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1.
Seasonal variations in pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities and protein digestibility were studied in yellowtails (Seriola quinqueradiata) reared for 1 year with extruded diets containing different levels of protein. Trypsin and chymotrypsin storage levels in the digestive tissues of starved fish were affected by seasonal changes in water temperature. Actual digestion activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin were low at lower water temperatures, but pepsin activity in the stomach tissue was not affected by low temperatures. On the other hand, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the intestinal contents were higher during lower water temperature months, while pepsin activity in the stomach contents was low at lower water temperatures. Apparent protein digestibility (APD) did not differ among the dietary treatments in the higher water temperature months, while in colder months it was higher in fish fed diet 1 than in fish fed diets 2 and 3. The APD values reflected pepsin activity in the stomach contents in all sampling months. Therefore, lower APD in colder months seems to be attributed to lower protease activity in the gastric digesta, implying that enhanced pepsin secretion from the stomach tissue might improve protein digestibility and growth performance in yellowtails during winter.  相似文献   

2.
The expressions of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pyloric caeca of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were studied in three experiments. Two internal (trypsin phenotypes, life stages) and three common external factors (starvation, feeding, temperatures) influencing growth rates were varied. Growth was stimulated by increased temperature and higher feeding rate, and it was depressed during starvation. The interaction between trypsin phenotype and start-feeding temperature affected specific activity of trypsin, but not of chymotrypsin. Trypsin specific activity and the activity ratio of trypsin to chymotrypsin (T/C ratio) increased when growth was promoted. Chymotrypsin specific activity, on the other hand, increased when there was a reduction in growth rate whereas fish with higher growth had higher chymotrypsin specific activity resulting in lower T/C ratio value. During a rapid growth phase, trypsin specific activity did not correlate with chymotrypsin specific activity. On the other hand, a relationship between specific activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin could be observed when growth declined, such as during food deprivation. Trypsin is the sensitive key protease under conditions favouring growth and genetically and environmentally affected, while chymotrypsin plays a major role when growth is limited or depressed. Trypsin specific activity and the T/C ratio value are shown to be important factors in the digestion process affecting growth rate, and could be applicable as indicators for growth studies of fish in captive cultures and in the wild, especially when food consumption rate cannot be measured.  相似文献   

3.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of probiotics as digestive system maturation promoters in larvae of the California halibut, Paralichthys californicus, during ontogeny. Three commercial probiotics: Levucell®, Bactocell®, and live yeast, were supplied at a concentration of 50 mg/L, using enriched rotifers and Artemia nauplii as vectors. Total and specific activities of trypsin, leucine‐aminopeptidase (LAP), lipase, chymotrypsin, and pepsin were assessed throughout the development. Growth in terms of length was not significantly different between treatments. Total pepsin and chymotrypsin activity were significantly higher at the end of the experiment, 46‐d posthatch (dph) in larvae supplied with Bactocell. However, no significant effect of the probiotic was detected for trypsin, lipase, and LAP. On the basis of the results, California halibut larvae seemed to have adequate alkaline proteolytic activity early in development, whereas acid proteolytic activity was not detected until the complete formation of a functional stomach. The feeding protocol and probiotics evaluated were unable to improve the morphological development of digestive system or the digestive enzyme activity early on. Nevertheless, the increase in activity of pepsin and chymotrypsin observed at 46 dph suggests a potential use of these probiotics once the metamorphosis is completed, and thus warrants further evaluation.  相似文献   

4.
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5.
This study was performed to determine the effect of starvation and delayed feeding on activities of digestive enzymes and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of larval red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), so as to reveal the tolerance to prolonged starvation and the recovery of digestive enzymes after delayed feeding in larval and juvenile P. clarkii. In the control group, activities of trypsin and ALP increased significantly (p < .05) with day‐age and then kept constant at 24 days after hatching (DAH) and 10 DAH, respectively, whereas the activities of amylase and pepsin increased firstly then decreased with day‐age, and the activity of lipase increased firstly then decreased and then increased again during the development period of juvenile P. clarkii (1–31 DAH). In the group with continuous starvation (CS), activities of pepsin and lipase both decreased (p < .05) after fasting, and the activities of pepsin, lipase and trypsin in the groups with delayed feeding all increased (p < .05) and recover to the levels of the control group after food supply. However, the activity of amylase increased (p < .05) in the CS group, and it decreased to normal level after food supply. The ALP activity did not significantly (p > .05) vary after starvation, whereas it decreased in the groups with delayed feeding after 1 day of food supply, and then increased back to the level similar with the control group. Results from this study could provide information for diet preparation and feeding regime in larval and juvenile red swamp crayfish culture.  相似文献   

6.
California halibut Paralichthys californicus is an important commercial species with high aquaculture potential in Baja California Sur, México. To optimize the feeding process using live prey and/or inert diets, we evaluated alkaline proteases, pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, lipase, α-amylase, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities on starved larvae and larvae fed live prey. Highest activities were observed for alkaline protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase in feeding larvae than starved larvae on day 4 after hatching. At day 5, a sizeable increase in all enzymatic activities was detected in feeding larvae. Alkaline protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and alkaline phosphatase decreases progressively from day 5 until day 18. At day 18, a slight pepsin activity was observed. This was considered an indicator of the start of digestive system maturation. We concluded that total enzymatic equipment for this species is complete between day 18 and 30 after hatching. Based on this evidence, early weaning from live prey to inert feed would be possible at this time.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

The level of pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) was measured in the digestive organs of Portuguese dogfish, leafscale gulper shark, and lowfin gulper shark. The highest pepsin activity was measured in the cardiac stomach. Trypsin was not detected in leafscale gulper shark, and chymotrypsin was mainly measured in the intestine. LAP was detected in all organs and species. The temperature optima of pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin were between 42 and 48°C and those of LAP in the 50-56°C range. Pepsin from Portuguese dogfish was considerably activated during pre-incubation. Trypsin, chymotrypsin and LAP from lowfin gulper shark were reasonably activated when pre-incubated but that was not evident in these proteases from Portuguese dogfish and leafscale gulper shark.  相似文献   

8.
研究了饥饿与再投喂及不同投喂频率对条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)幼鱼生长和消化酶活力的影响.饥饿与再投喂的实验结果表明:条石鲷幼鱼体质量、蛋白酶(胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶)与脂肪酶活力随着饥饿时间的延长均呈现明显的下降趋势,体质量与蛋白酶活力在饥饿6d后与对照组表现出显著性差异(P＜0.05),脂肪酶活力在饥饿9d后才与对照组表现出显著性差异(P＜0.05),而淀粉酶活力在饥饿过程中呈波动性变化;恢复投喂后,除饥饿3d的幼鱼体质量、特定生长率与对照组无明显差异外,其他各处理组均明显低于对照组;蛋白酶与脂肪酶活力在恢复投喂后均有明显回升,且蛋白酶活力与对照组相比已无显著性差异,但较长时间的饥饿处理(9～12 d)并未使脂肪酶活力恢复至对照组水平.投喂频率实验的研究结果表明:随着投喂频率的增加,条石鲷幼鱼的特定生长率呈上升趋势,在投喂频率达到投喂2次/d后,条石鲷幼鱼的特定生长率、消化酶活力及肝体指数差异均不显著.结论认为,在本实验条件下,饥饿3d后再经投喂,条石鲷幼鱼具有完全补偿生长效应,但随着饥饿时间的延长补偿生长的效应逐渐降低.对条石鲷幼鱼而言,选择日投喂两次最合适.  相似文献   

9.
The alkaline proteolytic activity in the gut of African catfish larvae was studied during short time ranges from 30 min to 4 h after ingestion of decapsulated Artemia cysts. The variation in total protease and trypsin activities during the day was monitored during starvation, after one single meal ingestion, and during continuous feeding. In starved larvae the enzymatic activity was low and did not change in time. No significant endogenous secretion of digestive enzymes was detected. The level of alkaline proteolytic activity found in starved larvae was further considered as the basal level. In larvae fed only one meal during the day, the enzyme activity significantly increased from 3 h post-feeding up to a maximum level found 12 h after feeding. In the larvae receiving a meal every 4 h, the effect of feeding on the proteolytic activity was significantly different from the one in fish fed only once a day. The total protease activity in this dietary treatment changed according to the time of feeding and fluctuated around a constant level, which was intermediate between the maximum and the basal level. No rhythmic cycle of enzyme production in the fish was observed when the proteolytic activity was studied during a cycle of 24 h. When specific trypsin activity was measured, a similar pattern was found as with the total protease. The contribution of digestive enzymes from Artemia to the total digestion of food by the catfish larvae was calculated to be less than 1% of the total amount of the proteolytic activity measured in the larval gut.  相似文献   

10.
We describe digestive enzyme activity during the larval development of spotted rose snapper, Lutjanus guttatus. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, pepsin, amylase, lipase, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were evaluated using spectrophotometric techniques from hatching through 30 days. The spotted rose snapper larvae present the same pattern of digestive enzyme activity previously reported for other species in which pancreatic (i.e., trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, and lipase) and intestinal (i.e., acid and alkaline phosphatases and leucine aminopeptidase) enzymatic activities are present from hatching allowing the larvae to digest and absorb nutrients in the yolk-sac and live prey by the time of first feeding. The digestive and absorption capacity of the spotted rose snapper increases during the larval development. A significant increase in individual activity of all enzymes occurs at 20 DAH, and around 25 DAH, the juvenile-type of digestion is observed with the appearance of pepsin secreted by the stomach, suggesting that maturation of the digestive function occurs around 20–25 DAH. Our results are in agreement with a previous suggestion that early weaning may be possible from 20 DAH. However, the patterns of enzymatic activities reported in our study should be considered during the formulation of an artificial diet for early weaning of the spotted rose snapper.  相似文献   

11.
The time of first feeding is an important factor for establishing successful exogenous feeding in aquaculture hatcheries as it is crucial for larval survival and growth. The effects of delayed first feeding by the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus larvae were investigated. Groups of larvae were fed immediately after completion of the digestive tract (fed control) or starved for 24, 48, 72, 108 and 120 h post fertilization. The growth rates of A. japonicus larvae were the same as those of the control group when first feeding was delayed for less than 72 h. When the period of starvation was beyond 72 h, growth rates were reduced. The fed control group had the highest percentage of late auricularia larvae (70.0%) on day 11, followed by the groups starved for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, which had 35.00%, 43.48% and 41.67% of late auricularia larvae. When larvae were starved for more than 72 h, the percentage of late auricularia larvae never exceeded 12.0%. Most larvae halted in development and were deformed before reaching metamorphosis when starved for 108 and 120 h. Prolonged exposure to starvation (more than 48 h) resulted in a significant decrease in percentage of larvae reaching settlement. The point‐of‐no‐return (PNR) of A. japonicus larvae was calculated 110.4 h. Ratios of stomach length to total length, stomach width to total width were more sensitive to starvation than other larval morphometrics. To avoid mortality and obtain adequate growth and development, A. japonicus larvae in commercial culture should be fed within 48 h of the completion of the digestive tract.  相似文献   

12.
The natural food spectrums of the different size groups of abalone, Haliotis asinina L., from Tawi-Tawi, southern Philippines, were determined by analysis of gut contents. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the feeding and defecation patterns and functional response of the abalone to varying food density under ambient water conditions. Like other tropical haliotids, H. asinina prefers red algae to brown algal species. Eighteen algal species, 72.2% of which are red algae (Rhodophyta), were observed in the gut contents of all size groups of abalone; Laurencia, Hypnea, Amphiroa and Coelothrix are the most frequent food species. Hypnea and Laurencia are also the most abundant food items of H. asinina. A chi-square test indicated that frequency of occurrence (%) of most algal food species in the gut samples is independent of the size of the animal. About 84% of all algal species were observed in the gut contents of small abalone. Haliotis asinina (mean shell length ± SD = 3.48 ± 0.05 cm) showed a distinct nocturnal feeding periodicity and remained cryptic during daylight hours. Feeding activity was intense from 1800 to 0200 h, but it slowed down a few hours before sunrise, resulting in about 11 h of feeding time within a 24-h cycle. Defecation occurred during the feeding period in proportion to the amount of food consumed and faecal production during the night was significantly higher than during the daylight hours. The total daily faecal output was 1.26 mg dry weight abalone–1. The experiments showed that H. asinina (mean shell length ± SD = 3.55 ± 0.02 cm) consumed more food when food density increased in linear proportion to food abundance. However, food consumption levelled off at a food density equivalent to 35% of body weight.  相似文献   

13.
The compensatory growth response of juvenile three‐keeled pond turtles, Chinemys reevesii, was investigated by food deprivation for 1–4 wk and then refeeding for 4 wk. After feeding resumed, only turtles that were deprived over 2 wk displayed higher specific growth rates than the continuously fed turtles for 1 wk, but their weights were lower than the control at the end of refeeding, showing a partial compensatory growth pattern. Their feeding rate, rather than the feed conversion efficiency and apparent digestibility of energy, was higher than the control during the compensatory phase, indicating that hyperphagia was responsible for the compensatory growth. As starvation intensified, protein concentrations of deprived turtles increased significantly, whereas the contents of fat tissues decreased sharply. After 4 wk of refeeding, the contents of fat tissues in deprived turtles returned to the control level, whereas protein concentrations did not, indicating that lipid rather than protein was the main fuel utilized during short‐term starvation for juvenile turtles aged over 2 mo.  相似文献   

14.
Ontogenic development of some digestive enzymes (proteases, amylase and lipase) in common pandora Pagellus erythrinus larva was assayed during larval development. The green‐water technique was employed for larval rearing, and whole‐body homogenates were used for enzymatic assays in triplicate. Important alterations in specific activities of all digestive enzymes measured during the period of this study were mostly related to metamorphosis and weaning. Mouth opening was observed on day 3 at 2.23±0.01 mm total length synchronously with the first determination of trypsin and chymotrypsin activities. After this date, the specific activities of these slightly increased until 25 days after hatching (DAH), respectively, and then slightly decreased and changed. The pattern determined for pepsin was strongly related to stomach formation on day 25 at 9.72±2.3 mm total length and a sharp increase was found until 30 DAH and then a slight decrease was measured from this date until the end of the experiment. Both amylase and lipase were measured for the first time on days 2 and 4, respectively, and also the specific activities of these showed similar patterns during the first week of the study. Then, slight variations were observed until 30 DAH and while lipase‐specific activity had declined, an increase in the specific activity of amylase was found until the end of the experiment. Finally, it is thought that the variations observed in the specific activity in the profile of digestive enzymes were related to either metamorphosis such as formation of stomach (25 DAH) or to changes in characteristics of food (30 DAH). The pattern of development of the main digestive enzymes found in P. erythrinus is similar to that described in other Sparid species.  相似文献   

15.
The responses of the digestive proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin and protein metabolism to differences in feed protein quality were investigated in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Two sets of experimental feeds were produced. Each set of high and low quality feeds was provided to either 150 g or 2 kg salmon. Protein in the high quality feeds had significantly higher percentages of free (reactive) sulphydryl (SH) groups than the corresponding feeds based on low quality meals. After 90 days feeding, groups given high and low quality feeds did not differ in their specific growth rates (SGR) in either experiment. However, feed conversion efficiency (FCE) was significantly different between the high and low quality feed groups in 2 kg salmon, where the difference between the high and low feed protein qualities was larger, 10% versus 4% SH/[SH + (S–S)] in 150 g salmon. Higher FCE was preceded by significantly higher trypsin and chymotrypsin specific activities on day 60. SGR, in general, changed after the first month and was stable during the last 2 months in both experiments. Concurrently, both trypsin (T) and chymotrypsin (C) decreased with an increased activity ratio of trypsin to chymotrypsin (T/C ratio), and resulting in significantly lower T/C ratio on day 90 in salmon feeding on high quality feeds in both sizes of fish. Differences in FCE were associated with significant differences in levels of total free amino acids (TFAA) in the plasma and the white muscle, as well as in the ratio of essential to non‐essential free amino acids (EAA/NEAA ratio), free hydroxyproline, and RNA in the white muscle. Interestingly, after 3 days starvation (day 93), 5–7 h postprandial EAA/NEAA ratio in the plasma was significantly lower in the high quality diet groups in both experiments. Trypsin specific activity inversely correlated with muscle TFAA levels in 2 kg salmon, concurrent with higher muscle levels of RNA, lower free hydroxyproline and higher FCE in fish fed higher quality diets.  相似文献   

16.
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17.
In this study Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) larvae (0.12 ± 0.04 g) were, from day 40 post first feeding, offered six diets in which 10% or 30% of the dietary protein was hydrolysed with (a) pepsin (P), (b) pepsin + trypsin (PT) or (c) pepsin + trypsin + chymotrypsin (PTC). In addition, a diet without hydrolysed protein was offered, and enriched Artemia was fed as control. The amount of soluble protein increased progressively with the enzyme treatments P, PT and PTC and with higher inclusion levels of hydrolysed protein. Survival was highest among the larvae offered Artemia (83 ± 0%) or the diet 10P (10% pepsin hydrolysed protein; 67 ± 4%). The diet 10P supported survival significantly better than the more hydrolysed diets 10PTC, 30P, 30PT and 30PTC, but not significantly better than the non‐hydrolysed diet and 10PT. Specific growth rate (SGR) was 1.76 ± 0.20 in average for all groups of larvae and was not significantly affected by the diets. Still, the larvae offered pepsin hydrolysed diets tended to have better growth (2.10 ± 0.05 SGR; P < 0.06) than the larvae offered the other hydrolysed diets. The larvae offered the formulated diets did not differ in chemical composition.  相似文献   

18.
The present study develops an experimental procedure aimed to estimate the efficiency of protein digestion in fish by measuring both gut transit rate and total amount of the main intestinal proteases (trypsin and chymotrypsin). The selected species was the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Total time for digestion, calculated through the estimation of gut transit rate using differently colored feeds, was 7.15 h. Mean production of trypsin and chymotrypsin was 15.94 and 24.11 mU in the proximal intestine and much lower (2,39, 4.90 mU) in the distal intestine. The enzyme efficiency, calculated from the average enzyme activity and time of residence of the digesta in each intestinal section, points to the major role of proximal intestine in protein digestion for this species. Results are discussed in relation to the main features characterizing digestion in stomachless fish.  相似文献   

19.
Activities of pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, alpha‐amylase and lipase, as well as their optima and stability to pH and temperature, were determined in digestive extracts of thick‐lipped grey mullet, Chelon labrosus, of three different sizes: Group 1 (45.2 ± 3.0 g), Group 2 (180.9 ± 4.2 g), and Group 3 (328.5 ± 43.3 g). SDS‐PAGE zymograms were also used to assess the role of serine proteases in the digestive tract of C. labrosus. On the other hand, possible changes in the digestive enzyme profile of C. labrosus during development were observed, with a comparatively lower pepsin activity, higher activities of alkaline proteases and alpha‐amylase and no lipase activity recorded in pre‐adult specimens. It is suggested that these variations are linked to the changes in diet composition with age, moving from a partly carnivorous to a more herbivorous feeding habit.  相似文献   

20.
The main hypothesis of this study was that if stomach volume is correlated with food intake it can be estimated without laborious and destructive direct measurement. Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), ca. 500–1300 g, were starved for 1, 4, 8 or 16 days at 15°C after which they were fed in excess with dry pellets containing known amounts of X‐ray‐dense markers. Immediately after feeding the fish were killed, X rayed and weighed. Then the stomach was dissected, its contents removed and weighed, and stomach volume was measured. X‐ray plates were developed and feed intake was estimated based on the amount of marker. All measured variables correlated positively with stomach volume. The best fit for linear regression models was obtained for fish starved for 4 days, where stomach content (dry mass) explained 94%, food intake (based on X‐ray measurement) 77% and fish mass 62% of the variation in stomach volume. However, as stomach content measurement can be a lethal, or at least very stressful, event for the fish, the accuracy of food intake measurement (X‐ray) could be increased using multiple regression. In multiple linear regressions, R2‐values varied between 0.79 (16‐day starvation) and 0.91 (1‐day starvation) with food intake and fish mass as explanatory variables for stomach volume. These results indicate that the stomach volume in rainbow trout can be estimated satisfactorily using indirect methods, which are not detrimental to the fish, although feeding history may affect the accuracy of the estimates.  相似文献   

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