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1.
Spring barley was grown for 4 years (2001–2004) in field trials at two sites on morainic soil in central SE Norway, with five N level treatments: 0, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg N ha-1. Regression analyses showed that a selection of soil properties could explain 95–98% of the spatial yield variation and 47–90% of the yield responses (averaged over years). A strategy with uniform fertilizer application of 120 kg N ha−1 (U
N120) was compared with two variable-rate (VR) strategies, with a maximum N rate of either 150 kg N ha−1 (VRN150) or 180 kg N ha−1 (VRN180). These strategies were tested using either Norwegian prices (low price ratio of N fertilizer to yield value; PN/PY), or Swedish prices (high PN/PY). The VRN180 strategy had the highest potential yield and net revenue (yield value minus N cost) at both sites and under both price regimes. Using this strategy with Norwegian prices would increase the profit of barley cropping as long as at least 40 and 31% of the estimated potential increase in net revenue was realized, respectively. Using Swedish prices, uniform application appeared to be as good as or even better economically than the VR methods, when correcting for extra costs of VR application. The environmental effect of VR compared with uniform application, expressed as N not accounted for, showed contrasting effects when using Norwegian prices, but was clearly favourable using Swedish prices, with up to 20% reduction in the amount of N not accounted for. 相似文献
2.
Precision agriculture may offer sugarcane growers a management system that decreases costs and maximizes profits, while minimizing
any potential negative environmental impact. The utility of variable-rate (VR) lime application in the initial production
year (plant cane) of a 3-year sugarcane crop cycle was investigated at three locations planted to the cultivar LCP 85–384
for a total of nine site-years. A conventional, uniform-rate (UR) lime application method was compared to a VR application
method and a no-lime control. Prior to lime application, soil samples (0–200 mm) were taken on a 0.4 ha grid to produce VR
application maps. Soil samples were also taken after each crop of the 3-year production cycle to determine effects of lime
application on soil properties. The combined results showed that neither the UR nor VR lime application method consistently
improved cane or sugar yields over the no-lime control. Cane and sugar yields at Naquin Farms (NF) were increased with both
the UR and VR methods, with the UR method having a slight advantage. At St. Louis Plantation (SLP), only the VR method in
the first-ratoon crop increased cane and sugar yields and there were no yield differences due to lime application at Ellendale
Plantation (EP). At NF and SLP, application of lime in the plant-cane crop increased soil pH and available phosphorus over
the 3-year production cycle. At EP, lime application did not influence any of the soil properties measured. The failure to
get a yield response from lime application at SLP and EP may have been due to the fact that fertility levels at planting were
already greater than those at NF and the nitrogen fertilizer rates used by the grower at EP were higher than those at either
SLP or NF. This may have obscured any positive yield effects that would be realized from increased nutrient availability.
It is also possible that multiple VR lime applications will be required over a number of crop cycles to stabilize soil pH
levels before a consistent positive effect on cane and sugar yields is observed with VR application. This possibility will
be investigated in future studies. 相似文献
3.
秸秆还田与施氮量对小麦、玉米产量与品质的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为了研究高产条件下秸秆还田与不同施氮量对冬小麦/夏玉米一年两熟灌溉农田作物产量、品质的影响,在山东龙口进行了田间试验。结果表明,高产条件下,短期(2 a)秸秆还田对小麦、玉米增产效果不显著,但可以提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量、延长面团稳定时间,改善加工品质。麦季施氮240 kg/hm2(N2)和减氮处理168 kg/hm2(N1)、玉米季施氮皆为112.5 kg/hm2条件下,N1、N2处理间小麦产量2 a均无显著差异,麦季氮肥后效对玉米季产量亦无显著影响。试验第1年,N1、N2处理对小麦和玉米籽粒品质无显著影响,试验第2年,小麦籽粒湿面筋含量及淀粉含量,N1处理显著高于N2处理,N2处理玉米籽粒的淀粉含量显著高于N1,同时也改变了玉米籽粒直链淀粉与支链淀粉比值。综合比较认为,在秸秆还田条件下,氮肥用量以麦季168 kg/hm2、玉米季112.5 kg/hm2较适宜。 相似文献
4.
典型黑土春玉米化学肥料养分利用效率变化研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】减少化学肥料投入和提高肥料养分利用效率是我国当前重要的农业举措。鉴于化学肥料不合理施用引起的黑土肥力下降和酸化,开展黑土化学肥料减少投入和肥料养分利用效率变化研究,有利于实现黑土化学肥料的科学施用。【方法】于2013—2016年在典型黑土区开展连续4年肥料投入试验,设置了不施肥（CK）、缺氮（PK）、缺磷（NK）、缺钾（NP）、氮磷钾配施处理（NPK）。测定了作物产量、养分吸收、土壤无机氮、速效磷、速效钾。【结果】黑龙江春玉米年产量10 t·hm -2左右,除2013年外,2014—2016年各年份NPK处理春玉米产量、地上部氮磷钾养分吸收显著（P<0.05）高于CK或PK处理产量。除2016年磷素农学效率外,NPK处理肥料氮磷钾养分回收率、农学效率和偏生产力逐年升高。2013—2016年期间,肥料平均氮磷钾回收率分别为45.8%、6.1%和3.5%,农学效率分别为23.2、7.2和5.0 kg·kg -1,偏生产力分别为58.3、133.2和97.7 kg·kg -1。土壤矿质氮测试显示春玉米收获后到次年播种前冻融交替促进土壤有机氮素矿化。4年养分平衡计算的平均值显示NPK处理氮磷施用量基本与春玉米养分吸收量一致,土壤氮磷总体处于平衡状态,作物地上部钾素奢侈吸收导致土壤钾素处于亏缺状态。 【结论】典型黑土区连续4年试验显示,在产量保持稳定的条件下,磷、钾肥能大幅减少,提高磷钾肥利用效率,而不施化学氮肥仅能维持第一年产量,随后的年份里氮肥利用效率提高和产量降低同时发生。 相似文献
5.
By accounting for spatial variation in soil N levels, variable-rate fertilizer application may improve crop yield and quality, and N use efficiency within fields. The main purpose of this study was to demonstrate how site-specific wheat yield and protein data, and a geographic information system may be used in developing precision N-recommendations for spring wheat. The three steps in the procedure include: (1) estimate the amount of N-removed in wheat in the year in which the crop is harvested, (2) estimate the N-deficit, defined as the amount of additional N needed for raising protein concentration in a future crop to a specified target level, and (3) estimate the total N-recommendation by summing the mapped values of the N-removed and the N-deficit. A map for variable-rate application of fertilizer is derived by specifying cutoff values to divide the range in the total N-recommendation into classes representing N management zones.A field experiment was conducted within an annually cropped wheat field (101 ha) in northern Montana to determine whether the proposed method could improve grain yields and protein levels. The N-removal and N-deficit were estimated from site-specific wheat yield and protein data that were acquired during harvest of 1996. In 1997, which was a dry year, an experiment was conducted in the same field that consisted of a randomized complete block design arranged as pairs of strip plots. Variable- or uniform-rate N treatments were randomly assigned to each pair of strips. Both treatments received nearly the same amount of fertilizer, however, N in the variable treatment was varied to match patterns in grain yield and protein levels that previously existed in 1996. Yields were not significantly different between management systems, but proteins were significantly enhanced by spatially variable N application. In addition, variability in protein levels was reduced within the whole field. Field areas deficient in N fertility could be identified without having to sample for soil profile N. 相似文献
6.
氮肥后移对绿洲灌区玉米干物质积累和产量构成的调控效应 总被引：19，自引：2，他引：17
【目的】针对绿洲灌区传统施氮技术下,全膜覆盖玉米生育后期土壤氮肥供应不足、早衰和减产等问题,探讨氮肥后移对玉米干物质积累和产量构成的影响,以期为优化试区氮肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】2012—2015年,于河西绿洲灌区进行大田试验,在总施氮量相同且基肥和大喇叭口期追肥分别占总施氮量20%和40%条件下,设3个施氮处理:氮肥后移20%(拔节肥10%+花粒肥30%,M1)、氮肥后移10%(拔节肥20%+花粒肥20%,M2)和传统施氮(拔节肥30%+花粒肥10%,M3),研究不同氮肥追施制度对玉米干物质积累动态和产量构成的调控效应。【结果】氮肥后移增大了玉米干物质最大增长速率和干物质平均增长速率,提前了干物质最大增长速度出现的天数。在氮肥后移20%施氮制度下,玉米干物质最大增长速率和干物质平均增长速率分别较传统施氮处理提高15.6%和6.6%,玉米干物质最大增长速率出现的天数较传统施氮提前2.9 d。施氮制度对玉米生物产量、籽粒产量、收获指数、有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均有显著影响。氮肥后移20%施氮制度下,玉米生物产量较传统施氮处理高6.6%,但氮肥后移10%处理生物产量与传统施氮处理差异不显著;氮肥后移20%和10%处理玉米的籽粒产量分别较传统施氮处理提高14.1%和5.1%;氮肥后移20%施氮处理收获指数较传统施氮处理高7.5%,但氮肥后移10%施氮处理与传统施氮处理差异不显著;氮肥后移20%施氮处理下,玉米有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重分别较传统施氮处理高8.9%、12.9%、5.8%,但氮肥后移10%处理的千粒重与传统施氮处理差异不显著。通径分析表明,氮肥后移主要通过提高有效穗数,进一步提高穗粒数和千粒重,从而提高产量。说明氮肥后移20%施氮处理通过优化玉米有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重对产量产生了调控作用。【结论】在河西绿洲灌区,总施氮量450 kg·hm~(-2)时,玉米拔节期追肥45 kg·hm~(-2)、大喇叭口期追肥180 kg·hm~(-2)、花后10 d追肥135 kg·hm~(-2)为该区获得玉米高产的理想施氮制度。 相似文献
7.
Nicole K. Ward Fidel Maureira Claudio O. Stöckle Erin S. Brooks Kathleen M. Painter Matthew A. Yourek Caley K. Gasch 《Precision Agriculture》2018,19(2):293-313
Effective variable-rate nitrogen (N) management requires an understanding of temporal variability and field-scale spatial interactions (e.g. lateral redistribution of nutrients). Modeling studies, in conjunction with field data, can improve process understanding of agricultural management. CropSyst-Microbasin (CS-MB) is a fully distributed, 3-dimensional hydrologic cropping systems model that simulates small (10 s of hectares) heterogeneous agricultural watersheds with complex terrain. This study used a highly instrumented 10.9 ha watershed in the Inland Pacific Northwest, USA, to: (1) assess the accuracy of CS-MB simulations of field-scale variability in water transport and crop yield in comparison to observed field data, and (2) quantify differences in simulated yield and farm profitability between variable-rate and uniform fertilizer applications in low, average and high precipitation treatments. During water years 2012 and 2013 (a “water year” refers to October 1st through the following September 30th, where a given water year is named for the calendar year on September 30th), the model simulated surface runoff with a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.7, periodic soil water content (comparison to seasonal soil core measurements) with a root mean square error (RMSE) ≤0.05 m3 m?3, and continuous soil water content (comparison to in situ soil sensors) at 15 of 20 microsites with NSE ≥0.4. The model predicted 2013 field variability in winter wheat yield with RMSE of 1100 kg ha?1. Simulated uniform N management resulted in 0–35 kg ha?1 greater field average yield in comparison to variable-rate management. The savings in fertilizer costs under variable-rate N management resulted in $23–$32 ha?1 greater field average returns to risk. This study demonstrated the capacity of CS-MB to further understanding of simulated and observed field-scale spatial variability and simulated crop response to low, medium and high annual precipitation. 相似文献
8.
9.
控释尿素一次性施用的玉米减氮增效研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于田间小区试验,在常规施氮（U100,普通尿素,施氮量250 kg/hm2）基础上,设置普通尿素、控释尿素减量20%（U80和C80）和40%处理（U60和C60）,通过测定玉米产量及产量构成、氮素吸收和利用效率,结合土壤养分动态和植株光合特征与氮同化关键酶活性,评价控释尿素在玉米减氮增效中的作用。结果表明,氮肥减量20%时玉米产量和氮肥利用率都达到常规施氮水平,其中C80比U80增产14.5%;氮肥减量40%后产量有所降低,减产原因主要是百粒质量降低7.0%~9.5%。与U100相比,减氮20%的光合特征,土壤硝铵态氮水平,谷氨酸脱氢酶（NADH-GDH）、谷草转氨酶（GOT）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）的活性均未显著下降,其中C80的净光合速率和光合氮利用效率比U100显著提高15.0%和24.8%,且C80较U80在提高氮素吸收总量、氮利用率、收获指数、光合氮利用率、酶活性和维持籽粒百粒质量方面更具优势。减氮40%后,U60的酶活性和光合特征与U100相比平均降低31.5%和27.6%,而C60的光合氮利用效率达到常规施氮水平。可见,氮肥减量20%时可以有效维持玉米产量,其中控释尿素一次性施用效果更佳,值得推广应用。 相似文献
10.
长期不同施肥对东北黑土区玉米产量稳定性的影响 总被引：21，自引：2，他引：19
【目的】通过阐明长期不同施肥下东北黑土区玉米产量的变化规律及其稳定性差异,为建立合理施肥模式、促进东北黑土区玉米持续稳产和高产提供科学依据。【方法】以（公主岭）国家黑土肥力与肥料效益长期试验为研究平台,利用8种不同施肥模式（CK、NP、NK、PK、NPK、M1NPK、SNPK和M2NPK）的25年数据分析玉米产量变化及土壤养分状况对施肥模式的响应。【结果】长期有机肥与化肥配施玉米产量总体上表现为上升趋势,有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机配施处理增产效果也较为明显;M1NPK、SNPK和NPK 3个等氮量施肥处理玉米平均产量差异不显著,其前11年NPK处理玉米产量高于SNPK和M1NPK处理,后14年NPK处理玉米产量低于SNPK和M1NPK处理;施化肥处理玉米平均产量（1990-2014年）排序为NPK＞NP＞NK＞PK、CK。氮、磷和钾肥对玉米产量的增产效应差异较大,每千克氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的产量效应分别为33.0、16.2和15.3 kg。有机无机配施处理玉米产量可持续指数（SYI）值高,分布在0.712-0.798,玉米产量可持续性好,而不平衡施肥和不施肥处理的SYI值最低;CK、PK和NK处理玉米产量变异系数较大,分布在18.5%-34.7%,产量稳定性差,而有机无机配施处理相对较小都在10.8%-13.0%。在施肥处理中,PK处理平均生产力贡献率最低,仅为37.8%,但与氮配施平均生产力贡献率达到91.2%;NPK、M1NPK与SNPK 3个等氮量施肥处理平均生产力贡献率差异不显著。长期施用有机肥可明显提高土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,施用化肥磷对土壤有效磷含量提高较显著,但施用化肥氮和钾分别对土壤全氮和速效钾含量提高效果不显著;通过相关性分析可知玉米产量与土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷均呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,而与土壤速效钾含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。【结论】长期不施肥或偏施化肥玉米产量的稳定性减弱、土壤生产力贡献率下降;平衡施用化肥可有效提高黑土区玉米产量稳定性和可持续性;有机肥与化肥配施具有明显的增产和稳产效果。因此,施用有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机配施模式是东北黑土区最有效的施肥措施。 相似文献
11.
Christopher N. Boyer B. Wade Brorsen John B. Solie William R. Raun 《Precision Agriculture》2011,12(4):473-487
Using plant sensing to determine the amount of nitrogen (N) to apply has the potential to increase profits in wheat (Triticum aestivum) production by reducing N cost or by increasing grain yield. The objective of this paper was to determine if yields and profits
from experimental trials that used a precision N applicator to apply N were significantly different from trials that applied
pre-determined amounts of N. Across Oklahoma, USA, experiments were designed to test 10 N treatments that included two variable
rate treatments (VRT), two uniform rate treatments (URT) where the level of N applied was based on optical reflectance measurements
(ORM), and six conventional treatments (i.e., pre-determined uniform rates of N). Data included treatments during 2005–2009
from eight different locations. Results indicated no statistical difference in yields between the conventional treatments
that apply 90 kg ha−1 of N and the VRT and URT treatments. On average, the conventional treatment that applied 90 kg ha−1 of top-dress N produced the largest yield, with a VRT treatment producing the third largest yield. Profits were calculated
for each treatment using a partial budget. On average, the treatment that received 90 kg ha−1 of top-dress N was the most profitable even though the pre-plant N (anhydrous ammonia) had a cost advantage relative to top-dress
N (urea and ammonium nitrate). 相似文献
12.
为探究高效秸秆还田方式与施氮量结合模式，明确黑土区玉米秸秆腐解和氮素释放规律对还田方式和氮肥管理的响应及其对玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响，以玉米秸秆为研究对象，在吉林省四平市设置连续两年(2021和2022年)的田间定位试验，采用尼龙网袋法探究覆盖(Straw mulch，SM)和翻压(Straw bury，SB)2 种秸秆还田方式和不施氮肥(N0)、180 kg/hm2(N1)、270 kg/hm2(N2)3个施氮水平的组合下，秸秆腐解率和氮素释放率。结果表明:秸秆还田方式和施氮量显著影响秸秆腐解特征，其中SB处理的秸秆两年累积腐解率平均为83.0%，显著高于SM处理的65.3%；与N0处理相比，施氮处理(N1和N2)秸秆腐解率提高9.8%。SB处理秸秆氮素两年累积释放率为62.5%，显著高于SM处理的46.0%，秸秆氮释放量分别为51和38 kg/hm2；施氮促进秸秆氮素释放，提高秸秆氮素释放率的比例为12.5%；秸秆还田方式与施氮量显著影响玉米产量和植株氮素吸收，且具有交互效应，其中SBN2处理的玉米产量和植株氮素吸收量均为最高，分别为11 017.0和184.9 kg/hm2。统计显示，SB处理中施氮量、秸秆氮素释放量、穗粒数与玉米产量和吸氮量间均具有明显的正相关关系。因此，在翻压还田和高施氮量组合时，可以促进秸秆腐解和玉米氮素利用。 相似文献
13.
为探究不同施氮量下春玉米季土壤矿质态氮淋失特征及产量变化,以春玉米为研究对象,设置不同施氮量(0、90、180、270、360 kg·hm-2,分别用N0、N90、N180、N270、N360表示),采用地下淋溶原位监测的方法,测定了玉米生育期间的土壤氮素淋失动态、玉米产量及氮肥利用率.结果 表明:硝态氮(NO-3-N)是春玉米季旱地土壤矿质态氮淋失的主要形态,占总淋失量的90％～91％;施用基肥和苗期追肥后1～3周出现氮素淋失高峰,是防控氮素淋失的关键时期;随施氮量增加,矿质态氮淋失量呈指数上升趋势,表现为N360(70.46 kg·hm-2)>N270(39.65 kg·hm-2)>N180(26.33 kg·hm-2)>N90(18.55 kg·hm-2)>N0(6.54 kg·hm-2),各处理间差异达显著水平(P<0.05).氮肥表观淋失率随施氮量增加呈先降后升趋势,在N180处理下,淋失率最低,为10.99％,较N270、N360处理分别降低1.27、6.76个百分点;玉米籽粒产量先随施氮量增加而显著提高(P<0.05),施氮超过180 kg·hm-2后进入平台期,N180处理下氮肥表观利用率达到最高,较其他处理增加14.50～27.75个百分点.总体来看,该研究区域春玉米的最佳施氮量为180 kg·hm-2,既能稳产也能保肥,同时土壤的氮素淋失率最低. 相似文献
14.
M. J. Robertson R. S. Llewellyn R. Mandel R. Lawes R. G. V. Bramley L. Swift N. Metz C. O’Callaghan 《Precision Agriculture》2012,13(2):181-199
Variable rate application of fertiliser (VR) is a practice underpinning a profitable grains industry in Australia. We updated
the extent of VR adoption through a national survey (n = 1 130) covering all grain growing regions. Three smaller regional-based surveys (n = 39–102) collected detailed information on the nature and reasoning behind the use of various forms of the technology. We
analysed the constraints to the adoption of each step using adoption theory. Surveys showed that 20% of grain growers have
adopted some form of VR (varied from 11–35%), up significantly from <5% found 6 years earlier. Adopters are more than likely
to have larger farms with a higher area in cropping. Many non-adopters were convinced of the agronomic and economic benefits
of VR. A significant proportion of growers were managing within-field variability with manually-operated systems rather than
more sophisticated VR technology, and have adopted some form of VR without yield maps, preferring to use soil tests, electro-magnetic
induction or their own knowledge of soil and yield variation to define management. The rate of adoption is expected to continue
to rise based on greater awareness of the benefits of the technology. The constraints to adoption were technical issues with
equipment and software access to service provision and the incompatibility of equipment with existing farm operations. 相似文献
15.
16.
控释氮肥与尿素混施对连作春玉米产量、氮素吸收和氮素平衡的影响 总被引：29，自引：3，他引：26
【目的】控释氮肥与普通尿素进行掺混施用是行之有效的一次性施肥替代技术。明确控释氮肥与尿素掺混施用对春玉米产量、氮素吸收利用以及土壤-作物系统氮素平衡的影响,为春玉米氮素养分的科学管理技术提供参考。【方法】2010和2011年在吉林省中部玉米主产区连续2年设置大田定点试验,施肥处理包括：不施氮（N0）、100%尿素（CRN0%）、15%控释氮肥+85%尿素（CRN15%）、30%控释氮肥+70%尿素（CRN30%）和45%控释氮肥+55%尿素（CRN45%）,研究控释氮肥与尿素掺混施用对春玉米连作条件下籽粒产量、氮素吸收与利用、土壤无机氮累积与矿化以及系统氮素平衡的影响,确定适宜的控释氮肥掺混比例。【结果】与尿素一次性全施相比,控释氮肥与尿素掺混施用显著提高了春玉米地上部干重和产量,不同掺混比例之间差异不显著。两季平均结果显示,玉米产量在CRN30%处理达最高（9.39 t·hm-2）,较CRN0%处理增产9.0%（0.77 t·hm-2）。施肥是土壤-作物系统主要的氮素输入方式,占总输入量的63.5%,播前土壤无机氮和氮素矿化分别占19.2%和17.3%。2010和2011年玉米生育期内土壤氮素的表观净矿化量分别为34.4和66.1 kg·hm-2,两季之间越冬期各施肥处理土壤氮素矿化量为15.2-26.4 kg·hm-2,处理间差异不显著。系统的氮素输出以植株吸收带走氮素为主要方式,平均占总输出的80.7%（68.1%-99.5%）。随控释氮肥掺混比例的增加,植株氮素吸收量和土壤无机氮残留量均呈持续上升趋势,分别在CRN30%和CRN45%处理达最高,为234.2和108.1 kg·hm-2,较CRN0%处理分别增加18.0%和45.1%。但是,氮素表观损失随控释比例增加而大幅降低,最终导致氮素表观盈余也呈下降趋势,CRN30%处理降至最低的114.4 kg·hm-2,较CRN0%处理减少38.4%。控释氮肥与尿素掺混处理表层土壤（0-30 cm）的无机氮含量明显高于CRN0%处理,而深层土壤（30-90 cm）则较低,表明其氮素下移趋势较小。两季平均结果表明,氮肥的表观利用率由CRN0%处理的50.1%显著提高至CRN30%处理的69.4%,表观残留率在控释氮肥掺混施用后均显著提高,而表观损失率从CRN0%处理的37.3%显著下降至CRN45%处理的6.0%。【结论】控释氮肥与尿素掺混施用可促进春玉米获得高产,增加植株氮素吸收,而且维持了较高的土壤氮素水平并减少损失,从而提高氮肥利用率。当前生产条件下,东北春玉米施氮185 kgN·hm-2条件下适宜的控释氮肥掺混比例在30%左右。 相似文献
17.
施氮方式对川中丘陵区玉米产量和氮肥利用的影响 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
主要探讨适合川中丘陵区地膜移栽玉米的高产高效施肥方式,采用田间试验,以不施氮处理为对照,在当地习惯施氮量(300kg N/hm2)的条件下,设置了4种不同施氮方式(SF:复合肥+普通尿素+碳铵一次性底施;DF:复合肥+普通尿素+碳铵分底追肥两次施用;BN:包膜尿素缓释氮肥一次性底施;PN:包膜尿素+普通尿素一次性底施)。结果显示增施氮肥相比不施氮处理有显著的增产效应(14.57%),平均氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力分别为15.35%、2.75kg/kg N和21.65kg/kg N。普通氮肥分底追两次施用(DF)处理的氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力均明显高于氮肥一次性底施的处理(PN、BN、SF)。而在氮肥一次性底施处理中,氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力均表现为PN处理BN处理SF处理。DF处理的植株干重和氮素积累量(TNAA)明显高于氮肥一次性底施处理(SF、BN、PN),但在干物质与氮素转移方面的差异并不显著。相同施氮量条件下,普通氮肥分底追两次施用(DF)方式可获得高产;从节约劳动力和简化施肥角度看,则宜采用包膜尿素与普通尿素配合(PN)的氮肥一次性底施方式。 相似文献
18.
氮肥用量对饲用玉米光合特性以及产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以中原单32、龙辐208和高油115为材料,研究氮肥用量对饲用玉米光合特性以及产量的影响。结果表明,3个饲用玉米品种叶面积指数、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量和叶绿素总含量在整个生育过程中均呈单峰曲线变化。叶面积指数以N300处理为最高,叶绿素含量以N250处理为最高。饲用玉米生物产量品种间表现为龙辐208>中原单32>高油115,均以N250处理为最高,各处理间生物产量差异均达到极显著水平。饲用玉米光合特性与生物产量呈显著正相关。 相似文献
19.
周年氮磷钾配施模式对砂姜黑土麦玉轮作体系籽粒产量和养分利用效率的影响 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
【目的】探讨周年不同氮磷钾配施对砂姜黑土麦玉轮作体系产量及养分利用效率的影响,明确适宜豫东南砂姜黑土麦玉一体化种植的氮磷钾配施模式。【方法】于2012—2014年连续两年在河南省周口市商水县典型砂姜黑土区设置氮磷钾不同配施大田定位试验,研究磷钾肥总用量不变、2种氮用量投入水平下麦玉两季磷钾配施模式对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作种植体系氮、磷、钾养分吸收利用及产量的调控效应。其中,氮肥设全年用量360.00kg·hm~(-2)和540.00 kg·hm~(-2)两个梯度,磷钾肥总量不变,设计4种配施方式,即麦季全磷玉米全钾(磷肥和钾肥分别全部施用于小麦季和玉米季)、麦季全磷玉米重钾(磷肥全部施用于小麦季,钾肥按麦玉两季42﹕58的比例分配)、麦季重磷玉米全钾(磷肥按麦玉两季64﹕36的比例分配,钾肥全部施用于玉米季)、麦季重磷玉米重钾(磷肥按麦玉两季64﹕36的比例分配,钾肥按麦玉两季42﹕58的比例分配)。【结果】高氮水平下麦玉两季磷钾肥分施能促进作物产量三要素的协调发展,显著提高冬小麦的穗数和夏玉米的穗长与行粒数,且两年度单季作物和全年籽粒产量均以麦季重磷且玉米季重钾P8处理最高,周年产量分别达21 274.2 kg·hm~(-2)和20 219.1 kg·hm~(-2)。砂姜黑土区冬小麦和夏玉米地上部养分含量大小均表现为氮钾磷。与低氮水平相比,高氮水平有利于提高植株地上部总氮、磷、钾的含量,然而氮素的偏生产力(NPFP)、吸收效率(NUPE)、利用效率(NUE)有所降低。磷钾肥分施不仅能促进冬小麦和夏玉米对氮素的吸收,还可有效防止元素的流失,提高作物对磷素和氮素的吸收和利用,显著提高磷钾两类元素的偏生产力(PFP)、吸收效率(UPE)。而磷钾全施在麦玉某一季作物上,由于磷肥易固定、钾肥易流失的原因,造成肥料后效减小,下茬作物因养分供给不平衡而影响作物对氮磷钾的吸收利用,致使产量降低。低氮水平下麦季重磷、玉米季重钾P4处理的氮磷钾养分利用较其他处理表现较优;高氮水平下麦季重磷、玉米季重钾P8处理的单季和周年氮素偏生产力及吸收效率均显著高于其他处理。【结论】综合考虑养分利用效率和籽粒产量,在本试验条件下,麦季重磷、玉米季重钾配施模式有利于养分效率和产量的同步提高,可作为豫东南砂姜黑土及相似生态类型区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作种植高产高效施肥的优选模式。 相似文献
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夏玉米根系与土壤硝态氮空间分布吻合度对水氮处理的响应 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
【目的】根系是玉米吸收氮素营养的主要器官。在大田条件下,对夏玉米根系生长分布、根系与土壤硝态氮空间吻合度对不同水氮处理的响应,以及根系与土壤硝态氮空间吻合度指标的有效性进行研究,用以了解其时空分布及与土壤氮分布的吻合情况对玉米氮素吸收利用的影响。【方法】2011—2015年,设置不灌水+不施氮(W0N0)、不灌水+300 kg N·hm~(-2)(W0N1)、不灌水+360 kg N·hm~(-2)(W0N2)、大喇叭口期灌水+不施氮(W1N0)、大喇叭口期灌水+300 kg N·hm~(-2)(W1N1)、大喇叭口期灌水+360 kg N·hm~(-2)(W1N2)共6个水氮处理。各施氮处理下拔节期施氮30%、大喇叭口期施氮70%。大喇叭口期灌水量为750 m~3·hm~(-2)。在2015年玉米生长季,分别于玉米拔节期、大喇叭口期、吐丝期、吐丝后20 d和成熟期在玉米种植行和行间采集0—50 cm土体样品(每10 cm一层),测定夏玉米根长密度、根干重密度、土壤硝态氮含量,并计算根系与土壤硝态氮空间吻合度。在成熟期采集植株样品,分析玉米氮素吸收量。【结果】随着玉米生育进程,种植行和行间0—50 cm土壤剖面夏玉米根长密度、根干重密度和硝态氮含量均表现出先升高后降低的趋势,根长密度和根干重密度峰值出现在吐丝后20 d,而土壤硝态氮含量峰值出现在大喇叭口期。在0—360 kg·hm~(-2)的范围内,夏玉米根长密度和吐丝期之前土壤硝态氮含量随施氮量的增加而增加,但玉米根干重密度和吐丝期之后土壤硝态氮含量先升高后降低,峰值出现在施氮300 kg·hm~(-2)处理。大喇叭口期灌水可以提高夏玉米生育后期根长密度和根干重密度,但降低了土壤硝态氮含量。随着土层加深,种植行夏玉米根长密度与土壤硝态氮空间吻合度(RLD1-N)以及根干重密度与土壤硝态氮空间吻合度(RWD1-N)总体呈降低趋势,行间夏玉米根长密度与土壤硝态氮空间吻合度(RLD2-N)以及根干重密度与土壤硝态氮空间吻合度(RWD2-N)总体呈先增加后降低趋势,峰值出现在10—30 cm土层。随着玉米生育进程,各土层RLD1-N、RWD1-N和RWD2-N以及0—40 cm土层RLD2-N呈先升高后降低变化趋势。与不施氮处理相比,施用氮肥提高了RLD1-N、RLD2-N、RWD1-N和RWD2-N。施氮量从300 kg·hm~(-2)增加至360 kg·hm~(-2)时,降低了0—30 cm土层RLD2-N、0—20 cm土层RWD1-N以及拔节至吐丝期间RLD1-N和0—20 cm土层RWD2-N,提高了40—50 cm土层RLD2-N、20—50 cm土层RWD1-N以及吐丝期之后的RLD1-N和RWD2-N。夏玉米种植行和行间根长密度和根干重密度与其硝态氮含量的吻合度与产量极显著正相关,但与氮素利用效率极显著负相关,且其相关性优于根长密度和根干重密度与产量及氮素利用效率的相关性。【结论】在大田条件下,施用氮肥可以提高夏玉米根长密度、根干重密度、土壤硝态氮含量以及夏玉米根系与土壤硝态氮空间吻合度。但施氮量超过300 kg·hm~(-2)时会降低夏玉米生育前期上部土层的夏玉米根系与土壤硝态氮空间吻合度。根系与土壤硝态氮空间吻合度可以作为研究夏玉米氮素利用效率的有效指标。 相似文献