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1.
不同吸附特性的稻草生物炭对稻田氨挥发和水稻产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
秸秆生物炭具有改善土壤生态环境、土壤蓄水保肥和减少温室气体排放等正效应,但其石灰效应会加大稻田氨挥发损失。为充分发挥生物炭吸铵特性,降低其石灰效应的不利影响,对不同热解温度(300、500、700℃)和酸化水平(pH值=5、7、9)稻草生物炭处理下的田面水NH_4~+-N浓度、氨挥发和水稻产量进行了研究。结果表明:偏酸性(pH值=5)、中性(p H值=7)生物炭处理在基肥期和分蘖肥期均能显著降低田面水NH_4~+-N峰值浓度(P0.05),降幅达16.90%～35.60%。全生育期稻田氨挥发损失占施氮量的15.14%～26.05%(2019年)、15.10%～19.00%(2020年)。稻田增施热解温度为700℃、酸化水平为5(p H值=5)的生物炭(C700P5)降氨效果最好,两年氨挥发分别显著降低22.93%、12.61%(P0.05)。高温热解配合偏酸性、中性生物炭(C700P5、C700P7)增产效果显著,增产率达9.92%～13.50%,结构方程模型表明,其增产原因是生物炭酸化处理降低了稻草生物炭的石灰效应,而热解温度调整提高了生物炭阳离子交换量(CationExchange Capacity,CEC),进而降低了田面水NH_4~+-N浓度和氨挥发损失,最终提高了水稻地上部氮素积累和水稻产量。研究可揭示不同热解温度和酸化水平制备的生物炭在稻田中的应用潜力,并为稻田合理施用生物炭和减少化肥施用量提供理论依据。 相似文献
2.
为针对性、定量化地利用钝化处理实现不同类型Cd污染土壤的安全利用,以四川盆地6种主要旱作土壤为研究对象,采用室内培养试验和土培试验探讨了6个剂量水平下,钙质钝化材料对土壤pH、CEC、有效Cd含量、Cd形态、小白菜生物量和Cd含量的影响。结果表明:(1)钙质钝化材料可提升6种土壤的pH和CEC,土壤CEC随用量的增加而持续增加,而土壤pH在提升至微碱性水平后,不再随用量的增加而增加;(2)6种土壤有效Cd含量随钝化材料用量的增加先显著降低,后趋于平稳,用量＞2.5%后均无显著变化。该添加量下,有效Cd含量降幅为典型黄壤(63.32%)＞酸性紫色土(46.65%)＞漂洗黄壤(38.51%)＞中性紫色土(34.97%)＞石灰性紫色土(18.03%)＞灰潮土(16.60%);土壤中可交换态Cd主要向碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态形态转化;(3)除石灰性紫色土外,钙质钝化材料可显著提升其余5种污染土壤中小白菜的生物量并显著降低其可食部位Cd含量。用量为2.5%时,典型黄壤、漂洗黄壤和酸性紫色土中小白菜Cd含量降幅高达84.28%,79.90%,69.87%,显著优于中性紫色土、灰潮土和石灰性紫色土(5%用量时降幅仅为40.27%,31.13%,17.98%)。该研究揭示钙质钝化材料对6种Cd污染旱作土壤的剂量-效应差异,并在典型黄壤、漂洗黄壤和酸性紫色土中钝化效率较优,为不同土壤条件下钙质钝化材料的合理使用提供科学依据。 相似文献
3.
选择代表性的酸性、中性和石灰性紫色土为实验材料,采用平衡吸附和动力学吸附法研究了紫色土对可溶性有机碳（DOC）的吸附-解吸特征,分析了土壤理化性质与DOC吸附量之间的关系。结果表明,紫色土对DOC的吸附容量呈以下顺序：酸性紫色土〉中性紫色土〉石灰性紫色土。石灰性紫色土对DOC的解吸率明显高于酸性、中性紫色土,其迁移淋失问题值得重视。紫色土对DOC的吸附过程包括快速吸附和慢速吸附2个阶段,0~0.5 h内吸附速率最大,随后吸附速率逐渐减小,4~6 h内基本达到吸附平衡。土壤pH值、有机质、粘粒和活性铁铝氧化物含量是影响土壤DOC吸附量与解吸率的重要因素。通径分析表明,土壤理化性质对DOC吸附量的直接作用系数大小顺序为活性铝含量〉土壤pH值〉有机质,对DOC解吸率的直接作用系数大小顺序为活性铁含量〉粘粒〉有机质。多元线性回归模型能较好地预测土壤对DOC的吸附及解吸的变化。 相似文献
4.
土壤酸碱性质对尿素转化特征的影响 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
试验研究了3种酸性土壤和3种碱性土壤施入尿素后,对土壤pH值变化、氨挥发特性、氮素转化及A l元素活性的影响。试验结果表明:土壤酸碱性对尿素水解的影响与尿素浓度有关,在常温25℃下,3种酸性土壤的pH值在短期内都随着加入尿素浓度的增大而急剧上升,而3种碱性土壤的pH值却是随着加入尿素浓度的增加先增加再减少然后又增加,且其变化的幅度较之酸性土壤小;动态试验表明,pH值上升的现象是短期的,6种土壤pH值达到最大值后缓慢下降,2周后3种碱性土壤的pH降到比原来更低的程度。氨挥发强度与土壤pH变化同步;在酸性土壤和碱性土壤中,氨气日挥发量都是先从小到大出现峰值,然后又降低;酸性土壤氨挥发高峰期约在7~9天,碱性土壤的氨挥发高峰期约在第3天左右。各处理NH4+-N含量和NO3--N含量与土壤pH变化趋势相似,在前2~4星期增加到峰值,而后开始下降并保持不变。短期内,交换性A l随着尿素浓度的增大而急剧下降,交换性A l含量与土壤pH变化呈显著负相关,施用尿素短期内能显著降低酸性土壤交换性铝的含量。 相似文献
5.
砂质土壤pH对中性缓释复合肥养分释放特性的影响研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
采用连续恒温培养研究了30℃条件下砂质酸性、中性土壤对2种不同剂型中性缓释复合肥养分释放特性的影响.研究结果表明,中性缓释复合肥的养分累积量、拟合动力学方程参数b值及养分平均释放相对百分率的变化趋势,受砂质土壤pH的影响基本一致.随砂质土壤pH升高,两种中性缓释复合肥氮素和磷素释放速率、累积量和相对百分率变大;砂质土壤pH降低,中性缓释复合肥钾素释放速率、累积量和相对百分率变大.两个中性缓释复合肥的养分释放速率对于砂质土壤pH变化响应一致,均表现为SRF1(有机无机型)＜SRF2(无机型). 相似文献
6.
紫色土施氮对莴笋营养效应的研究 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10
3种紫色土施用化学氮肥盆栽莴笋的研究结果表明,石灰性紫色土莴笋生长状况最差,施中、高氮明显降低其株高、根重和茎、叶产量,而中性紫色土施氮的生物效应最佳。酸性紫色土莴笋叶片((NO3--N)/(TN)100)值最低、((AAN)/(TN)100)值最高;植株氮素表观利用率为中性土酸性土石灰性紫色土。中性、酸性和石灰性紫色土施氮分别为133、67、67mg/kg土时,莴笋3个生长期叶片N/P、N/K、K/P值变异系数(C.V％)小,生物量高。施氮显著提高中性和石灰性紫色土莴笋叶片NRA(r值0.9275*～0.9956* *),降低CAT活性和Vc含量,使茎中(△NO3-)/(△FN)值高于酸性紫色土2～5倍,但却提高酸性紫色土莴笋水溶性氨基酸、粗蛋白和可溶性糖含量,改善其食用价值。 相似文献
7.
保护地菜田土壤氨挥发损失及影响因素研究 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：14
保护地过量施用氮肥是造成氮素氨挥发损失的主要原因。本文采用"密闭室间歇通气法"研究了常规施肥、常规+C/N、推荐施肥和单施有机肥4种施肥措施下保护地菜田土壤的氨挥发特性。结果表明:减少施肥量和秸秆还田技术能有效降低氨挥发损失;整个监测周期内,不同处理氨挥发量均较小,常规施肥处理损失量最高,占总施氮量的0.73%,化肥氮对氨挥发的贡献率较大(大于70%),不同处理氨挥发损失量大小顺序为常规施肥常规+C/N推荐施肥单施有机肥;氨挥发监测周期内表层土壤(0—1cm)pH值呈先下降后上升的趋势,下降幅度以常规施肥处理最大,约0.5个pH值单位;土壤pH值、0—1cm土层铵态氮含量与氨挥发速率呈显著正相关(P0.05)。 相似文献
8.
9.
生物质炭施用可能对土壤中氮素硝化过程和N2O排放产生影响。本研究通过室内培养试验，研究铵态氮肥与玉米秸秆生物质炭施用量（0、1%、2%、5%、10%w/w）对酸性（pH=5.10）和石灰性紫色土（pH=8.15）氮素硝化率、净硝化速率及N2O排放特征的影响。结果表明：（1）酸性和石灰性紫色土生物质炭处理平均净硝化速率相比对照分别降低了33.7%~93.7%和7.5%~40.9%，生物质炭添加抑制了酸性和石灰性紫色土硝化作用，在酸性紫色土中生物质炭对氮素硝化作用的抑制作用随施用量的增加而增强，在石灰性紫色土中无明显规律。（2）与对照相比，酸性紫色土N2O累计排放量在1%生物质炭（1%BC）和2%生物质炭（2%BC）处理下降幅分别为15.9%和27.7%，在5%生物质炭（5%BC）和10%生物质炭（10%BC）处理下增幅分别为60.1%和93.2%。石灰性紫色土生物质炭各处理N2O累积排放量均显著高于对照。（3）综合考虑酸性紫色土1%、2%生物质炭量施用下对硝化作用抑制和N2O减排综合效果最好，在石灰性紫色土中无明显抑制和减排效果。 相似文献
10.
采用室内土壤培养和玉米幼苗盆栽试验的方法,研究了改性尿素施用后的氨挥发量及其对土壤无机氮和pH值的影响。结果表明:(1)表施改性尿素比表施普通尿素的氨挥发量显著减少,从而降低氮素的损失;在一定范围内,土壤含水量越大,氨挥发量越低。(2)硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)能够抑制土壤硝化作用,使NH+4-N能较长时间存在土壤中,从而减少NO-3-N的损失;在一定范围内,DCD施用浓度越大,抑制效果越好。(3)土壤pH值与铵态氮呈极显著指数正相关,与硝态氮呈极显著线性负相关,与无机氮呈多项式相关。因此,改性尿素能够显著减少氨挥发量,抑制土壤硝化作用,从而降低尿素的氮素损失。 相似文献
11.
R. Corstanje G. J. D. Kirk M. Pawlett R. Read R. M. Lark 《European Journal of Soil Science》2008,59(6):1260-1270
Quantitative predictions of ammonia volatilization from soil are useful to environmental managers and policy makers and empirical models have been used with some success. Spatial analysis of the soil properties and their relationship to the ammonia volatilization process is important as predictions will be required at disparate scales from the field to the catchment and beyond. These relationships are known to change across scales and this may affect the performance of an empirical model. This study is concerned with the variation of ammonia volatilization and some controlling soil properties: bulk density, volumetric water content, pH, CEC, soil pH buffer power, and urease activity, over distances of 2, 50, 500, and >2000 m. We sampled a 16 km × 16 km region in eastern England and analyzed the results by a nested analysis of (co)variance, from which variance components and correlations for each scale were obtained. The overall correlations between ammonia volatilization and the soil properties were generally weak: –0.09 for bulk density, 0.04 for volumetric water content, –0.22 for CEC, –0.08 for urease activity, –0.22 for pH and 0.18 for the soil pH buffer power. Variation in ammonia volatilization was scale‐dependent, with substantial variance components at the 2‐ and 500‐m scales. The results from the analysis of covariance show that the relationships between ammonia volatilization and soil properties are complex. At the >2000 m scale, ammonia volatilization was strongly correlated with pH (–0.82) and CEC (–0.55), which is probably the result of differences in parent material. We also observed weaker correlations at the 500‐m scale with bulk density (–0.61), volumetric water content (0.48), urease activity (–0.42), pH (–0.55) and soil pH buffer power (0.38). Nested analysis showed that overall correlations may mask relationships at scales of interest and the effect of soil variables on these soil processes is scale‐dependent. 相似文献
12.
不同温度下施入尿素后土壤短期内pH的变化和氨气释放特性 总被引：22，自引：2，他引：22
在湖南3种土壤中施入尿素后,对土壤短期内pH变化和氨气挥发进行了研究,结果表明:在常温25℃下,3种土壤尿素水解速度次序为:冲积菜园土>红菜园土>茶园土;pH变化是先上升达到峰值,然后下降;氨气挥发趋势也是慢慢变大出现峰值,然后降低,在3种土壤中氨气挥发强度次序为:冲积菜园土>红菜园土>茶园土。冲积菜园土中,随着温度的升高尿素水解速度加快;pH升高幅度速度变大,峰值提前;氨气挥发强度变大,也是峰值提前。引起各处理差异的原因与土壤本身pH、CEC、有机质、尿酶活性以及外界条件—温度相关。 相似文献
13.
在南京雨花区武警农场和栖霞区东阳科技站先后进行了秋季小青菜和秋冬季大白菜田间试验,研究菜地土壤施用氮肥后的氨挥发及其影响因素,氨挥发采用密闭室间歇密闭通气法测定。结果表明,小青菜试验地的pH为5 .4 ,施肥后土壤pH值也未高于6 .0 ,故氨挥发损失低(<0 .4 % ) ;而在pH为7.7的大白菜试验地上,控释尿素、低氮和高氮3个处理(施氮量分别为N 180、30 0和6 0 0kghm-2 )氨挥发率分别为0 .97%、12 .1%和17 1%。以上结果表明,土壤pH是影响菜地土壤氨挥发的主要因素,降低氮肥用量能明显减少氨挥发,而施用控释尿素是一种有效控制氨挥发损失的措施。大白菜不同施肥期的结果还表明,施尿素后降雨通过降低表层土壤氮的浓度而影响氨挥发,降雨离施肥期越近,雨量越大,氨挥发越小 相似文献
14.
J. Xiang S. Peng Q. M. Ketterings P. Hobbs J. M. Duxbury 《European Journal of Soil Science》2011,62(4):551-559
Recent studies indicate that aerobic rice can suffer injury from ammonia toxicity when urea is applied at seeding. Urea application rate and soil properties influence the accumulation of ammonia in the vicinity of recently sown seeds and hence influence the risk of ammonia toxicity. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the effects of urea rate on ammonia volatilization and subsequent seed germination for a range of soils, (ii) establish a critical level for ammonia toxicity in germinating rice seeds and (iii) assess how variation in soil properties influences ammonia accumulation. Volatilized ammonia and seed germination were measured in two micro‐diffusion incubations using 15 soils to which urea was applied at five rates (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 g N kg?1 soil). Progressively larger urea rates increased volatilization, decreased germination and indicated a critical level for ammonia toxicity of approximately 7 mg N kg?1. Stepwise regression of the first three principal components indicated that the initial pH and soil texture components influenced ammonia volatilization when no N was added. At the intermediate N rate all three components (initial pH, soil texture and pH buffering) affected ammonia volatilization. At the largest N rate, ammonia volatilization was driven by soil texture and pH buffering while the role of initial pH was insignificant. For soils with an initial pH > 6.0 the risk of excessive volatilization increased dramatically when clay content was <150 mg kg?1, cation exchange capacity (CEC) was <10 cmolc kg?1 and the buffer capacity (BC) was <2.5 cmolc kg?1 pH?1. These findings suggest that initial pH, CEC, soil texture and BC should all be used to assess the site‐specific risks of urea‐induced ammonia toxicity in aerobic rice. 相似文献
15.
Urea application to soil raises the pH and ammonium concentration, thus providing ideal conditions for ammonia volatilization. A mechanistic model is presented, which combines the process of ammonia volatilization with the simultaneous transformation and movement of urea and its products in soil, for predicting the concentration profiles of urea, ammoniacal-nitrogen and soil pH, and ammonia losses, following application of urea. The model consists of continuity equations describing the diffusion and reaction of urea, ammoniacal-nitrogen and soil base; it takes into account the volatilization of ammonia and the concurrent acidification of the soil surface; and considers a variable PCo2 profile due to soil respiration and urea hydrolysis. The derivation of the continuity equations and their boundary conditions, calculations of ammonia volatilization, and appropriate methods for numerical solutions are described. 相似文献
16.
A model of ammonia volatilization from applied urea. IV. Effect of method of urea application 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Equations are given for calculating the initial distribution when a solute is (a) applied at the surface (b) placed below the surface and (c) mixed uniformly in a given depth of top soil. These equations are plugged into a predictive model developed by the authors (Rachhpal-Singh & Nye, 1986a) to compare the concentration profiles of ammoniacal-nitrogen and soil pH, and ammonia volatilization losses under the three methods of urea application. Placement of urea gave smaller ammonia losses than uniform mixing in the same depth of soil, which in turn gave smaller losses than surface application. Half-time for ammonia volatilization was about 6 days irrespective of the method and depth of urea application. Concentration profiles of ammoniacal-nitrogen and soil pH were more affected by variation in the depth of placement than by depth of mixing. The experimental ammonia volatilization losses and the concentration profiles of ammoniacal-nitrogen and soil pH agreed very well with those predicted by the model. 相似文献
17.
碳酸氢铵和尿素在山东省主要土壤类型上的氨挥发特性研究 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
采用全程密闭通气法研究了山东省四种主要土壤类型 (棕壤 ,褐土 ,潮土和砂姜黑土 ) ,尿素和碳酸氢铵表施后的氨挥发特点。结果表明 :碳酸氢铵初始的氨挥发强度大于尿素 ,而氨挥发总量小于尿素 ,尿素在四种类型土壤上铵挥发强度次序为 :褐土 >潮土≈砂姜黑 >棕壤 ,氨挥发总量次序为 :褐土 >潮土≈砂姜黑土 >棕壤 ;碳酸氨氢在四种类型土壤上氨挥发强度次序为 :褐土 >潮土≈砂姜黑土 >棕壤 ,挥发总量次序为 :褐土 >棕壤 >潮土≈砂姜黑土。影响氨挥发的因素主要有 :氮素形态 ,土壤 pH、CEC、粘粒含量和粘土矿物类型、有机质含量等 ,但在不同土壤中其影响的主导因素又有较大差异。 相似文献
18.
水氮调控对设施土壤氨挥发特征的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于连续6年设施番茄水氮调控定位试验,采用高分辨激光光谱法观测分析灌水下限(土壤水吸力为W_1:25 kPa、W_2:35 kPa、W_3:45 kPa)和施氮量(N_1:75 kg N/hm~2、N_2:300 kg N/hm~2、N_3:525 kg N/hm~2)对设施土壤氨挥发通量、累积挥发量、番茄产量及单产累积排放量的影响。结果表明:灌水下限、施氮量及两者交互作用极显著的影响设施土壤氨挥发通量峰值、累积挥发量、单产氨挥发累积量、氨挥发损失率和番茄产量。氨挥发通量表现为施氮后6～8天氨挥发达到峰值。经验S模型可以较好地表征基肥和追肥2个时期氨挥发累积量随时间的变化,氨挥发特征参数表现为基肥期以灌水下限和水氮交互影响为主,追肥期以施氮量和水氮交互影响为主。与基肥相比,采用滴灌追肥可显著的降低氨挥发累积量94.78%～96.30%。受土壤pH和土壤NH_4~+-N含量及施肥带比例影响,氨挥发的氮损失率在0～2%。施氮量为300 kg N/hm~2和灌水下限25 kPa组合的水氮处理(W_1N_2)是协调氨挥发量和设施番茄产量的最佳水氮管理模式。 相似文献
19.
太湖水稻土麦季尿素氨挥发损失 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：11
Ammonia volatilization losses from urea applied as a basal fertilizer and a top dressing at tillering stage in a wheat field of Taihu Region, China, were measured with a micrometeorological technique. Urea as fertilizer was surface broadcast at 81 (low N) and 135 (high N) kg N ha-1 as basal at the 3-leaf stage of the wheat seedling on December 2002, and 54 (low N) and 90 (high N) kg N ha-1 as top dressing on February 2003. Ammonia volatilization losses occurred mainly in the first week after applying N fertilizer and mainly during the period after basal fertilizer application, which accounted for more than 80% of the total ammonia volatilization over the entire wheat growth period. Regression analysis showed that ammonia volatilization was affected mainly by pH and NH4^ -N concentration of the surface soil and air temperature.Ammonia volatilization flux was significantly correlated with pH and NH4^ -N concentration of the surface soil and with daily air average temperature and highest temperature. Thus, application of urea N fertilizer to wheat should consider the characteristics of ammonia volatilization in different periods of N application so as to reduce ammonia losses. 相似文献
20.
控释尿素减少双季稻田氨挥发的主要机理和适宜用量 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6