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1.
This study was intended to document normal ultrasonographic appearance of the equine elbow and anatomic landmarks useful in clinical imaging. Both forelimbs of five equine cadavers and both forelimbs of six live adult horses were used (4 Arabian-Barbes, 3 Arabs, 2 Anglo-Arabs, 1 Selle Français, 1 Anglo-Hispano-Arab, three to 18 years old). To facilitate the reading of the scans, a zoning system was developed for some anatomic structures. Ultrasonography was performed with a real-time B-mode semi-portable sector scanner using 7.5 & 5 MHz transducers. On one cadaver limb, MRI was performed on a system at 1.5 Tesla, T1 weighted spin echo, TR of 475 msec, RE of 15 msec, image matrix size 179 × 256 pixels. Ultrasonography images were compared with gross anatomy and with MRI scans to provide the normal ultrasonographic representation of the equine elbow. The lateral collateral ligament, the triceps brachii tendon with its subtendinous bursa, the proximal tendon of the ulnaris lateralis and the articular cartilage of the humeral trochlea were easy to examine ultrasonographically. The medial collateral ligament and the distal biceps brachii tendon required more expertise to assess. Ultrasonographic appearance and course of these structures are described. The 7.5 MHz transducer was best to be used. Ultrasonographic findings correlated well with MRI scans and with gross anatomy in the cadavers' limbs.  相似文献   

2.
The aim of this study was to determine the normal ultrasonographic anatomy of the canine shoulder. Fourteen shoulders from 7 clinically normal mid-sized dogs were radiographed and imaged using high frequency ultrasound. Each shoulder was isolated postmortem, and the ultrasonographic and gross anatomy was studied during dissection. The ultrasonographic appearance of the shoulder specimens was similar to that found in the live dogs. Twenty-four shoulders isolated postmortem from 12 variably sized dogs were also used to characterize the normal ultrasound anatomy over a range of sizes. Important anatomic structures that could be consistently evaluated were the biceps tendon and bursa, the bicipital groove surface, the supraspinatous tendon, the infraspinatous tendon, the teres minor tendon, and the caudal aspect of the humeral head. Results of ultrasonographic examination of 4 dogs with shoulder lameness are described to illustrate some applications of canine shoulder ultrasonography in the evaluation of the canine shoulder. In these dogs, ultrasound was a valuable tool to evaluate effusion and synovial proliferation within the bicipital bursa, supraspinatous and biceps tendinitis, biceps tendon strain, and dystrophic calcification.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To define the ultrasonographic appearance of the elbow joint of dogs and to develop an ultrasonographic imaging protocol to reliably accomplish complete evaluation of that joint. ANIMALS: 11 clinically normal mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURE: Ultrasonographic observations (by use of a 5 to 10 MHz linear array probe) were made of 22 elbow joints in cadaveric forelimbs from clinically normal dogs. Images in standard anatomic planes were recorded with a multi-image camera, on videotape, or onto a computer. The anatomic plane of the ultrasonographic beam and position of the ultrasonographic probe were also recorded. Dissection of each elbow joint was performed, and anatomic features were correlated with ultrasonographic images. RESULTS: Structures clearly identified ultrasonographically included the lateral and medial humeral epicondyles, the humeroradial and humeroulnar joints, anconeal process, medial coronoid process, hyaline cartilage covering the proximal articular surface of the radius, collateral ligaments, tendons of triceps brachii and supinator muscles, and the supinator tendon and sesamoid in the supinator cartilage. An ultrasonographic imaging protocol for examination of the elbow joint was developed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Precise correlations were established between the gross anatomic appearance of the elbow joint and the ultrasonographic images of its component structures. The ultrasonographic imaging protocol will enable complete examination of all regions of the joint for detection of pathologic lesions.  相似文献   

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5.
Ultrasonography and MRI have become valuable tools for imaging of tendon injuries. The current study examines the histopathologic basis for the imaging abnormalities. Five injured equine forelimbs and two normal contralateral limbs were studied with high resolution real time ultrasound and MRI. Histologic sections were made and correlated with the diagnostic images. All lesions were readily seen by both modalities. Lesions characterized by hemorrhage, edma, and cellular infiltration were sonolucent on ultrasound and bright on MRI images. MRI returned to normal as fibrogenesis ensued. Ultrasound images remained abnormal until fibrillar reallgnment occured with completion of the healing process. High resolution real time ultrasound and MRI both accurately reflect the tissue abnormalities in acute tendon injuries. The injured horse does appear to be an effective model for correlative imaging studies of tendon injuries.  相似文献   

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7.
The normal ultrasonographic appearance of the dorsal and lateral soft tissue structures and anatomic landmarks of the equine carpus useful in clinical imaging are described.
Both limbs of 5 cadavers and 5 clinically sound adult horses were imaged using a 7.5 MHz sector transducer. At the dorsal aspect of the carpus and distal radius, the extensor carpi radialis- and the common digital extensor tendon and their tendon sheaths were easily identified. These two tendons are the most prominent structures in this region. Smaller and more difficult to identify are the tendon and tendon sheath of the extensor carpi obliquus-, the lateral digital extensor- and the ulnaris lateralis muscle. The ultrasonographic appearance and course through the carpal region of the tendons and tendon sheaths mentioned are described. Other soft tissue structures examined include the lateral collateral ligament, the carpal joint capsule and the distal articular cartilage of the radius. Ultrasonographic findings correlated well with gross anatomy in the cadavers limbs.  相似文献   

8.
Objective— To evaluate the diagnostic potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared with a reference standard, arthroscopic and/or open surgery, in dogs with soft tissue shoulder pathology. Study Design— Retrospective study. Animals— Dogs (n=21). Methods— Magnetic resonance (MR) images were retrospectively evaluated in 21 dogs that had surgically identified soft tissue shoulder pathology. The musculotendinous units of the biceps, infraspinatus, teres minor, supraspinatus, subscapularis, and the medial and lateral glenohumeral ligaments (MGHL and LGHL) were graded as either normal or abnormal. Abnormal structures were further classified as being either inflamed, partially torn, or fully torn. Impingement of the biceps tendon was also evaluated. Results were reported in terms of agreement and concordance between MRI findings and surgical findings. Agreement was defined as the percentage of times MRI findings concurred with surgical findings with respect to a structure being either normal or abnormal. Concordance was defined as the percentage of times MRI concurred with the exact surgically assessed pathology when abnormality was identified. Results— The findings were biceps tendon: 90% agreement with 100% concordance; subscapularis: 95% agreement with 62% concordance; MGHL: 84% agreement with 83% concordance; LGHL: 88% agreement with 100% concordance; infraspinatus: 100% both agreement and concordance; biceps tendon impingement: 90% agreement with 100% concordance. Conclusions— Soft tissue abnormalities of the canine shoulder were readily identified on preoperative MR images. Clinical Relevance— MRI shows great potential as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of canine shoulder disease.  相似文献   

9.
CASE DESCRIPTION: 3 horses with penetrating wounds to the shoulder area were examined because of forelimb lameness. CLINICAL FINDINGS: All horses had physical examination findings (decreased cranial phase of the stride, swelling in the shoulder region, and signs of pain on manipulation of the shoulder) that were suggestive of problems in the upper portion of the forelimb. Injury to the biceps tendon or bursa was the primary differential diagnosis in each instance, but no abnormalities involving those structures were found. Radiographic and ultrasonographic imaging revealed injuries to the caudal eminence of the greater tubercle of the humerus, the infraspinatus tendon, and the infraspinatus bursa. Examination with ultrasound was more sensitive than radiography at detecting both osseous and soft tissue changes. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: All 3 horses responded favorably to treatment with antimicrobials and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Although initial response to standing lavage was favorable in 1 horse, endoscopic lavage was later required. Standing removal of fracture fragments was performed in 2 horses. Ultrasonographic imaging was helpful in monitoring the response to treatment and changes in the affected structures. All 3 horses eventually became sound after treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Infraspinatus bursitis and tendonitis should be included in the differential diagnoses of horses with shoulder lameness. Diagnosis and monitoring should include ultrasonographic monitoring. The prognosis for return to soundness after appropriate treatment appears to be good.  相似文献   

10.
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11.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the normal and diseased biceps brachii tendon and its tendon sheath in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: One hundred twenty client-owned dogs. METHODS: In the first part of the study, the ultrasonographic appearance of the normal biceps brachii muscle and the surrounding soft tissue was determined in 27 healthy dogs. Standard views were described and established. In the second part, 120 dogs with suspected pathology of the biceps brachii muscle were examined ultrasonographically. Fifty-five of these dogs had no sonographic changes, and 65 dogs had sonographically detectable pathologic changes of the tendon or the tendon sheath or both. The mean age of the affected dogs was 3.7 years. The ratio of males to females was 1.95:1. Sedation or anesthesia of the dogs was required because of the extreme movements of the leg necessary for the examination. To achieve a perpendicular view of the tendon and the tendon sheath, the area of the shoulder joint was rotated outward and abducted as far as possible. Examination of the muscle-tendon apparatus of the biceps brachii muscle was divided into 4 main sections. RESULTS: Linear transducers (7.5-10 MHz) allowed the soft tissue structures to be easily visualized with ultrasonography. Pathologic changes of the tendon and tendon sheath were visualized sonographically by using high-frequency linear probes. Partial or complete tendon rupture, medial luxation of the tendon, corpora libera in the tendon sheath, and tenosynovitis were clearly shown. CONCLUSIONS: High-frequency ultrasonography using linear transducers allows the examiner to accurately define the pathologic changes in the region of the biceps brachii tendon in dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of sonography for diagnosis of disease processes of the tendon and tendon sheath of the biceps brachii muscle complements clinical and radiographic examination findings.  相似文献   

12.
Single cases of supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle contracture in working sheep-dogs are reported. Both cases showed characteristic abnormal forelimb posture and were successfully treated by complete section of the affected muscle. Three cases of anteromedial shoulder luxation with damage to the biceps brachii tendon are also described. In two of these the tendon was completely severed. The integrity of the biceps tendon is important in maintaining shoulder joint stability and should be inspected when surgical reduction of shoulder dislocations is carried out. Repair of the tendon, if severed, is important. Three cases of lameness associated with tendon displacement are considered i.e. slipping of the biceps brachii, long digital extensor and superficial digital flexor tendons. In two cases the displacement was prevented by the insertion of mattress wire sutures to form a 'lid' over the tendon.  相似文献   

13.
An anatomic study of the equine digit using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed. Seventeen isolated forelimbs and one hindleg of nine warmblood horses were imaged in transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes with a 1.5 Tesla magnet using T1-, T2- proton density-weighted spin echo sequences as well as T2 gradient echo sequences. One scan plane in each horse was compared with corresponding anatomic and histologic sections. The best imaging planes to visualize various anatomic structures were determined. Fibrocartilage was visualized in the insertion of the deep digital flexor tendon and the suspensory ligament as well as in the distal sesamoidean ligaments. The correlation of MRI images with anatomic and histologic sections confirmed that all of the anatomic structures in the equine digit could be evaluated in PD and T2 studies.  相似文献   

14.
A 4-year-old spayed female Australian Cattle Dog (Blue Heeler) was evaluated because of right forelimb lameness of 5 months' duration. Orthopedic evaluation revealed signs of pain localized to the cranial aspects of both shoulder joints. Via magnetic resonance imaging, the mass of the supraspinatus tendon insertion in both shoulder joints was increased, compared with findings in cadavers of clinically normal dogs; additional imaging procedures revealed that, compared with clinically normal tendons, the tendon had increased signal intensity that was consistent with increased fluid content. The increased supraspinatus tendon mass in each shoulder joint was associated with medial displacement of the biceps brachii tendon, which was more severe in the right limb. Arthroscopic evaluations of both shoulder joints revealed no abnormalities. The dog underwent surgery, and the abnormal parts of the tendons were resected. The most prominent finding on histologic examination of excised tissues was severe myxomatous degeneration. The lameness resolved, and at 22 months after surgery, the dog was reported to have had no recurrence of lameness. The clinical signs and histologic appearance of the tendons in this dog strongly resemble findings associated with tendinosis in humans. Decompression of the biceps brachii tendon may have contributed to the successful outcome after surgery in this dog. Supraspinatus tendinosis should be considered among the differential diagnoses in dogs with uni- or bilateral forelimb lameness.  相似文献   

15.
The purpose of this study was to describe the normal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics of the palmar structures of the equine podotrochlear apparatus by means of retrospective evaluation of MR imaging studies of 16 cadaver limbs. The articular aspect of the distal sesamoid bone was not evaluated in this study. Equine digits were imaged with a human knee radiofrequency coil in a 1.5 T magnetic field, using spin echo (SE) T1-weighted, turbo spin echo proton density (TSE PD)-weighted with and without fat saturation (FS), and FS TSE T2-weighted sequences. The limbs were dissected after imaging to validate the absence of gross abnormalities of the flexor aspect of the distal sesamoid bone, of the deep digital flexor tendon, and the distal impar sesamoidean ligament. Seven deep digital flexor tendons were subjected to histologic examination to exclude any microscopic tendon pathology. The anatomic structures of the podotrochlear apparatus were easily identified on MR images. Compact bone of the flexor cortex of the distal sesamoid bone had low intensity signal on all sequences. In 11 digits an increased signal was seen within the thickness of the sagittal eminence of the flexor cortex in SE T1-weighted images and in TSE PD-weighted images without FS. Trabecular bone had a granular appearance and high signal in SE T1-weighted sequences and TSE images without FS. The deep digital flexor tendon had low signal on FS T2-weighted images, while on short echo time sequences (T1- and PD-weighted sequences), the tendon signal varied depending on the relative orientation between its fibers and the static magnetic field. Seven tendons had stippled appearance due to small intratendonous foci of slightly increased signal on transverse T1-weighted images. MR imaging provides a thorough evaluation of the anatomical structure of the podotrochlear apparatus: A good knowledge of the MR imaging appearance and anatomy and an awareness of potential pitfalls will improve diagnostic specificity for the detection of pathologic changes.  相似文献   

16.
Ultrasonographic examination of the dorsal aspect of the distal interphalangeal joint is part of the routine examination of the foot structures. The purpose of this paper is to describe the ultrasonographic anatomy of the area, and normal transverse and longitudinal images. Clinical cases are presented to illustrate abnormal findings and lesions of the dorsal aspect of the joint. Ultrasonography can complement radiography for the diagnosis and documentation of many soft tissue and joint abnormalities such as synovitis, fluid distension, cartilaginous defects, periarticular osteophytes and bone fragments.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
To provide a series of detailed ultrasonographic images of the canine calcaneal tendon, greyhound cadaver pelvic limbs were scanned with a high-resolution transducer, and images compared with dissected specimens. The three components of the calcaneal tendon are the tendons of insertion of the gastrocnemius, superficial digital flexor, and a conjoined tendon formed by tendons from the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and gracilis. Each of these three tendons was visible in transverse ultrasound images, each measuring 2.4-3.2-mm thick at mid-calcaneal tendon. Improved understanding of the anatomy of the calcaneal tendon will support clinical ultrasonography of this region.  相似文献   

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20.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE NORMAL CANINE STIFLE   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Ultrasonographic examination of the normal canine stifle joint was performed to characterize its normal anatomy. Stifles of four normal adult dogs were imaged in sagittal and transverse planes and each anatomic structure visualized was recorded. Normal anatomic structures consistently seen included the patellar tendon, medial and lateral menisci, the cranial cruciate ligament and femoral condyle cartilage. The caudal cruciate ligament was visualized in two dogs. Collateral ligaments and meniscal ligaments were not visualized. The dogs were then euthanized and each stifle was isolated. Following removal of superficial muscles and skin, each stifle was imaged in a water bath to definitively identify the structures that had previously been visualized on the live dogs. The ultrasonographic appearance of the isolated stifle specimens was similar to that found in live dogs. The results of this study indicate that ultrasound can be used to image the normal anatomy of the canine stifle. The echogenicity of the patellar ligament, cruciate ligaments, menisci and articular cartilage was similar to that previously reported in equine stifles and human knees.  相似文献   

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