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1.
E. J. SCHOEVERS M. TERLOU† A. PIJPERS J. H. M. VERHEIJDEN 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》1994,17(1):38-42
Schoevers, E.J., Terlou, M., Pijpers, A., Verheijden, J.H.M. An image analysis system: an objective and accurate alternative for reading the agar diffusion test. J. vet. Pharmacol Therap. 17, 38–42.
A computerized image analysis system (IAS) has been used to develop a new method for reading the agar diffusion test automatically. In four experiments a total of 88 porcine plasma and 95 urine samples were screened for oxytetra-cycline by the agar diffusion test. The inhibition zones were measured by hand and by the IAS directly from the bioassay plate and by the IAS from the photonegative taken from the plate. Both methods were positively correlated with the hand method for plasma (0.9716, 0.9669) and urine (0.9878, 0.9731) in the range tested for 0.1 to 2.0 (/ml. Moreover, the coefficient of variation and the day-to-day-variation amounted to 1,72% and 1.47% respectively, for the method by hand and 1.10, 1.54% and 0.27, 0.38% respectively, for the IAS methods. It is concluded that the IAS method is an objective and accurate alternative for reading the agar diffusion test. 相似文献
A computerized image analysis system (IAS) has been used to develop a new method for reading the agar diffusion test automatically. In four experiments a total of 88 porcine plasma and 95 urine samples were screened for oxytetra-cycline by the agar diffusion test. The inhibition zones were measured by hand and by the IAS directly from the bioassay plate and by the IAS from the photonegative taken from the plate. Both methods were positively correlated with the hand method for plasma (0.9716, 0.9669) and urine (0.9878, 0.9731) in the range tested for 0.1 to 2.0 (/ml. Moreover, the coefficient of variation and the day-to-day-variation amounted to 1,72% and 1.47% respectively, for the method by hand and 1.10, 1.54% and 0.27, 0.38% respectively, for the IAS methods. It is concluded that the IAS method is an objective and accurate alternative for reading the agar diffusion test. 相似文献
2.
M. Beauregard P. Boulanger W. A. Webster 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》1965,29(6):141-147
Brain material from 750 domestic and wild animals submitted to this laboratory for rabies diagnosis was studied by the following three methods: a) microscopic examination of Williams'' stained impressions, b) mouse inoculation test, and c) microscopic examination of impressions stained with fluorescein-tagged antibodies. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the sensitivity of the fluorescent antibody technique with that of two classical methods, when applied to the routine diagnosis of rabies. From the results obtained by one or the other method of study, 175 specimens were diagnosed as positive. Of these, only 58 (33 per cent) were detected by the examination of Williams'' stained impressions. On the other hand, two rabid cases were missed by the mouse inoculation test, and four by the fluorescent antibody technique. Without being completely reliable, the last two methods proved to be almost equally sensitive and much more so than the examination of Williams'' stained impressions. 相似文献
3.
食品及饲料中三聚氰胺检测方法的比较 《畜牧与饲料科学》2015,36(4):97-97
介绍了国内外近年来对三聚氰胺定量检测的方法。主要涉及奶粉等乳制品及饲料中三聚氰胺的检测,包括色谱法、色谱-质谱联用法（GC—MS、LC—MS）、光谱法及免疫法等,通过分析和比较可以看出,上述典型的检测方法检测费用较高,仅限于实验室检测,难于推广,或者虽然检测费用低,但检测结果不准确,而纳米金、石墨烯等新型材料的引入,对微量的三聚氰胺检测能够更加快速、便捷、准确。 相似文献
4.
Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics in food may only be present in concentrations below a toxicologically approved level. To check the established limits laboratories depend on reliable methods: on the one hand rapid and inexpensive screening tests (biological and immunological methods), on the other hand rather costly but very specific chemical-analytical reference methods. The results of residue testing in a big slaughter plant are presented. Residues of antibiotics were mainly found in calves. The most frequently detected drugs were tetracyclines, sulfonamides and aminoglycosides. 相似文献
5.
Detection of Trichinella infection in food animals 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The first part of this review article deals with classical methods used for the detection of Trichinella larvae in muscle samples of those animal species which are recognized as traditional sources of trichinellosis for human beings, as well as those species which are important for epidemiological reasons. Special consideration is given to the main applications of these methods (routine slaughter inspection, and epidemiological studies in reservoir animals), and to the major factors that may influence detection methods (sampling site, sample size). Historical, current and future aspects concerning national and EU legislation for Trichinella inspection are also presented. The latter part of this review is directed at serodiagnostic methods for the detection of Trichinella-specific antibodies in different animal species. Classical methods of serodiagnosis such as the complement fixation test and immunofluorescence antibody test are reviewed and the characteristics and performance of the ELISA are discussed. Factors dependent upon the animal species being tested or on components of the ELISA test system are considered. This paper also reviews systematic development of the ELISA in relation to improvements in test specificity and sensitivity. Additionally, remarks are made on implementing this test for surveillance and control programs in domestic pigs and wildlife. 相似文献
6.
W Erhardt C Lendl R Hipp M Schindele G Blümel 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1989,102(9):289-292
The use of pulse oximeters as a non-invasive, real time and online method for the continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation is discussed and compared to other methods like hemoreflectometry, and blood gas analysis. Analyses of linear regression show extraordinarily good correlations between all three monitoring systems. Pulse oximetry and hemoreflectometry on the one hand and blood gas analysis on the other hand sometimes show quite differing values of oxygen saturation. This phenomenon is due to the fact that the measuring methods are based on different working principles as well as it can be explained by the various hemoglobin-types. The pulse rate also measured by the pulse oximeter is nearly completely identical to the heart rate of the ECG. A slight temporal delay between the two acoustic signals is noticed and justified. Pulse oximetry seems to be superior to other oxygen monitoring systems because of its continuous noninvasive measuring technique. 相似文献
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8.
Zeiner H Schobesberger H Skalicky M Stanek C 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2007,120(3-4):165-172
This survey focusses on the effects of various claw trimming methods as well as the effect of the different resulting claw shapes on the pressure distribution under the sole. 64 bovine claws were trimmed according to 3 different trimming methods, the functional claw trimming method by Toussaint Raven and two other specially modified methods.The alternative methods resulted on the one hand in long and acute-angled claws, on the other hand in a very steep claw profile. The limb samples were attached to the hydraulic plunger of a material testing machine and pressed onto a pressure distribution plate with a predefined load. The pressure distribution pattern was recorded before and after trimming. An obvious stress concentration could be observed in the bulbar region of the outer claws. All of the applied claw trimming methods induced a redistribution of load onto the inner claws while relieving the bulbar area of the outer claws.The inner claws were the main reason for the enlarged floor contact area caused by the trimming techniques.The results show that all techniques led to an improvement of stress conditions. In some cases, methods 2 and 3 were slightly superior in reducing maximum pressure and enlarging floor contact area. 相似文献
9.
Black bindweed seed (Polygonum convolvulus) from the 1987 harvest was tested for possible toxicity in a 38-day range-finding test with Wistar rats which received feed rations on the basis of VDT-1 standard feedstuff and components of 5 or 20%. Histological liver findings as well as parameters recorded from laboratory diagnosis (plasma activities of ALAT, ASAT, and gamma GT as well as total protein and albumin levels in plasma) were indicative of incipient impairment of liver metabolism. More detailed and comprehensive chemico-analytical investigations are recommended, with due consideration of the unity between high-value primary components, on the one hand, and possibly toxic secondary constituent substances, on the other. 相似文献
10.
Historically, lameness has been evaluated in hand or on the lunge, but some lamenesses may only be apparent ridden. The objectives were to compare the response to flexion tests, movement in hand, on the lunge, and ridden in sports horses in regular work, assumed to be sound by the owners. It was hypothesized that lameness may be apparent in ridden horses that was not detectable in hand or on the lunge. Fifty-seven sports horses in regular work and assumed to be sound were assessed prospectively in hand, on the lunge on both soft and firm surfaces, and ridden. Flexion tests of all four limbs were performed. Lameness was graded (0–8) under each circumstance in which the horse was examined and after each flexion test. Fourteen horses (24.6%) were sound under all circumstances. Six horses were sound in hand, on the lunge, and ridden but showed a grade 1 or 2 lameness after flexion of a single limb. Sixteen horses (26.3%) were lame in hand. Twenty-four horses (42.1%) showed lameness on the lunge on a soft surface, and 23 horses (40.4%) were lame on the lunge on a firm surface. Twenty-seven horses (47.4%) showed lameness ridden; seven (12.3%) were only lame ridden. There was no significant association between age (P = .09) or work discipline (P = .1) and lameness. It was concluded that freedom from lameness in straight lines is not a reliable indicator of soundness. Some lamenesses are only apparent ridden. 相似文献
11.
不同脱粒方法对狼尾草种子数量和质量的影响研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
比较了8种脱粒方法对威提特东非狼尾草Pennisetum clandestinum cv.whittet种子数量和质量的影响,结果表明,人工锤打脱粒法获得的种子破损率最低,纯净度和发芽率最高;木刀脱粒机脱粒法(筛孔直径0.8 cm)获得的种子数量最多, 10 kg种子材料可获得937.3 g种子,种子的破损率也较小,为8.37%,种子的纯净度为88.33%,种子的发芽率高达92.33%,仅次于人工锤打脱粒法.综合排名表明,人工锤打脱粒法和木刀脱粒机脱粒法(筛孔直径0.8 cm)同为第一,但人工锤打脱粒种子数量偏低,费时费力,经济效益不高.因此,最终确定木刀脱粒机脱粒法(筛孔直径0.8 cm)为威提特东非狼尾草种子脱粒的最佳方法. 相似文献
12.
O'Keefe JS 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2002,50(1):9-13
Leptospirosis is a ubiquitous zoonotic disease that may be maintained in either wild or domesticated animal species. These bacteria have been classified into serovars based on their antigenic characteristics and, more recently, into species based on genomic studies. They produce both chronic and acute infections. Chronic infections of serovars in the host species to which they have become adapted can result in long term shedding, providing a source of acute infection for other species. As clinical presentation can vary greatly, diagnosis often depends on laboratory methods. In addition to diagnostic testing, herd health monitoring and screening for international trade purposes are performed at veterinary laboratories. The test method selected varies depending on the samples available and the purpose of testing. An increasing variety of laboratory methods are being described for detection of bacteria and antibodies. In addition to classical methods such as culture, dark-field, microscopy and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), a variety of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), competitive ELISA and other rapid serological tests have been described. This review describes the advantages and limitations of these assays together with other factors that may affect results and their interpretation, such as species variation, vaccination and antibiotic administration. 相似文献
13.
Estimation of sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests and disease prevalence when the true disease state is unknown 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The performance of a new diagnostic test is frequently evaluated by comparison to a perfect reference test (i.e. a gold standard). In many instances, however, a reference test is less than perfect. In this paper, we review methods for estimation of the accuracy of a diagnostic test when an imperfect reference test with known classification errors is available. Furthermore, we focus our presentation on available methods of estimation of test characteristics when the sensitivity and specificity of both tests are unknown. We present some of the available statistical methods for estimation of the accuracy of diagnostic tests when a reference test does not exist (including maximum likelihood estimation and Bayesian inference). We illustrate the application of the described methods using data from an evaluation of a nested polymerase chain reaction and microscopic examination of kidney imprints for detection of Nucleospora salmonis in rainbow trout. 相似文献
14.
Ann L Wiegers 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2003,15(4):303-310
Third-party accreditation is a valuable tool to demonstrate a laboratory's competence to conduct testing. Accreditation, internationally and in the United States, has been discussed previously. However, accreditation is only I part of establishing data credibility. A validated test method is the first component of a valid measurement system. Validation is defined as confirmation by examination and the provision of objective evidence that the particular requirements for a specific intended use are fulfilled. The international and national standard ISO/IEC 17025 recognizes the importance of validated methods and requires that laboratory-developed methods or methods adopted by the laboratory be appropriate for the intended use. Validated methods are therefore required and their use agreed to by the client (i.e., end users of the test results such as veterinarians, animal health programs, and owners). ISO/IEC 17025 also requires that the introduction of methods developed by the laboratory for its own use be a planned activity conducted by qualified personnel with adequate resources. This article discusses considerations and recommendations for the conduct of veterinary diagnostic test method development, validation, evaluation, approval, and transfer to the user laboratory in the ISO/IEC 17025 environment. These recommendations are based on those of nationally and internationally accepted standards and guidelines, as well as those of reputable and experienced technical bodies. They are also based on the author's experience in the evaluation of method development and transfer projects, validation data, and the implementation of quality management systems in the area of method development. 相似文献
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16.
The World Health Organization's Clean Hands Save Lives: A concept applicable to equine medicine as Clean Hands Save Horses 
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下载免费PDF全文 D. Verwilghen 《Equine Veterinary Education》2018,30(10):549-557
Even before the discovery of germs, the practice of hand hygiene had revealed itself as a crucial element in the fight against infectious diseases. In fact, supported by the historical discoveries and more recent evidence based data, the World Health Organization considers hand hygiene as the pillar of infection control, particularly when related to nosocomial infections. Therefore, the World Health Organization has a strong focus on “Clean Hands Save Lives” campaigns, a principle that is easily translatable into “Clean Hands Save Horses”. Considering the recognised importance given to skin health and integrity as the first principle of good hand hygiene, using decontamination methods and products that are the least harmful to the skin is mandatory. This is why the currently accepted presurgical hand preparation methods do not involve aggressive brushing and disinfecting soaps anymore. Rather, hands should be washed with a neutral pH friendly soap first before a hydroalcoholic solution is applied. Although the principles and benefits of proper hand hygiene have been recognised in the healthcare world, one of the major drawbacks remains the lack of compliance with established protocols. To increase compliance, equine clinics should work on improving product accessibility, enhancing staff and client education as well as helping each other to remember to actually do it. This article reviews historical and current facts on hand hygiene and relates it to equine practice. Clean equine care is safer equine care: it's all in your hands! 相似文献
17.
"TAGS", a program for the evaluation of test accuracy in the absence of a gold standard 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
When a perfect reference test (i.e. "gold standard") is not available, it is possible to obtain estimates of test sensitivity and specificity using "latent-class" methods. However, there are few widely available software programs that allow implementation of these procedures. We describe the development of a program (implemented in R and S-Plus software) for this purpose that yields maximum-likelihood estimates of sensitivity, specificity and prevalence. We also have implemented an HTML form, which submits data to a web-based interface to R. The programs can incorporate data obtained from several populations, results of multiple tests, and can account for data obtained from a reference population in which the true status (infected or non-infected) of each individual is known exactly. Two estimation methods are used: a Newton-Raphson procedure and an expectation-maximisation (EM) procedure. The estimation methods assume test independence conditional on the infection status of the individuals and constant test accuracy in each population. A goodness-of-fit statistic and the residuals of pairwise correlation coefficients are calculated to check the validity of these assumptions. Two examples are used to illustrate application and limitations of the programs. The programs are available at www.afssa.fr/interne/tags.htm (Europe) or www.epi.ucdavis.edu/diagnostictests/ (USA). 相似文献
18.
A comparison of methods to estimate the prevalence of ovine Johne's infection from pooled faecal samples 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
OBJECTIVE: To compare estimates of ovine Johne's infection prevalence produced by several alternate methods based on pooled faecal culture (PFC) results with prevalence estimates based on individual faecal culture (IFC). PROCEDURE: Seven methods for estimating prevalence of infection based on PFC results were incorporated in a computer program, including methods for imperfect test sensitivity and specificity, for variable pool size and a Bayesian method that incorporates prior knowledge about test performance and prevalence. These methods were then used to analyse PFC data at one observation 30 months post-vaccination in a field trial of a killed vaccine for the control of OJD, undertaken on three farms in New South Wales. RESULTS: Prevalence estimates, for three methods that assume a perfect test, were close to the IFC estimate, whereas for three other methods that assume an imperfect test, the estimated prevalence was generally higher than the IFC estimate. In comparison, the Bayesian approach produced more variable estimates that were substantially higher than the IFC estimate when an inappropriately high prior estimate of prevalence was used. CONCLUSION: Despite the limitations of each method, two methods provided accurate and reasonable estimates of the prevalence assessed by IFC in all instances, and are appropriate for the analysis of data from this vaccine trial. One of these methods also has the advantage of allowing for variable pool size. However, further research is needed to develop a method that will simultaneously account for variation in pool size and in test sensitivity and specificity. 相似文献
19.
ERICK L. EGGER dvm Dipiomateavcs MICHAEL B. HISTAND ms PhD CHARLES E. BLASS dvm ms. BARBARA E. POWERS dvm ms 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1986,15(3):246-252
Smooth and partially threaded 3.12 mm (1/8 inch) trochar-tipped Steinmann pins were inserted transversely through both diaphyseal cortices of eight mature canine tibias using five methods. Angular velocity (revolutions per minute) during insertion and temperature elevation due to friction during penetration of the second cortex were recorded. The force required for extraction of the pins from the bone and the histologic appearance of the bone-pin interface were determined for one-half of the pins 2 days after insertion and for one-half of the pins 56 days after insertion. The increase in temperature was similar for all methods of insertion except high speed power, which was significantly greater (p < 0.05). The force required for axial pin extraction was similar for pins inserted by hand chuck, predrilled, and low speed power methods after both 2 and 56 days. Pins inserted by high speed power and hand drill required force similar to the others for extraction after 2 days but significantly less force (p < 0.05) for extraction after 56 days. The partially threaded pins required significantly greater force (p < 0.01) extraction after both 2 and 56 days. Histologic examination revealed increased mechanical bone damage surrounding hand chuck inserted pins, increased bone necrosis surrounding high speed power inserted pins, and increased inflammatory changes surrounding hand drill inserted pins. 相似文献
20.
Studies on bovine leukosis. VII. Further experience with an ELISA for the detection of antibodies to bovine leukosis virus 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the agar gel immunodiffusion test with bovine leukosis virus glycoprotein as antigen (AGIDT-BLV gp) were further used to test 633 bovine sera for antibodies to BLV. Both tests detected the same number of sera positive (149) or negative (464) for antibodies. Nine sera were negative in the ELISA but found to be weakly positive (2 sera) or bending the control line (7) in the AGDT-BLV gp. On the other hand 11 sera were scored negative in the AGIDT-BLV gp but were weakly positive (9 sera), positive (1), and strongly positive (1) in the ELISA. Both tests are used routinely in this Institute as they complement each other, specially if sera with low antibody titers are under investigation. It is concluded that ELISA can fully replace radioimmunoassays in the serodiagnosis of enzootic bovine leukosis. 相似文献