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1.
OBJECTIVE: To determine duration of corneal anesthesia following topical administration of 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride solution in domestic shorthair (DSH) cats. ANIMALS: 20 clinically normal DSH cats. PROCEDURES: Baseline corneal touch threshold (CCT) was established by use of a Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer. Treatment consisted of a single 50-microL topical application of an ophthalmic preparation of 0.5% proparacaine solution to a randomly selected eye of each cat. The corneal touch threshold was assessed 1 and 5 minutes after application to the cornea and at 5- minute intervals thereafter for 60 minutes. RESULTS: Corneal sensitivity, as determined by Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometry, was significantly reduced from baseline for 25 minutes following topical administration of ophthalmic proparacaine. Maximal anesthetic effect lasted 5 minutes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: As determined by Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometry, duration of anesthetic effects on the cornea induced by a single topical application of an ophthalmic preparation of 0.5% proparacaine solution in DSH cats is considerably shorter than the reported duration of corneal anesthesia in dogs.  相似文献   

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3.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is an association between evisceration with intraocular prosthesis placement via a dorsal scleral approach and decreased corneal sensitivity or aqueous tear production in dogs. DESIGN: Prospective study. PROCEDURE: Twenty-one dogs scheduled to undergo unilateral evisceration with intraocular prosthesis, and with a normal normotensive contralateral eye, based on slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy and applanation tonometry, were included in the study. Central corneal sensitivity was measured with a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer prior to (week 0) and 2, 7, 14 and 28 weeks following surgery. Other pre- and postoperative data collected were Schirmer's tear test (STT I), Schirmer's tear test with topical anesthesia (STT II), corneal fluorescein retention, and intraocular pressure (IOP; postoperative control eye only). Axial globe length was determined for both eyes. Scleral incision length in the surgery eye was also recorded. RESULTS: Corneal sensitivity was significantly lower in eyes undergoing evisceration with intraocular prosthesis than in control eyes both preoperatively and postoperatively at all time points. There was no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative corneal sensitivity within the two groups. There was no significant difference in STT I or STT II-values between control eyes and surgery eyes preoperatively. There was a significant difference between preoperative and 2-week postoperative STT I in the surgery eye. There was a significant difference between the preoperative and 28-week postoperative STT II in the surgery eye. The 28-week postoperative STT I-values differed significantly between control and surgery eyes. Corneal sensitivity tended to decrease with increased degree of buphthalmos or with increased scleral incision length, although neither relationship was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Eyes that have sustained chronically elevated intraocular pressure had decreased axial corneal sensitivity compared to normal eyes, which persisted even after intraocular pressure was reduced. The presence of buphthalmos appeared to be a factor in globes developing decreased corneal sensitivity. Evisceration via a dorsal scleral incision did not result in a significant further reduction in axial corneal sensitivity. A mild reduction in aqueous tear production occurred over time in globes following evisceration with intraocular prosthesis.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the duration of effect and the effect of multiple doses of topical ophthalmic application of 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride on corneal sensitivity in clinically normal dogs. ANIMALS: 8 clinically normal dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs were randomly allocated to treatment order in a 2 x 2 (period X treatment) crossover study. Treatments consisted of topical application of ophthalmic 0.5% proparacaine (1 drop or 2 drops at a 1-minute interval); treatments were applied to both eyes. A Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer was used to determine corneal touch threshold (CTT) before corneal application, 1 and 5 minutes after corneal application, and at 5-minute intervals thereafter for 90 minutes. RESULTS: The CTT value before treatment differed significantly from CTT values after treatment until 45 minutes after application in the 1-drop group and until 55 minutes after application in the 2-drop group. As determined by use of the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer, a significantly greater anesthetic effect was detected for the 2-drop treatment, compared with the effect for the 1-drop treatment, at 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 minutes after application. Maximal anesthetic effect lasted for 15 minutes for the 1-drop treatment and 25 minutes for the 2-drop treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Duration of corneal anesthetic effect induced by topical ophthalmic application of 0.5% proparacaine in dogs of this study is considerably longer than that reported elsewhere. Serial application of doses of 0.5% proparacaine increases the duration and magnitude of corneal anesthetic effects.  相似文献   

5.
Objective  This study compared the histopathology of canine distemper virus (CDV)-induced keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) to non-infectious KCS in conjunctival tissues.
Animals studied  Forty mongrel dogs were assigned to three distinct groups: (i) non-infectious KCS (G1, n  = 10), (ii) CDV-induced KCS (G2, n  = 20), and (iii) healthy animals without any ocular alterations (G3, n  = 10).
Procedure  IgG titers and physical and ophthalmic examinations (e.g. Schirmer tear test [STT], tonometry, biomicroscopy, indirect biomicroscopy, and fluorescein test) were performed on all dogs. Conjunctival biopsies were collected and examined microscopically.
Results  Non-infectious and CDV-induced KCS demonstrated similar histopathological changes. Both types of KCS correlated with low STT, conjunctival hyperemia, mucopurulent ocular discharge, predominant lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, and acantholysis and keratinization of the ocular surface. G1 had lower conjunctival goblet cell counts than G3. Inclusion bodies were sporadically found in conjunctival samples of dogs from G2. The severity of ocular lesions in G1 and G2 did not correlate with the histopathological findings.
Conclusions  Dogs with non-infectious and CDV-induced KCS had very similar conjunctival histopathology. Our findings suggest that the pathophysiology of CDV-induced KCS is likely to be the same as non-infectious KCS, that is, a result of lacrimal deficiency and inflammation of the ocular surface.  相似文献   

6.
ObjectiveThe purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the results of studies that have determined the effect of injectable and inhalant drugs used in anesthesia on intraocular pressure (IOP) in dogs.Databases usedA comprehensive search of research literature was performed without language restriction. The search utilized the PubMed, CAB Abstracts and the University of Georgia’s Galileo electronic databases using a combination of free text terms ‘Ophthalmology’, ‘Intraocular Pressure’, ‘Anesthetic’, ‘Anesthesia’, ‘Canine’ or ‘Dog’. The time frame searched was from 1970 to October 2018. Any published research paper that dealt with sedatives or anesthetics administered systemically and the canine eye was evaluated.ConclusionsThe effects of many anesthetic drugs in dogs with ocular pathology are largely unknown. Many anesthetic drugs do not induce clinically relevant changes in IOP in dogs with normal eyes, although some studies demonstrated results with statistically significant changes. The dose, route of administration, experimental conditions, drug combinations, timing of measurements, measurement technology and setting or individual animal characteristics may all produce some heterogeneity in results from multiple studies.  相似文献   

7.
OBJECTIVE: To present ophthalmic findings, clinical data, and treatment outcomes of 16 juvenile Yorkshire Terriers with severe unilateral keratoconjunctivitis sicca. RESULTS: Each of the 16 dogs exhibited extreme unilateral dryness associated with blepharospasm, mucoid discharge, and corneal vascularization. Ages of affected dogs at presentation ranged from 5 months to 4 years. Mean Schirmer tear test (STT) result for affected eyes was 1 mm/min. Topical application of 0.2% cyclosporine to the affected eye was not associated with improvement in STT values in any dog. Clinical signs subjectively improved with topical application of 20% chondroitin sulfate ophthalmic solution in some dogs, and transposition of the parotid duct was performed in three dogs. Histopathologic examination in one dog failed to show evidence of orbital lacrimal gland tissue. Clinical signs, age of presentation, disease severity, and lack of response to treatment are consistent with breed-related unilateral aplasia or hypoplasia of the lacrimal gland. CONCLUSION: Lacrimal gland aplasia or hypoplasia should be considered in young dogs with severe unilateral ocular dryness, especially female Yorkshire Terriers.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE-To report values for tear production, central corneal touch threshold (CTT), and intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy guinea pigs and determine results of aerobic bacterial culture and cytologic examination of conjunctival swab specimens. DESIGN-Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS-31 Healthy guinea pigs (62 eyes) of various ages and breeds. PROCEDURES-Tear production was measured by the phenol red thread tear test (PRT) and Schirmer tear test (STT) before and after topical anesthetic application, CTT was measured with an esthesiometer, and IOP was measured by applanation tonometry. RESULTS-Combining data from all eyes, mean +/- SD PRT values before and after topical anesthetic administration were 21.26 +/- 4.19 mm/15 s and 22.47 +/- 3.31 mm/15 s, respectively, and mean IOP was 18.27 +/- 4.55 mm Hg. Median STT values before and after topical anesthetic administration were 3 mm/min (range, 0 to 12 mm/min) and 4 mm/min (range, 0 to 11 mm/min), respectively, and median CTT was 2.0 cm (range, 0.5 to 3.0 cm). Values did not differ between eyes for any test, but significant differences were identified for PRT values between males and females and between values obtained before and after topical anesthetic administration. Common bacterial isolates included Corynebacterium spp, Streptococcus spp, and Staphylococcus spp. Cytologic examination of conjunctival swab specimens revealed mainly basal epithelial cells; lymphocytes were common. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE-Results provided information on values for PRT, STT, CTT, and IOP in healthy guinea pigs and on expected findings for aerobic bacterial culture and cytologic examination of conjunctival swab specimens.  相似文献   

9.

Objective

Orbital and globe surgeries are commonly performed in companion animals and are considered to cause moderate to severe pain. Regional anesthesia techniques can provide complete sensory blockade, analgesia for painful procedures and improve surgical conditions. The purpose of this review is to summarize local and regional anesthesia techniques for ophthalmic surgery in dogs and cats with emphasis on veterinary publications in the past 12 years.

Databases used

Review of the literature was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. The search terms were ‘ophthalmic regional anesthesia’, ‘retrobulbar anesthesia’, ‘peribulbar anesthesia’, ‘sub-Tenon’s anesthesia’, ‘intracameral anesthesia’, ‘eye infiltration’, ‘dogs’ and ‘cats’. Further studies and reports were obtained from the reference lists of the retrieved papers. In addition, related veterinary anatomy, ophthalmology and regional anesthesia books were reviewed.

Conclusions

Reported techniques include regional techniques such as retrobulbar anesthesia, peribulbar anesthesia and sub-Tenon’s anesthesia, and local techniques such as eyelid and conjunctival infiltration, intracameral anesthesia, splash block and insertion of intraorbital absorbable gelatin sponge infused with local anesthetic. Administration guidelines, indications and contraindications, and complications of each technique are discussed. Regional anesthesia techniques were reported to be effective during ophthalmic surgeries and are recommended for use as part of the anesthetic regimen and pain management in animals. However, the veterinary literature is still lacking controlled clinical trials and adverse events reports; therefore, there is very little evidence for choosing one technique over another.  相似文献   

10.
ObjectiveTo compare injectate distribution and potential complications of retrobulbar and peribulbar injections in cat cadavers.Study designProspective randomized masked study.AnimalsTen cat cadavers (20 eyes).MethodsA dorsomedial retrobulbar injection (RB) of 1 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine and iopamidol (1:1) was performed in seven eyes. A dorsomedial peribulbar injection (PB‐1) of 4 mL of the same injectate was performed in seven eyes, and two peribulbar injections (PB‐2) of the same injectate, divided equally between the dorsomedial and ventrolateral regions (2 mL each) were performed in six eyes. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured before, immediately and 15 minutes after injection. Cadavers underwent computed tomography before and following injections. A radiologist scored injectate distribution within the intraconal space (none, moderate, or large) and around the optic nerve (degrees). An injection was defined as likely to provide adequate regional anesthesia if the volume of distribution of intraconal injectate was ‘large’ and it contacted over 270° of the optic nerve circumference.ResultsThe success rate (95% confidence interval) of RB, PB‐1, and PB‐2 injections was 71% (29.0–96.3%), 86% (42.1–99.6%), and 67% (22.3–95.7%), respectively. With all three techniques, IOP increased significantly after injection, but returned to baseline by 15 minutes following RB injection. No intraocular, intravascular, intrathecal, or intraneural injectate was observed.Conclusion and clinical relevanceThe single‐peribulbar injection technique may be superior to retrobulbar or double‐peribulbar injections, however, all techniques require further studies in live cats to determine safety and efficacy prior to clinical use.  相似文献   

11.
A 10‐year‐old, male, neutered, domestic shorthair cat was anesthetised for enucleation of a perforated left globe. A retrobulbar injection of local anesthetic (lidocaine/bupivacaine) was performed prior to surgery to provide intra‐ and postoperative analgesia. Following administration of the injection, the cat developed apnea and heart rate increased. Mechanical ventilation was initiated and surgery went ahead as planned. At the conclusion of surgery, the cat remained apnoeic requiring positive pressure ventilation until spontaneous ventilatory effort resumed. Upon recovery, the cat demonstrated neurological signs including tremors, nystagmus and absent dazzle reflex. These signs were attributed to brainstem anesthesia from the retrobulbar block and fully resolved within 3 h. This is the first report of suspected intrathecal spread of local anesthetic following retrobulbar block in a cat to the authors’ knowledge.  相似文献   

12.
The objective of this study was to compare orbital and ocular vasculature velocity, measured by Doppler imaging, in normal Beagles and Beagles with inherited primary open-angle glaucoma. Eight normal Beagles and 13 Beagles with different stages of primary open-angle glaucoma were evaluated twice with a 2–4-week period between measurements. Doppler imaging was performed with the dogs anesthetized, and the Doppler transducer applied directly on the corneal surface. The majority of the orbital vasculature (external ethmoidal artery; internal ophthalmic artery and vein; and external ophthalmic artery and vein) and ocular blood vessels (anterior ciliary artery and veins; long posterior ciliary arteries; short posterior ciliary arteries; primary retinal arteries; and the vortex veins) were identified and Doppler blood velocity parameters were determined. The glaucomatous dogs demonstrated significant differences in the Doppler velocity parameters of several orbital vessels (external ethmoidal, external ophthalmic, and internal ophthalmic arteries), and several ocular vessels (anterior ciliary, short posterior ciliary, and long posterior ciliary arteries). These differences included decreased blood velocities, and increased pulsatility and resistive indexes. The Doppler blood flow velocities of the primary retinal arteries were unchanged between the normal and glaucomatous dogs. In the glaucomatous dogs, the Doppler imaging suggests increased vascular resistance downstream in both the orbital and ocular vasculature. These blood velocity parameter changes may be primary or secondary, and may offer therapeutic opportunities to increase perfusion, prolong the retina and optic nerve head function, and maintain vision in the canine glaucomas.  相似文献   

13.
OBJECTIVE: To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements obtained by recently introduced rebound tonometer (ICare) and the well-known applanation tonometer Tonopen XL in normal canine eyes. METHODS: In a prospective, randomized, single-center study, IOP measurements by ICare and Tonopen XL tonometers were compared in 160 nonpathologic canine eyes (80 dogs). Complete slit-lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy were performed on each dog. Rebound tonometry was performed first and immediately after topical anesthetic drops were instilled in both eyes. One minute after the application of the topical anesthetic, applanation tonometry was performed in both eyes. The intraocular pressures obtained by use of both techniques were compared by statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean IOP readings were 9.158 mmHg (SD 3.471 mmHg) for the ICare tonometer (x) and 11.053 mmHg (SD 3.451 mmHg) for the Tonopen XL readings (y). The mean difference in intraocular pressures (-1.905 mmHg) was within clinically acceptable limits. The correlation coefficient (r2) of the relationship within both tonometers was r2=0.7477. The corresponding linear regression between the tonometers readings was y=0.6662x+4.942. CONCLUSIONS: Intraocular pressures obtained with the ICare rebound tonometer were concordant with the IOP readings obtained by applanation Tonopen XL, but ICare values were significantly (P<0.0001) lower. Rebound tonometry could be an appropriate tonometry method for routine clinical use after its calibration for canine eyes.  相似文献   

14.
Evaluation of aqueous tear production in dogs following general anesthesia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Pre- and postanesthetic Schirmer tear test (STT) values were measured in 46 dogs. All subjects had normal preanesthetic STT values (18.3 +/- 2.8 mm per min in the left eye [OS] and 18.3 +/- 3.0 mm per min in the right eye [OD]). Significant differences were found between pre- and postanesthetic STT values. Significant decreases in tear production were evident for up to 24 hours following the anesthetic event. Subject age did not significantly influence the results. Duration of anesthesia significantly affected the rate of return to preanesthetic STT values, with anesthetic events greater than two hours in duration having a prolonged effect as compared to anesthetic events less than two hours in duration. Anticholinergic administration prior to or during anesthesia further lowered postanesthetic STT values.  相似文献   

15.
Latent canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) infection is common in domestic dogs, but triggers for viral reactivation and recrudescent CHV-1 disease are poorly understood. Cyclophosphamide is a potent immunosuppressive and myelosuppressive agent used for the therapy of a variety of neoplastic and immune-mediated canine disorders. Cyclophosphamide (200mg/m(2)) was administered to mature dogs latently infected with CHV-1 to determine its potential to induce recurrent CHV-1 disease and viral shedding. Non-infected dogs and dogs recovered from experimental primary ocular CHV-1 infection with experimentally confirmed latent CHV-1 infection were divided into groups and administered cyclophosphamide or placebo. Dogs were monitored for myelosuppression and viral reactivation for 28days using clinical and virological outcome measures. Clinical ophthalmic and in vivo ocular confocal microscopic examinations were performed at intervals. Samples were collected for CHV-1 polymerase chain reaction (PCR), CHV-1 virus neutralizing (VN) antibody, and hemogram assays. Myelosuppression (i.e., decreased total leukocyte, segmented neutrophil, and erythrocyte counts) was detected on study day 7 in dogs administered cyclophosphamide, but not dogs administered placebo. There were no abnormalities suggestive of recurrent CHV-1 ocular disease during clinical ophthalmic or in vivo confocal microscopic examination in any dogs during the study. Ocular CHV-1 shedding was not detected by PCR and CHV-1 VN titers remained stable in all dogs. Following study conclusion, the presence of reactivatable latency was reconfirmed in the infected dogs by administering systemic prednisolone. Myelosuppression elicited by a single dose of cyclophosphamide does not result in detectable recurrent ocular CHV-1 infection in adult dogs with experimentally induced latent CHV-1 infection.  相似文献   

16.
Objective The present study was undertaken to establish reference values for Schirmer tear test (STT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) in the long‐eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus). Animals Fourteen healthy long‐eared hedgehogs (H. auritus) of either sex were studied. Procedures The hedgehogs were individually immobilized with an intramuscular injection of combined Ketamine (20 mg/kg) and Diazepam (0.5 mg/kg), and each animal underwent ophthalmic examinations including: STT, tonometry, biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Results No significant effects of animal gender, weight, side (right vs. left eye) were found in this study. Mean (SD) STT values for all eyes (n = 28) were 1.7 ± 1.2 mm/1 min with a range of 0–4 mm/1 min. Mean STT in male animals was 2.2 ± 1.2. Mean STT in female Hedgehogs was 1.3 ± 1.1. Mean (SD) IOP values by applanation tonometry were 20.1 ± 4.0 mmHg (range 11.5–26.5 mmHg). Mean (SD) IOP values by applanation tonometry were 18.2 ± 4.0 and 22.0 ± 3.2 mmHg for males and females, respectively. Conclusions This study reports STT and IOP findings in long‐eared hedgehogs (H. auritus).  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to establish normal physiologic reference values for intraocular pressure (IOP) and Schirmer tear test (STT) results in clinically normal ostriches (Struthio camelus). Twenty ostriches of both sexes, 10 juveniles (1.5-2 yr of age) and 10 adults, were included in this study. Complete ophthalmic examination was performed prior to this investigation. STT was performed by inserting a standard sterile STT strip over the ventral lid margin into the ventral conjunctival sac for 60 sec. Following the STT, IOP was measured using applanation tonometry with the Tono-Pen Vet tonometer after topical instillation of one drop of 0.5% proparacaine ophthalmic solution. The mean +/- SD and range of Tono-Pen readings of IOP for all birds was 18.8 +/- 3.5, with a range of 12-24. Mean IOP in juvenile ostriches was 19.7 +/- 3.6. Mean IOP in adult ostriches was 16.9 +/- 2.9. There was no statistically significant difference between young and adult birds (P = 0.07). The mean STT values in the present study were 16.3 +/- 2.5 mm/1 min when measurements from both eyes were averaged. Mean STT in juvenile and adult ostriches was 15.4 +/- 1.8 and 17.2 +/- 2.9 mm/1 min, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between young and adult birds (P = 0.11). No statistically significant differences between genders were found for any of the results (P > or = 0.41). In conclusion, this study provides normal reference range values for STT and IOP in clinically healthy ostriches.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of cyclophotocoagulation via administration of 100 J with a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser on corneal touch threshold (CTT), intraocular pressure (IOP), aqueous tear production, and corneal nerve morphology in eyes of dogs. ANIMALS: 15 dogs. PROCEDURE: Noncontact Nd:YAG laser was transsclerally applied (10 applications; 25 W for 0.1 seconds for each application to each of 4 quadrants) to the ciliary body of the left eye of 15 dogs; the right eye was the control eye. Corneal integrity, CTT, tear production as measured by the Schirmer tear test (STT), and IOP were evaluated for 14 days following laser treatment. On day 14, dogs were euthanatized, eyes harvested, and corneas stained with gold chloride. Major nerve bundles were analyzed by use of a drawing tube attached to a light microscope, and maximum diameters were measured by use of image analysis software. RESULTS: All laser-treated eyes had significantly higher CTT values, compared with control eyes. Six of 15 laser-treated eyes developed ulcerative keratitis. On most days, IOP was significantly lower in laser-treated eyes in both morning and evening. Laser-treated eyes had a significant decrease of approximately 1 nerve bundle/corneal quadrant. Values for STT or nerve bundle diameters did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of 100 J with a Nd:YAG laser effectively reduced IOP while increasing CTT and caused a significant decrease in number, but not diameter, of major corneal nerve bundles. Nerve damage and corneal hypoesthesia are etiologic factors in ulcerative keratitis following Nd:YAG cyclophotocoagulation.  相似文献   

19.
Ophthalmic examination findings in adult pygmy goats (Capra hicus)   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
Objective To document normal ophthalmic findings and ocular abnormalities in captive adult pygmy goats. Animals studied Ten healthy adult pygmy goats (five male, five female; 5–11 years of age; 26–45 kg body mass) underwent complete ophthalmic examinations. Procedure Direct illumination, diffuse and slit‐beam biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, IOP measurements and Schirmer tear tests were performed. TonoVet® rebound tonometry, followed by topical application of 0.5% ophthalmic proparacaine, and Tono‐Pen XL® applanation tonometry were performed in each eye to obtain estimates of IOP. Results Ophthalmic abnormalities included corneal scars and pigmentation, incipient cataracts, lenticular sclerosis, and vitreal veiling. Mean STT values were 15.8 mm/min, with a range of 10–30 mm/min. Mean IOP values were 11.8 mmHg for TonoVet®‐D, with a range of 9–14 mmHg; 7.9 mmHg for TonoVet®‐P, with a range of 6–12 mmHg; and 10.8 mmHg for Tono‐Pen XL®, with a range of 8–14 mmHg. Conclusions Ophthalmic examination findings in adult pygmy goats, including normal means and ranges for STT and IOP measurements, using applanation and rebound tonometry, are provided.  相似文献   

20.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, for clinically normal dogs, results of Schirmer tear tests in eyes without topical anesthetic (STT) and to detect differences associated with breed, sex, age, day, and time of day in eyes in which STT was performed after use of topical anesthetic (STTa). ANIMALS: 41 Beagles, 43 Labrador Retrievers, 25 Golden Retrievers, 26 English Springer Spaniels, and 22 Shetland Sheepdogs. PROCEDURE: Beagles had STT and STTa values measured twice daily for 5 days. Client-owned dogs of 4 other breeds had STT and STTa values measured once. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD values of Beagles for STT and STTa were 20.2 +/- 2.5 and 3.8 +/- 2.7 mm/min. Mean values for STT and STTa were as follows: Labrador Retriever, 22.9 +/- 4.1 and 9.6 +/- 3.8 mm/min; English Springer Spaniel; 20.7 +/- 3.2 and 5.4 +/- 3.4 mm/min; Golden Retriever, 21.8 + 3.7 and 8.8 +/- 3.1 mm/min; and Shetland Sheepdog, 15.8 +/- 1.8 and 3.6 +/- 2.8 mm/min. Overall mean values for STT and STTa were 20.2 +/- 3.0 and 6.2 +/- 3.1 mm/min. Differences for STT and STTa were detected among breeds, but significant differences were not associated with sex or age within each breed or in overall values for all dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results for the STT reported here compare favorably with reported values, except for results of Shetland Sheepdogs; however, results for the STTa differ dramatically from reported values. Clinicians should consider effects attributable to breed when evaluating results of STT and STTa in dogs.  相似文献   

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