、木贼镰孢、层出镰孢、新知镰孢和居群镰孢的分离频率依次为67.98%、9.36%、6.90%、5.91%、5.42%、2.96%、0.99%和0.49%。在不同采样区拟轮枝镰孢菌占比存在差异,崇明、奉贤和青浦地区采集的样品中拟轮枝镰孢菌分别占76.25%,71.62%和48.98%。结果表明,拟轮枝镰孢在上海地区鲜食玉米种植区广泛分布,为上海地区鲜食玉米穗腐病的主要优势致病菌。 相似文献
16.
近年来,茎基腐病和赤霉病在中国黄淮麦区发生严重,对小麦产量及品质造成较大影响。各地报道小麦茎基腐病和赤霉病病原菌种类有所差异。为明确当前中国小麦主产区河南小麦茎基腐病和赤霉病病原菌种类变化情况,本研究对2022年采自河南省安阳、漯河、周口、南阳等8个不同生态区的小麦茎基腐病病株和赤霉病病穗进行了分离纯化,分别得到257和88株分离物。形态学及分子生物学鉴定结果表明,小麦茎基腐病样品分离物中,假禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium pseudograminearum)231株,占比89.88%;禾谷镰孢菌(F.graminearum)23株,占比8.95%。赤霉病样品的分离物中,禾谷镰孢菌76株,占比86.36%;假禾谷镰孢菌10株,占比11.36%。2022年河南省所有采样地区的茎基腐病的优势病原菌均为假禾谷镰孢菌,赤霉病的优势病原菌仍为禾谷镰孢菌,但赤霉病样品分离物中假禾谷镰孢菌的占比有所增长,特别是在安阳、平顶山和漯河市的赤霉病样品中假禾谷镰孢菌的分离频率达到了10%以上。 相似文献
17.
小麦抗赤霉病鉴定及其抗病基因的检测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
小麦赤霉病是由镰刀菌和禾谷镰孢菌引起的小麦真菌病害,严重影响小麦的产量与品质。为了筛选适合黄淮麦区利用的抗病品种资源,于2017-2018年度利用单花滴注对107份黄淮麦区小麦资源进行田间赤霉病抗性鉴定;同时利用与 Fhb1、 Fhb2、 Fhb4和 Fhb5共4个与抗赤霉病相关QTL紧密连锁的8个分子标记对供试小麦材料进行了检测。经鉴定,扬富麦101表现为抗赤霉病(R),宁麦13、宁麦资119、扬麦16等12个品种表现为中抗赤霉病(MR);分子标记检测发现,这些抗赤霉病品种携带1个或多个抗赤霉病QTL位点,其中 Fhb1基因及其基因组合效应最为明显, Fhb1可以作为主要抗性基因应用于小麦赤霉病抗性育种。 相似文献
18.
我国北方玉米子粒禾谷镰孢菌群产毒素化学型检测分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用镰孢菌产毒素基因特异性引物,对分离自我国北方春玉米区玉米子粒的禾谷镰孢菌复合种群(Fusarium graminearum clade)的43株镰孢菌菌株进行产毒素化学型检测.结果表明,我国北方玉米子粒中携带的禾谷镰孢菌(包括F. graminearum和F.asiaticum)检测到2种产毒素化学型,F. graminearum只产生脱氧雪腐镰孢烯醇(Deoxynivalenol,DON),F. asiaticum可以产生脱氧雪腐镰孢烯醇(Deoxynivalenol,DON)和雪腐镰孢烯醇(Nivalenol, NIV). 相似文献
19.
为探索生物制剂对小麦根腐病的防控效果,采用菌丝生长法测定了6种生物制剂对禾谷镰刀菌、刺腐霉菌和小麦离蠕孢菌的毒力。结果表明,申嗪霉素、乙蒜素和春雷霉素具有良好的抑菌效果,其中申嗪霉素的毒力最强,对禾谷镰刀菌、刺腐霉菌和小麦离蠕孢菌的EC50值分别为0.350 2 mg·L-1、0.864 5 mg·L-1和0.134 1 mg·L-1,乙蒜素对刺腐霉菌和小麦离蠕孢菌的EC50值分别为2.957 3 mg·L-1和2.342 7 mg·L-1,春雷霉素对刺腐霉菌和禾谷镰刀菌的EC50值分别为0.864 5 mg·L-1和5.090 9 mg·L-1。室内盆栽试验表明,申嗪霉素和乙蒜素对禾谷镰刀菌的防治效果显著优于春雷霉素,防治效果分别为75.73%和74.68%;乙蒜素对刺腐霉菌的防治效果最好,防效为86.28%;申嗪霉素和乙蒜素对离蠕孢菌的防效分别为87.68%和83.25%。综上所述,申嗪霉素和乙蒜素能有效抑制禾谷镰刀菌、刺腐霉菌和小麦离蠕孢菌三种病原菌的生长,对小麦根腐病防治具有很大应用潜力。 相似文献
20.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of small grain cereals resulting in a reduced grain yield and quality. FHB is the result of a complex interaction between weather conditions and agricultural practices including crop rotation, tillage, fungicide application and host resistance. This study deals with the results of field experiments conducted during the growing seasons 2009–2010 until 2011–2012 at Bottelare (Belgium). The experiments were set up to evaluate the influence of maize–wheat rotation on the visual symptoms of FHB and deoxynivalenol (DON) content in winter wheat. Using a randomised complete block design with four replications, we studied the impact of (a) maize variety as previous crop, (b) maize harvest method (grain or silage maize), (c) tillage method and (d) the influence of the wheat variety resistance on the FHB incidence and DON content. The experimental results showed that the susceptibility of the maize varieties for Fusarium and maize harvest method had only a minor effect on the FHB incidence and DON content of the wheat crop during the subsequent growing season. The tillage method and wheat variety resistance were more important; both factors had a significant influence on the FHB incidence and DON content. Furthermore, the quantitative effect of these factors depended on the disease pressure. The DON content reduction obtained by ploughing and by sowing moderately resistant wheat varieties was higher in case the weather conditions favoured FHB development. Furthermore, it was shown that repeated maize–wheat rotation in combination with favourable weather conditions for FHB could result in an accumulation of inoculum, which, for instance, led to DON contents up to 9.90 mg/kg in August 2012. 相似文献