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1.
不同施肥水平及玉米种植对土壤微生物生物量碳氮的影响 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
以裸地(不种植作物)和玉米种植的田间小区试验为平台,研究不同施肥水平及玉米种植对土壤微生物生物量碳氮的影响。结果表明,当不施肥时,土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量裸地平均值分别为175.98 mg/kg和26.04 mg/kg,种植玉米小区的平均值分别为161.65 mg/kg和22.70 mg/kg,土壤微生物生物量碳氮低于裸地;而施肥时,裸地的土壤微生物生物量碳氮平均值的变化范围分别为182.27~206.27 mg/kg和27.41~31.22 mg/kg,种植玉米小区的变化范围分别为194.70~235.58 mg/kg和35.76~44.66 mg/kg,土壤微生物生物量碳氮高于裸地,可见土壤碳氮的平衡对于土壤微生物生物量碳氮极为重要。裸地和玉米种植小区土壤微生物生物量碳氮均随着施肥量的增加呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,其施氮水平拐点分别为70 kg/hm2和150kg/hm2,表明施肥水平对土壤微生物生物量碳氮具有显著影响。另外,玉米各生育期间土壤微生物生物量碳氮也存在着显著差异,其中,土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量在拔节期处于最低,变动范围分别为154.46~229.09 mg/kg和18.84~31.44 mg/kg;抽雄期处于最高,变动范围分别为171.71~242.48 mg/kg和30.01~50.54 mg/kg。 相似文献
2.
红壤双季稻田土壤活性碳、氮周年变化及影响因素 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
3.
添加莠去津的土壤中微生物生物量碳、氮、磷对外源有机无机物质的动态响应 总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1
研究了添加有机、无机营养物质对外加除草剂莠去津土壤(每1g土中含莠去津10mg/)中微生物生物量碳、氮和磷的动态变化过程。研究结果表明,在整个培养过程中,仅加莠去津的土壤中微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的含量均显著降低,与对照相比,分别平均降低了13.5%,10.1%,20.0%。但是,施用有机、无机营养物质的处理,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的含量均显著增加。不同处理对微生物生物量碳、氮的含量影响程度依次为:腐熟猪粪>紫云英>水稻秸秆腐熟猪粪>N、P肥配施>单施N肥>单施P肥。而对微生物生物量磷含量的影响则为:腐熟猪粪>N、P肥配施>紫云英>单施N肥>单施P肥>水稻秸秆。 相似文献
4.
在滴灌条件下,采用连续3年定位增施有机肥小区试验,研究了不同有机无机肥配比对滴灌棉田土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物量氮、全氮以及土壤矿化和硝化特性的影响,旨在明确滴灌棉田增施有机肥条件下土壤氮素转化与各形态氮素特征。结果表明,增施有机肥各处理均可显著增加土壤NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量(P0.05),且明显增加NH+4-N占总氮(TN)比例。在各施肥处理中,以配施6 000 kg·hm-2生物有机肥处理(60%CF+BF2)的矿质氮含量最高;3年连续增施有机肥3 000~6 000 kg·hm-2可明显增加滴灌棉田全氮和微生物量氮含量(P0.05),其中生物有机肥(CF+BF)对提高微生物量氮(MBN)/TN的效果显著,其土壤全氮分别比对照(CK)和单施化肥处理(CF)提高了24.7%~37.1%和13.3%~24.5%,微生物量氮分别增加53.8%~98.5%和32.2%~70.5%。有机无机肥配施可明显提高土壤硝化势和矿化能力。土壤增施3 000~6 000 kg·hm-2有机肥对促进滴灌棉田氮素转化,调节不同形态氮素比例及提高氮素肥力有显著效应。 相似文献
5.
施氮及灌溉方式对玉米地土壤硝化潜势及微生物量碳的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究了不同施氮量及灌溉方式下玉米地土壤的微生物量碳及硝化潜势.结果表明:未施氮肥条件下,喷灌比漫灌土壤平均硝化潜势低0.57～4.77 mg/(kg·d);不同时期喷灌施肥土壤平均硝化潜势变化量为2.18～4.77 mg/(kg·d),幅度较小;而漫灌施肥土壤硝化潜势的变化量为-0.57～28.4 mg/(kg·d),幅度较大.土壤微生物量碳的变化受施肥与灌溉方式的影响,9月份土壤微生物量碳均低于7月份,未施氮肥条件下,喷灌下降9.05 mg/kg,变化幅度较小;而漫灌下降176.52 mg/kg,变化幅度较大.施氮肥均降低土壤微生物碳量;不同时期漫灌施肥与漫灌未施肥、喷灌施肥与喷灌未施肥相比分别降低土壤平均微生物量碳108.78～0.57 mg/kg,58.82～86.71 mg/kg. 相似文献
6.
研究尿素与硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)混施对新疆沙砾土壤氮素转化及葡萄叶片光合的影响,以期为DMPP科学应用提供理论依据。以葡萄品种“赤霞珠”为供试作物,试验设不施肥、单施尿素以及在尿素中分别添加0.5%、1%、3%、5%的DMPP(含氮量的0.5%、1%、3%、5%),共6个处理,探讨不同浓度DMPP与尿素混施对土壤中NH4+-N、NO3--N、硝化抑制率、pH值以及叶片SPAD值、净光合速率和胞间CO2浓度等指标的影响。结果表明:施入尿素使土壤中NH4+-N含量增幅达150 mg/kg以上;与单施尿素相比,添加不同浓度的DMPP不仅可以延缓NH4+-N下降趋势,还能有效降低土壤中NO3--N上升的趋势,但DMPP在0.5%～5%浓度范围内未发生明显的剂量效应,其中添加1%DMPP作用效果最显著;不同浓度的DMPP对土壤的硝化抑制率也不相同,1%DMPP在第14 d的抑制效果可达到49.60%;与不施肥相比,施入尿素可显著提高叶片净光合速率和SPAD值;利用主成分分析提取出的4个主成分可涵盖原始信息的84.146%,其中1%DMPP处理得分最高。综上所述,尿素与DMPP混施可显著抑制NH4+-N向NO3--N转化,提高硝化抑制率,降低表观硝化率,使土壤中保持较高水平的NH4+-N含量,同时还可显著提高叶片净光合速率。不同浓度DMPP处理间有一定的显著差异,从经济效益和应用效果综合考虑,新疆沙砾土中以1%DMPP与尿素配施效果最佳。 相似文献
7.
控制排水和施氮量对旱地土壤氮素运移转化的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了研究控制排水和氮肥共同作用对旱地土壤氮素运移转化的影响,在湖北荆州丫角排灌试验站进行微区对照试验,以控制水位水平(30、50、100cm)和3个施氮水平(H:68.25/145.6kg/hm2;C:52.5/112kg/hm2,L:36.75/78.4kg/hm2,前面数值是施磷酸二铵量,后面为施硫酸钾复合肥量)为试验变量,组合成H30、H50、H100、C30、C50、C100、L30、L50、L100等9个处理测定了土壤剖面分层NO3-N、NH4+-N含量。对观测结果进行分析表明,常规施氮水平下,自由排水处理各土层NO3-N含量最高、50处理各土层NO3-N含量最低;低施氮水平下30处理NH4+-N含量最高;同一水位处理高施氮水平NH4+-N含量最低。同一施氮水平下,控制水位30cm的NH+4-N含量大于50cm的NH+4-N含量大于100cm的NH+4-N含量。同一施氮水平下实行控制排水可以增加氮素稳定性;实行控制水位处理时,不需增加或减少施氮量、常规施氮条件下氮素稳定性保持最高;而在自由排水时,减少施氮量,能够增加耕层土壤氮素稳定性。 相似文献
8.
添加葡萄糖对中亚热带阔叶林土壤氮转化的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对中亚热带阔叶林(罗浮栲林)土壤,设置7个碳添加梯度(C量分别是0,300,600,900,1 000,1 100,1 300 mg/kg),在25℃、土壤饱和持水量(WHC)的60%条件下室内培养21 d,研究活性碳对阔叶森林土壤氮的影响。结果表明:随着碳添加量增加,NO_3~–-N迅速降低且在C 900 mg/kg水平达到最低,此时NO_3~–-N降低28.35 mg/kg。可溶性有机氮(SON)在第7天随葡萄糖碳添加量而降低,但是到第21天在900～1 300 mg/kg C水平,SON高于第7天,且用氯仿熏蒸提取后来自微生物的SON开始增加;总的SON增加15.09～17.10 mg/kg。可见,通过NO_3~–-N的微生物同化转化为有机氮,使该地区在降雨较多的情况下降低NO_3~–-N的淋溶或反硝化气态损失风险,增加SON的淋溶风险。但是在生态系统氮需求发生改变时SON能迅速响应使该地区森林土壤氮有效矿化,并满足植物生长需求,提高生态系统中氮的可利用性。凋落物残体氮浓度增加,且残余土壤氮增加5.64 mg/kg。红外光谱显示,碳添加量为900 mg/kg降低罗浮栲土壤经K_2SO_4溶液提取后残体在各波数处的吸收峰比例,且在吸收峰最高的426～600 cm~(–1)、900～1 200 cm~(–1)范围内,碳添加的影响最小,表明碳添加使土壤矿物对氮的保持增加,且有机氮变得更加稳定。 相似文献
9.
猪粪与化肥配施对植烟土壤酶活性和微生物 生物量动态变化的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
采用盆栽试验研究不同用量的猪粪与化肥配施对植烟土壤酶活性和微生物生物量碳氮动态变化的影响。结果表明:植烟土壤中脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性和微生物生物量碳含量随栽培天数的增加呈动态变化,表现出先增加后减少的趋势,且在栽培10天或25天达到最高峰,各处理中以配施30%猪粪+70%化肥处理较好;微生物生物量氮含量随栽培天数增加表现出先下降后上升再下降的趋势,且在20天时达到最高峰,以化肥处理最好,配施处理以70%猪粪+30%化肥处理较好。综合所有指标,在该试验条件下,配施30%猪粪+70%化肥处理对植烟土壤酶活性和微生物生物量碳含量作用较好。 相似文献
10.
不同浓度葡萄糖添加对黑土氨基酸转化的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过室内培养方式,研究不同浓度葡萄糖与无机氮肥(NH4)2SO4配施对土壤微生物将无机态氮转化为氨基酸态氮过程的影响。结果表明:和单施(NH4)2SO4培养相比,葡萄糖与(NH4)2SO4配合施用显著提高了土壤微生物将无机态氮向氨基酸态氮转化的程度,高浓度葡萄糖的添加更有利于无机态氮的同化。同样培养条件下NH4+-N、NO3--N和微生物量氮的数据表明,添加碳源明显降低了土壤中NH4+-N和NO3--N的含量,而微生物量氮量明显提高。表明活性碳源的加入明显提高土壤微生物活性,起到调控土壤微生物将无机态N转化为氨基酸态氮速率和容量的作用。 相似文献
11.
长期施肥处理对玉米生长期潮土微生物生物量和活度的影响 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
以1989年建立的中国科学院封丘农田生态系统国家试验站的长期定位试验为平台,研究经18a连续不同施肥处理后玉米季土壤微生物生物量碳氮和微生物活度的动态变化及其与土壤有机碳之间的相互关系,并探讨施肥措施对土壤微生物及其活性的影响。施肥处理包括:(1)有机肥(OM);(2)1/2化肥和1/2有机肥(1/2OM+1/2NPK);(3)氮磷钾肥(NPK);(4)氮磷肥(NP);(5)磷钾肥(PK);(6)氮钾肥(NK);(7)不施肥,即对照(CK)7个处理。结果表明,微生物生物量碳氮和微生物活度在玉米生长期内均有明显的时间变异性,其中微生物生物量碳与微生物活度的动态变化比较一致,其间的极显著相关关系表明潮土微生物生物量碳的变化可以在很大程度上代表土壤微生物活度的变化。施肥制度显著影响微生物生物量碳氮和微生物活度的变化,总体趋势为OM1/2OM+1/2NPKNPKNPPKNKCK,表明OM有利于保持土壤的生物化学环境及促进土壤的生物学活性;与OM处理相比,化学肥料的长期施用有降低土壤微生物生物量和微生物活度的趋势,尤其是缺素处理的表现更为明显,其中以缺磷处理的表现最为严重。土壤微生物生物量碳氮、微生物活度与土壤有机碳变化均呈极显著正相关。 相似文献
12.
长期施用化肥对红壤性水稻土中微生物生物量、活性及群落结构的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用化肥长期定位试验,研究了施肥对土壤微生物生物量、活性及其群落结构的影响.结果表明:与不施肥相比,长期施用化肥不仅增加了土壤微生物生物量,而且导致了土壤微生物群落结构的分异.其中,有机无机配施处理和2倍NPK配施处理显著提高了土壤有机质含量、全N含量、土壤微生物生物量和土壤微生物活性.NPK均衡施肥处理对土壤有机质、土壤微生物生物量及其活性的影响小于非均衡施肥的处理(NP、NK、N、P、K),适当增施K肥有利于提高土壤微生物中真菌的比例. 相似文献
13.
Newton Z. Lupwayi Stewart A. Brandt John T. O’Donovan T. Kelly Turkington 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(11):1997-2004
The combination of high input costs and low commodity prices is forcing some farmers to consider reducing crop inputs like seed, fertilizer and herbicides. In a field trial in which different canola (Brassica napus L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) inputs were subtracted from a full package, or added to an empty package, we studied the effects of full or reduced fertilizer and herbicide inputs on soil microbiological characteristics at two sites from 2005 to 2008. The full package consisted of a high-yielding crop variety seeded at an optimum rate, with fertilizers and herbicides applied at recommended rates. The empty package consisted of a less expensive, low-yielding crop variety seeded at a low rate, with no fertilizer or herbicide applied. Between these two extremes were treatments in which fertilizers or herbicides were applied at 50% of recommended rates or not at all. Each treatment was repeated year after year in the same plot, i.e., treatment effects were cumulative. Fertilizer effects on soil microbial biomass C (MBC), β-glucosidase enzyme activity and bacterial functional diversity (based on community-level physiological profiles) were usually positive. Reduced fertilizer application rates reduced the beneficial fertilizer effects. Significant herbicide effects on soil microbiological properties occurred less often, were smaller in magnitude than fertilizer effects, and were mostly negative. Reduced herbicide rates reduced the deleterious herbicide effects. These significant fertilizer and herbicide effects were observed in canola more than barley, and mostly in the final year of the study, indicating the cumulative nature of treatment effects over time. Therefore, repeated applications of agricultural inputs like fertilizers and herbicides can have more significant effects on soil biology and biological processes than single applications indicate. 相似文献
14.
Ilya Yevdokimov Andreas Gattinger Franz Buegger Jean Charles Munch Michael Schloter 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2008,44(8):1103-1106
The changes in size, activity and structure of soil microbial community caused by N fertilization were studied in a laboratory
incubation experiment. The rates of N fertiliser applied (KNO3) were 0 (control), 100 and 2,000 μg N g−1 soil. Despite no extra C sources added, a high percentage of N was immobilized. Whereas no significant increase of microbial
C was revealed during incubation period, microbial growth kinetics as determined by the substrate-induced growth-response
method demonstrated a significant decrease in the specific growth rate of microbial community in soil treated with 2,000 μg
N g−1 soil. Additionally, a shift in microbial community structure resulting in an increase in fungal biomarkers, mainly in the
treatment with 2,000 μg N g−1 soil was visible. 相似文献
15.
Here we studied the effects of gut transit through the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae, on the physicochemical, biochemical, and microbial characteristics of pig slurry, by analyzing fresh casts. The reduction
in the dissolved organic C contents in casts we recorded suggests that during digestion, earthworms assimilated labile organic
C preferentially, which is a limiting growth factor for them. Furthermore, both microbial biomass and activity in pig slurry
were significantly decreased by earthworm gut transit. It appears that E. eugeniae is able to digest microorganisms, although the addition of glucose to the food increased respiration, indicating that growth
of microorganisms in casts could be limited by depletion of labile C. Despite reduced microbial biomass and activity, the
metabolic diversity of microbial communities was greater in casts than in original pig slurry. Community level physiological
profiles obtained from Biolog Ecoplate data revealed that, after earthworm gut transit, the microbial communities in casts
and pig slurry were clearly differentiated by their physiological profiles. The results indicate that first stage in vermicomposting
of pig slurry by E. eugeniae, i.e., casting, produced changes that will influence the dynamics of the organic matter degradation by reducing forms of
N and C available to microorganisms, hence restricting their growth and multiplication. Nevertheless, the reduced microflora
of casts was characterized by an increased catabolic potential that might lead to thorough degradation of pig slurry. 相似文献
16.
Successional changes in microbial biomass,respiration and nutrient status during litter decomposition in an aspen and pine forest 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Microbial biomass, microbial respiration, metabolic quotient (qCO2), Cmic/Corg ratio and nutrient status of the microflora was investigated in different layers of an aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and pine forest (Pinus contorta Loud.) in southwest Alberta, Canada. Changes in these parameters with soil depth were assumed to reflect successional changes in aging litter materials. The microbial nutrient status was investigated by analysing the respiratory response of glucose and nutrient (N and P) supplemented microorganisms. A strong decline in qCO2 with soil depth indicated a more efficient C use by microorganisms in later stages of decay in both forests. Cmic/Corg ratio also declined in the aspen forest with soil depth but in the pine forest it was at a maximum in the mineral soil layer. Microbial nutrient status in aspen leaf litter and pine needle litter indicated N limitation or high N demand, but changes in microbial nutrient status with soil depth differed strongly between both forests. In the aspen forest N deficiency appeared to decline in later stages of decay whereas P deficiency increased. In contrast, in the pine forest microbial growth was restricted mainly by N availability in each of the layers. Analysis of the respiratory response of CNP-supplemented microorganisms indicated that growth ability of microorganisms is related to the fungal-bacterial ratio. 相似文献
17.
城市与郊区森林土壤微生物群落特征差异研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
森林是具有重要服务功能的生态系统之一,在城区和郊区都普遍存在,但对于森林土壤微生物群落特征的城郊差异研究却很少。本研究在北京城市与郊区选择三种相同树种(油松Pinus tabulaeformis、侧柏Platycladus orientalis和毛白杨Populus tomentosa)的森林,主要研究比较了土壤微生物量碳、微生物群落结构和功能多样性的城郊差异。结果表明,郊区森林的土壤微生物量碳含量显著高于城区(郊区微生物量碳为367.29 mg kg-1,城区为294.23 mg kg-1)。同一树种下郊区微生物活性高于城区,差异未达到显著。微生物多样性和均匀度城郊差异不明显;但树种间存在一定的差异,城区毛白杨林下土壤微生物群落的均匀度显著低于柏树与油松,多样性指数显著低于柏树。结果表明城市化过程对城市土壤微生物量以及微生物群落的结构和功能有一定影响,且不同树种对于这种影响存在差异。随着城市化加快,城乡梯度上土壤微生物量碳的城乡差异明显,而土壤微生物群落结构、功能的差异有减小的趋势。 相似文献
18.
不同类型水稻土微生物群落结构特征及其影响因素 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
选取基于我国土壤地理发生分类的不同类型土壤发育的四种水稻土,利用15N2气体示踪法测定生物固氮速率,采用实时荧光定量PCR（Real-time PCR）技术测定细菌丰度,通过16S rRNA基因高通量测序分析微生物群落组成和多样性。结果表明：变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和蓝藻门（Cyanobacteria）是水稻土中优势微生物类群。四种类型土壤发育的水稻土细菌群落结构差异显著（Stress<0.001）,群落结构分异（NMDS1）与土壤pH存在极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）。土壤有机碳和碱解氮含量显著影响水稻土中细菌丰度和群落多样性（P<0.01）。红壤发育的水稻土细菌16S rRNA基因拷贝数显著高于其他三种类型水稻土,但OTU数量、Chao1指数和PD指数均低于其他三种类型水稻土。土壤pH对水稻土生物固氮速率有显著影响（P<0.01）,紫色土发育的水稻土具有最高的生物固氮速率（3.2±0.7 mg×kg-1×d-1）,其中优势类群细鞘丝藻属（Leptolyngbya）可能是生物固氮的主要贡献者。研究结果丰富了对水稻土微生物多样性的认识,为通过调控土壤pH和微生物群落组成来提高稻田生物固氮潜力提供了理论依据。 相似文献
19.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of reclaimed scenarios on soil enzyme activities and microbial community in a reclaimed surface coal mine on the Northwest Loess Plateau of China. Soil samples were collected from a bare land (CK), and a plantation (PL) and four mixed forests (MF1-4). Soil physicochemical characteristics, four enzyme activities and microbial abundance and T-RFLP (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism) profiles were measured. Effects of reclaimed scenarios on soil nutrients content, enzyme activities and microbial community were pronounced. Soil organic carbon could be well used to predict the major differences in enzyme activities, and microbial abundance and composition. Soil enzyme activities were more significantly correlated with fungal abundance than bacterial and archaeal ones. The higher soil nutrient content, enzyme activities, and microbial abundance and diversity were from mixed forests and the lowest ones were from CK, which suggested mixed forests would be feasible scenarios in semi-arid Loess Plateau. Soil bacteria, archaea and fungi evolved with reclaimed process, but the influences of reclaimed scenarios on each domain of microbial abundance, diversity and composition were different. These findings suggested that soil bacteria, archaea and fungi play different ecological roles during restoration process. 相似文献
20.
Effects of increasing periods under intensive arable vegetable production on biological, chemical and physical indices of soil quality 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
The effects on soil condition of increasing periods under intensive cultivation for vegetable production on a Typic Haplohumult
were compared with those of pastoral management using soil biological, physical and chemical indices of soil quality. The
majority of the soils studied had reasonably high pH, exchangeable cation and extractable P levels reflecting the high fertilizer
rates applied to dairy pasture and more particularly vegetable-producing soils. Soil organic C (Corg) content under long-term pasture (>60 years) was in the range of 55 g C kg–1 to 65 g C kg–1. With increasing periods under vegetable production soil organic matter declined until a new equilibrium level was attained
at about 15–20 g C kg–1 after 60–80 years. The loss of soil organic matter resulted in a linear decline in microbial biomass C (Cmic) and basal respiratory rate. The microbial quotient (Cmic/Corg) decreased from 2.3% to 1.1% as soil organic matter content declined from 65 g C kg–1 to 15 g C kg–1 but the microbial metabolic quotient (basal respiration/Cmic ratio) remained unaffected. With decreasing soil organic matter content, the decline in arginine ammonification rate, fluorescein
diacetate hydrolytic activity, earthworm numbers, soil aggregate stability and total clod porosity was curvilinear and little
affected until soil organic C content fell below about 45 g C kg–1. Soils with an organic C content above 45 g C kg–1 had been under pasture for at least 30 years. At the same Corg content, soil biological activity and soil physical conditions were markedly improved when soils were under grass rather
than vegetables. It was concluded that for soils under continuous vegetable production, practices that add organic residues
to the soil should be promoted and that extending routine soil testing procedures to include key physical and biological properties
will be an important future step in promoting sustainable management practices in the area.
Received: 18 November 1997 相似文献