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白粉寄生孢种群多样性、生物学特性及生防潜力研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文以白粉菌(Erysiphales)的重寄生菌——白粉寄生孢(Ampelomyces Ces．ex Schlecht．)为研究对象,从生态多样性、流行、分类、生防菌种的筛选、生防机制及生物学特性等几个方面进行了系统研究。通过广泛调查采样,从国内外105个地点采集感染白粉菌的样品406份,分别进行了植物种类和真菌种类鉴定。研究表明,包括无性阶段和有性阶段在内的12属42种白粉菌寄生在27科67属77 种植物上;白粉寄生孢(Ampelomyces quisqualis)只寄生于8属15种白粉菌上,寄生率为15．66％,主要发生于菊科和葫芦科植物白粉病菌上。首次发现锥(Castanopsis sp．)、大花金鸡菊 (Coreopsis grandiflora)及山苦荬菜(Ixeris chinensis) 上寄生有白粉寄生孢;白粉寄生孢寄主真菌中,中 相似文献
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为了明确我国秦岭地区白粉菌寄生孢的资源状况并进一步筛选开发对植物白粉病具有生防潜力的菌株,作者于2002～2003年对秦岭地区陕西境内的秦岭北坡、渭河两岸及渭北旱原三个不同生境内白粉菌侵染植株标样上的白粉寄生孢Ampelomyces quisqualis进行了自然分布和生物学特性研究。在白粉菌侵染的旋花科、伞形科、唇型科、菊科、车前科、蓼科、十字花科、豆科、鸭跖草科、凤仙花科、葫芦科、锦葵科、玄参科、蔷薇科、大戟科、茄科、卫矛科、葡萄科、木通科、槭树科、蝶形花亚科等21科(亚科)植物的1145份标样中发现白粉寄生孢菌株39个。白粉寄生孢分离菌株在不同温度、pH值、碳及氮源等条件下的生物学特性测定结果表明:温度为20℃,pH为6.0,采用葡萄糖作碳源及L-甘氨酸作氮源时菌株生长较好。调查结果显示秦岭地区有丰富的白粉寄生孢自然资源,可以进行开发利用,同时生物学特性测定显示出其存在的多种生理类群也为进一步从分子角度研究白粉寄生孢遗传机制,进而从大量菌株中开发用于防治白粉菌的生防制剂提供依据。 相似文献
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白粉寄生孢寄生黄瓜白粉菌的特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用白粉寄生孢（Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces.AQ）接种离体条件下赛璐酚上黄瓜白粉菌［Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht)Poll.］和活体条件下黄瓜白粉菌后,通过棉兰染色和显微观察分析,初步明确了白粉寄生孢的侵染寄生过程。白粉寄生孢分生孢子产生芽管可入侵黄瓜白粉菌的分生孢子、菌丝、分生孢子梗;有时黄瓜白粉菌串生的分生孢子、分生孢子梗可被2~3条白粉寄生孢的菌丝寄生,随着寄生过程的进一步发展,黄瓜白粉菌的分生孢子梗基部膨大成无色的椭圆形或球形,其上逐渐产生由黄色至褐色的白粉寄生孢的分生孢子器,器内含有大量的分生孢子。 相似文献
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粉红螺旋聚孢霉Clonostachys rosea是一种重要的植物病原生防真菌。本研究测定了不同地理来源的42株粉红螺旋聚孢霉菌株对核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum菌核的寄生能力,以及菌株几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性,同时测定了不同菌株对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea的拮抗作用以及对番茄果实灰霉病的防治效果。结果表明,不同来源的粉红螺旋聚孢霉菌株对核盘菌菌核均有一定的寄生能力,45.2%的菌株寄生能力达到4级,β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶活性与其寄生能力呈极显著正相关。研究发现,粉红螺旋聚孢霉菌株对番茄灰霉病菌有一定的拮抗作用,抑制率最高可达78.4%;HN-56、STG-21-1、GS6-1等菌株对离体番茄果实灰霉病的防效达到75%以上,显示出良好的生防潜力。本研究为丰富植物真菌病害生防资源和高效粉红螺旋聚孢霉生防制剂的研发奠定了基础。 相似文献
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从新疆石河子地区3种花卉上采集的150份白粉病株样本中分离出白粉菌重寄生真菌,对代表性菌株进行形态特征观察与ITS-rDNA序列分析：分离物的分生孢子器深棕色,多聚生,大小为（40.66～82.92）μm×（34.65～63.05）μm;分生孢子单胞、无色,两端含油球,大小为（3.88～5.67）μm×（2.19～2.75）μm;菌株的ITS-rDNA序列与Ampelomyces quisqualis序列的同源性达94%～100%,由此将其鉴定为白粉寄生孢（A. quisqualis）。测定该菌对荷兰菊白粉病菌的重寄生效能及控病效果,发现供试的12个菌株均可寄生于荷兰菊白粉病菌上,平均重寄生指数为26.21;菌株As-81和Rh-60对白粉病的防效较好,分别为46.62%和46.15%。 相似文献
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非致病性尖孢镰刀菌及其在生物防治中的应用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
综述了尖孢镰刀菌的非致病性菌株作为尖孢镰刀菌致病菌生防因子的研究现状并对非致病性菌株的作用模式作了归纳总结,阐述了非致病性尖孢镰刀菌在生物防治中的应用价值及前景。 相似文献
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由致病性尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)引起的根腐病严重危害果蔬生产,但非致病性镰孢菌可作为潜在的生防菌。为筛选防治根腐病的非致病生防镰孢菌,从京津冀设施大棚采集茄科、葫芦科果蔬78份根际土样中分离2 402株真菌,筛选出对致病性尖孢镰孢菌(F. oxysporum)具有拮抗效果的真菌173株。利用镰孢菌通用引物进行PCR扩增,从中筛选出28株候选镰孢菌;通过镰孢菌发酵液泡根进行安全性测试,筛选出对寄主黄瓜幼苗安全无害的镰孢菌菌株4株(1418、1441、1436和1473)。进一步通过镰孢菌测序通用引物TEF1αF/TEF1αR结合菌落和分生孢子的形态学特征,1418菌株和1441菌株被鉴定为尖孢镰孢菌(F. oxysporum)、1436菌株被鉴定为茄病镰孢菌(F. solani)。盆栽测试发现,除1441菌株外,1418菌株、1436菌株和1473菌株对黄瓜根腐病的防效均在50%以上,其中1418菌株的防效为70%,与杀菌剂咪酰胺的防效相当,具有很好的应用潜力。本研究筛选获得的具有生防潜力的镰孢菌不仅为镰孢菌致病力分化的研究提供了实验材料,也为新型生防产品的研制奠定了基础。 相似文献
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寄生于枫杨白粉病菌上的重寄生物,经过调查研究,确定为芽枝孢(Cladosporium)的一个种。经与近似的重寄生芽枝孢比较,存在形态上和培养特性方面的区别,因此,确定应另立新种,称为粉霉芽枝孢(C.erysiphicola sp.nov.)。该菌不但能寄生于枫杨白粉病菌上,还能侵染枸杞白粉病菌及小麦白粉病菌等。对上述几种白粉病菌分生孢子的侵染,出现穿入孢子、缠绕菌丝、腐蚀孢子及使孢子萎缩等现象,有希望作为一种生物防治剂。该菌在培养基PSA及PDA上生长繁殖良好,其分生孢子除在不同营养液中萌发外,在蒸馏水中也能萌发。萌发的温度在27℃左右。 相似文献
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A.J. Dik M.A. Verhaar R.R. Bélanger 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(4):413-423
The effect of three reported biological control agents, Ampelomyces quisqualis, Verticillium lecanii and Sporothrix flocculosa, was tested against cucumber powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea). Two glasshouse experiments, one in the summer and one in winter/spring were conducted on a semi-commercial scale. In both experiments, a susceptible and a partially resistant cultivar were used. In the second experiment, the additional effect of integration of biological control and silicon amendments to the nutrient solution was also assessed. In both experiments, A. quisqualis did not control the disease. V. lecanii had a small effect on powdery mildew in the first experiment but not in the second. S. flocculosa gave the best control of powdery mildew in both experiments. In the first experiment, weekly application of S. flocculosa reduced disease in the partially resistant cultivar to the same level as a treatment in which the fungicides bupirimate and imazalil were each applied once. Addition of silicon in the nutrient solution in a concentration of 0.75 mM reduced disease by 10–16%, averaged over all treatments. There was no interaction between silicon and the biocontrol agents. Yield was recorded in the second experiment and was significantly increased by the fungicide treatment compared to the control in the partially resistant cultivar. Yield in the treatment with S. flocculosa was not significantly different from the fungicide treatment in this cultivar. Silicon had no effect on yield in either cultivar. 相似文献
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Evaluation of biological control agents for managing cucurbit powdery mildew on greenhouse-grown melon 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
D. Romero A. de Vicente H. Zeriouh F. M. Cazorla D. Fernández-Ortuño J. A. Torés A. Pérez-García 《Plant pathology》2007,56(6):976-986
An evaluation was made of the ability of two mycoparasite-based products AQ10® ( Ampelomyces quisqualis ) and Mycotal® ( Lecanicillium lecanii ), as well as three strains of Bacillus subtilis , to manage powdery mildew disease, caused by Podosphaera fusca on melon seedlings maintained under different regimes of relative humidity and on plants grown under greenhouse conditions in Spain. In every case fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents (BCAs) performed better under conditions of high relative humidity (90–95% RH). In greenhouse experiments, the effectiveness of the mycoparasites to manage powdery mildew was absolutely dependent on mineral oil. The strains of B. subtilis provided disease control similar to that achieved with the mycoparasites or the fungicide azoxystrobin. Microscopic analysis showed the ability of these bacterial strains to efficiently colonize leaf surfaces and revealed the occurrence of antagonistic interactions between biological agents and P. fusca structures. These results confirmed the usefulness of these BCAs for managing powdery mildew on greenhouse-grown cucurbits either as single products or as a component of integrated control programmes. 相似文献
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中国草蛉科天敌昆虫及其生防应用研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
草蛉是一类重要的捕食性天敌昆虫,在蚜虫、介壳虫、粉虱、蓟马和螨类等农业害虫的生物防治中发挥着积极作用。虽然利用草蛉进行生物防治在我国已有近50年的历史,但针对不同农业生态系统及不同害虫物种,有关草蛉优势天敌物种的精准开发利用仍受到分类鉴定、生物学习性和捕食潜能等基础科学问题研究不足的制约。本文总结了草蛉科的基础生物学习性、地区优势物种与栖境选择、捕食潜能、草蛉与猎物及植物的互作关系和田间应用现状,提出了改善草蛉生防应用成效中的关键问题,对我国具有生防应用前景的草蛉种质资源发掘进行了评述,以期为推动我国草蛉天敌物种的发掘及其在生物防治中的应用提供参考。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Two biocontrol agents, a yeast (Pichia guilermondii) and a bacterium (Bacillus mycoides), were tested separately and together for suppression of Botrytis cinerea on strawberry leaves. The aims of the research were to determine whether the use of their combination would broaden the environmental conditions under which biological control is effective, and to test the hypothesis that it would reduce the variability of control efficacy under diverse conditions. Applied separately, the biocontrol agents significantly inhibited spore germination, lesion formation, and lesion development at most temperatures, relative humidities, and spray-timing combinations (temperatures: 10, 15, 20, 23, 25, and 30 degrees C; relative humidities: 78, 85, 96, and 100%; and spray-timings: 0, 4, and 7 days before inoculation). However, control efficacy was highly variable, and under certain combinations it was not adequate. Control efficacy achieved by the biocontrol agents applied separately ranged between 38 and 98% (mean 74%) and the coefficient of variation ranged from 9.7 to 75%. The mixture of Bacillus mycoides and Pichia guilermondii suppressed Botrytis cinerea effectively (80 to 99.8% control) under all conditions, and the coefficients of variation were as low as 0.4 to 9% in all cases. Thus, application of both biocontrol agents resulted in better suppression of Botrytis cinerea, and also reduced the variability of disease control. Application of more than one biocontrol agent is suggested as a reliable means of reducing the variability and increasing the reliability of biological control. 相似文献
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A review of mechanisms of action of biological control organisms against post‐harvest fruit spoilage
Several possible biocontrol mechanisms have been suggested as being effective against post‐harvest fruit spoilage. These include competition (for nutrients and space), antibiosis, parasitism, induction of resistance in the host tissue and production of volatile metabolites. Information on the mechanisms of action for most of the antagonists is still incomplete because of the lack of information on the complex interactions between the host, the pathogen, the antagonist and the other microorganisms present. However, a good understanding of the mechanism of action is essential before developing appropriate formulations and methods of application in order to obtain official approval. In this review information is provided about several mechanisms of biocontrol agents that could provide future biocontrol agents. 相似文献
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Spoiled and diffuse knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lam. and C. diffusa Lam., both of European origin, are two of the most important rangeland weeds in North America. Surveys for potential biological control agents started in 1961, and agents were first introduced in 1970. So far, 11 phytophagous insect species of European origin have been released in North America. Despite legislation (restricted transport), large-scale application of herbicides and reductions in seed production of up to 95% by the existing seed-feeding biocontrol agents established, knapweed infestation has further increased during the last decade, covering nearly 2-8 and 13 million ha for spotted and diffuse knapweed, respectively. In this paper, the biocontrol programme is reviewed critically and the present status analysed. To reach a break-through in knapweed control, a cumulative stress approach is now envisaged, by extending the stress imposed by the biocontrol agents to increasing competition by the other vegetation through grazing regimes and reseeding programmes. Four steps to optimize the biocontrol effect and which lead to the integration of biocontrol into range management are described and suggestions, both scientific and political, are presented to render biological control more efficient and predictive. 相似文献
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Control of cucumber powdery mildew by the hyperparasite Ampelomyces quisqualis and fungicides 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
L. SUNDHEIM 《Plant pathology》1982,31(3):209-214
Application of conidial suspensions of the hyperparasite Ampelomyces quisqualis to greenhouse cucumbers inoculated with Sphaerotheca fuliginea increased cucumber yield compared with an untreated control. Similar yield increases were obtained with triforine and also when a reduced rate of triforine and the hyperparasite were combined. A. quisqualis extensively parasitized S. fuliginea and also, in experiments with commercial cucumber crops, Erysiphe cichoracearum. 相似文献
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褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens是我国及东南亚地区水稻上的主要害虫,其体内存在的大量共生菌是褐飞虱生物防治中尚未开发的一类重要微生物资源。褐飞虱内共生菌种类丰富多样,目前研究主要集中于其初级共生真菌——类酵母共生菌（yeast-like symbiotes,YLS）和2类次级共生细菌——沃尔巴克氏体Wolbachia和杀雄菌Arsenophonus。早期关于褐飞虱内共生菌的分离及种类鉴定主要采用体外离体培养、克隆文库构建以及PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳等传统技术。近年来,宏基因组和高通量测序技术的应用极大拓展了褐飞虱内共生菌种类多样性研究的深度。内共生菌不仅参与褐飞虱的营养代谢,为宿主提供氨基酸、维生素和甾醇等必需营养物质以满足宿主正常的生长发育和繁殖,同时还可以介导宿主的致害性变异、抗药性产生和病原物防御等生理过程。鉴于内共生菌在褐飞虱生长发育及环境适应过程中的重要作用,利用内共生菌对褐飞虱进行生物防控已成为目前研究的一大热点,并展现出良好的应用前景。该文对褐飞虱内共生菌的主要种类及其生物学特性进行介绍,对其分离鉴定技术和多样性分析技术进行总结,并对褐飞虱内共生菌的生物学功能进... 相似文献