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1.
The impact of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the synthesis and retention of flavonoid compounds during storage and ripening of red Delicious (Malus x domestica Borkh.) apples was investigated. Numerous anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and a hydroxycinnamic acid from three different fruit harvest maturities were monitored after a 120 day storage and 1 week shelf life period using high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector analysis. The total flavonoid concentration was 5% greater in fruit treated with 1-MCP, whereas chlorogenic acid levels were 24% lower. All compounds analyzed increased in concentration during fruit harvest; however, the anthocyanins generally declined after storage, while chlorogenic acid levels increased. 1-MCP treatment resulted in the retention of anthocyanins in the latter stages of storage but did not affect the flavonols and flavan-3-ols. Chlorogenic acid biosynthesis from early and optimal fruit harvest maturities was greatly inhibited by 1-MCP during storage and the 1 week shelf life period. However, 1-MCP did not affect chlorogenic acid concentrations in late-harvested fruit. Results suggest that 1-MCP may inhibit the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and subsequent biosynthesis of flavonoid compounds. However, because very little postharvest biosynthesis of flavonoids occurs in apples, 1-MCP treatment may be useful for maintaining some of the intrinsic flavonoid levels of red Delicious apples, if applied at the proper harvest maturity.  相似文献   

2.
Metabolism of phenolic compounds during loquat fruit development.   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
Phenolic compounds in loquat fruit were identified as 5-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid), neochlorogenic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, 5-p-feruloylquinic acid, protocatechuic acid, 4-caffeoylquinic acid, epicatechin, o-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid. Neochlorogenic acid was found to be dominant in the early stages of loquat fruit development. Both the concentrations and types of phenolic compounds were high in young fruit but then decreased steadily during growth. However, the concentration of chlorogenic acid increased during ripening and became predominant in ripe fruit. The large rise in chlorogenic acid concentration appears to be a characteristic of loquat fruit ripening. In all of the cultivars tested, the types of phenolic compounds were similar but the total phenolic content varied from 81.8 to 173.8 mg/100 g of fresh pulp. In the biosynthetic pathway of chlorogenic acid, the enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (CL), and hydroxycinnamoyl CoA:quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (CQT) were high at the early stage of growth, diminished to low levels approximately 3 weeks prior to harvest, but then rose to a peak at 1 week before harvest. The changes of these enzyme activities seemed to be associated with variations in chlorogenic acid concentration during development, maturation, and ripening of loquat fruit.  相似文献   

3.
The development and ripening process of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L. cv. 4-70) on the tree was evaluated. For this purpose, 14 different stages were selected in accordance with homogeneous size and color. Some parameters related to fruit quality, such as color, texture, sugars, organic acids, total antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acid were analyzed. The results revealed that in sweet cherry, the changes in skin color, glucose and fructose accumulation, and softening process are initiated at early developmental stages, coinciding with the fast increase in fruit size. Also, the decrease in color parameter a was correlated with the greatest accumulation of total anthocyanins. Ascorbic acid, total antioxidant activity (TAA), and total phenolic compounds decreased during the early stages of sweet cherry development but exponentially increased from stage 8, which coincided with the anthocyanin accumulation and fruit darkening. TAA showed positive correlations (r(2) = 0.99) with both ascorbic acid and total phenolic compounds and also with the anthocyanin concentration from stage 8. Taking into account the reduced shelf life of sweet cherry and to ensure that these fruits reach consumers with the maximum organoleptic, nutritional, and functional properties, it is advisable to harvest sweet cherries at stage 12 of ripening.  相似文献   

4.
Recent work has shown that enzymatic degradation and oxidation of cichoric acid and other caffeic derivatives occurs in Echinacea preparations. However, very little is known as to the means of stabilizing these phytopreparations. To stabilize the glycerin extract of Echinacea purpurea, we have evaluated the effects of 3 natural antioxidants (citric acid, malic acid, and hibiscus extract) on the stability of the major caffeic acid derivatives (caftaric acid, caffeic acid, cichoric acid, and 2-O-feruloyl-tartaric acid). Chlorogenic acid, which normally occurs in an ethanol extract of E. purpurea, was not present in the glycerin extract. The caffeic acid derivatives, with the exception of 2-O-feruloyl-tartaric acid, were subject to degradation in the control sample. 2-O-Feruloyl-tartaric acid was stable during the whole testing period. All antioxidant treatments greatly improved the stability of caffeic acid derivatives. Stability was dependent upon the concentration of antioxidant added.  相似文献   

5.
L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) concentration changes during the development of cv. Conference pears and the influence of postharvest handlings (gas condition, cooling rate, cooling duration) on L-AA breakdown were studied. L-AA concentration fluctuates in young fruits, remains stable during fruit maturation, and starts to decline 1 week before commercial harvest. The most rapid decrease in L-AA concentration was found during immediate controlled atmosphere. During short-term storage, only the gas condition was found to influence L-AA breakdown; no significant difference between gradually or immediately cooled pears was determined. Under air conditions, both cooling strategies did not differ from the L-AA breakdown in pears allowed to ripen on the tree up until 3 weeks after the optimal harvest date. During long-term storage, the cooling duration (1-3 weeks) had no effect whereas both O2 and CO2 had a significant effect on L-AA retention. After 7 months of storage, no difference was found in dehydroascorbic acid concentration; the L-AA and total L-AA concentrations, in contrast, were significantly lower in the 5% CO2 conditions.  相似文献   

6.
Root and aerial sections (flower, stem, and leaf) of Echinacea purpurea were dried with hot air at temperatures in the range of 40-70 degrees C, and the concentrations of alkylamides and cichoric acid were determined after drying. Increasing drying temperature decreased from 48 h at 40 degrees C to 9 h at 70 degrees C but resulted in a decreased concentration of cichoric acid in all plant sections with a greater loss from aerial plant parts than from the root. There was, however, no significant difference in the concentration of the alkylamides at any drying temperature. Establishment of operational parameters for the drying of echinacea must therefore be structured around the more labile cichoric acid.  相似文献   

7.
Changes in the cell-wall polysaccharides (CWP) of the edible tissues of four winter squash cultivars during storage and after cooking were investigated. A procedure for isolating cell walls of tissues containing high levels of starch was used. The starch-free CWP were sequentially fractionated using CDTA, dilute Na(2)CO(3), and 4 M KOH. Cellulose made up 40-42% of the total CWP for three cultivars (Delica, CF 2, and CF 4) at harvest but was 35% in the softer Red Warren. The pectic polysaccharides of Delica, CF 2, and CF 4 cell walls are more branched than those from Red Warren squash. The higher proportion of uronic acid in the pectic polysaccharides of Red Warren squash correlates with its lower firmness. Cooking resulted in an increase in the water-soluble pectins and a decrease in the pectins associated with cellulose. The total CWP content of the squash cultivars remained unchanged for up to 2 months of storage and then markedly decreased between 2 and 3 months of storage. The galactose content of Delica and Red Warren cell walls remained relatively constant from harvest to 2 months of storage and then decreased markedly during 2-3 months of storage.  相似文献   

8.
The losses of total weight and of the individual components of oat straw were followed under field conditions over one cropping season. Decomposition rates of cellulose and hemicellulose were closely similar, and together these polysaccharides accounted for most of the weight losses. Losses of lignin were small, and total weight loss can be calculated from the increase in percentage lignin in recovered samples. Straw retained the potential to produce phytotoxic concentrations of acetic acid only during the early stages of decomposition. Both the water soluble components and the readily available polysaccharides are probably substrates for the production of acetic acid. Early incorporation of straw minimised the potential for toxin production during winter.  相似文献   

9.
本研究分别以β-actin、18SrRNA和GAPDH为内参基因,采用实时荧光定量PCR对草鱼早期发育时期肌球蛋白重链（myosin heavy light,MYH）基因的mRNA表达量进行分析,并比较不同内参基因对MYH基因mRNA表达水平检测结果的准确性。研究结果表明,以β-actin和GAPDH作为内参,MYH基因mRNA表达水平完全一致,其表达量从原肠到仔鱼阶段逐次递增,仔鱼与原肠期阶段相比表达量差异显著;当采用18S rRNA作为内参时,MYH基因mRNA在发育阶段的表达量呈不稳定状态。因此,β-actin和GAPDH均可作为内参基因,用于草鱼早期发育中MYH基因mRNA的相对定量研究;而18S rRNA作为内参时,可能会对检测结果造成偏差。本研究不仅准确的揭示了草鱼MYH基因mRNA的表达特征,并且为荧光定量PCR技术在鱼类基因表达研究方面提供了有价值的参考。  相似文献   

10.
Inoculation of leaf explants of Echinacea purpurea (Moench) with Agrobacterium rhizogenes induced hairy roots with the capacity to produce biologically active caffeic acid derivatives (CADs), especially cichoric acid. The kinetics of growth, the uptake of macronutrients, and the accumulation of CADs were investigated in heterotrophically cultured hairy roots for a 50 day period. A maximum of 12.2 g L(-1) dry biomass was achieved in MS nutrients supplemented with 30 g L(-1) sucrose on day 40. The mathematical relationship between hairy root growth and conductivity was established during the exponential phase in Erlenmeyer flasks. HPLC analyses of methanolic (0.1% phosphoric acid; 70:30, v/v) extracts from hairy roots revealed the presence of important CADs: cichoric acid (19.21 mg g(-1) dry biomass), caftaric acid (3.56 mg g(-1) dry biomass), and chlorogenic acid (0.93 mg g(-1) dry biomass). These results demonstrate that biotechnological production of CADs in hairy roots of E. purpurea is possible. Furthermore, these hairy root cultures offer, for the very first time, an excellent biological model to study the biosynthetic pathway of medicinally important CADs.  相似文献   

11.
Soybean contains a range of compounds with putative health benefits including isoflavones and tocopherols. A study was conducted to determine the effects on these compounds of high temperature stress imposed at specific development stages [i.e., none, pre-emergence, vegetative, early reproductive (R1-4), late-reproductive (R5-8), or all stages]. Two cultivars (AC Proteina and OAC Champion) were grown in growth chambers set at contrasting temperatures [i.e., stress conditions of 33/25 °C (day/night temperature) and control conditions of 23/15 °C] in order to generate these treatments. Isoflavone and tocopherol concentrations in mature seeds were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. In both cultivars isoflavone response was greatest when stress occurred during the R5-8 stages and during all development stages, these treatments reducing total isoflavone concentration by an average of 85% compared to the control. Stress imposed at other stages also affected isoflavone concentration although the response was smaller. For example, stress during the vegetative stages reduced total isoflavones by 33% in OAC Champion. Stress imposed pre-emergence had an opposite effect increasing daidzein concentration by 24% in AC Proteina. Tocopherol concentrations were affected the most when stress was imposed during all stages of development, followed by stress restricted to stages R5-8; response to stress during other stages was limited. The specific response of tocopherols differed, α-tocopherol being increased by high temperature by as much as 752%, the reverse being observed for δ-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol. The present study demonstrates that while isoflavone and tocopherol concentrations in soybeans are affected the most by stress occurring during seed formation, concentrations can also be affected by stress occurring at other stages including stages as early as pre-emergence.  相似文献   

12.
为探究不同提取方式对茶树菇菌糠多糖提取的影响,本研究采用热水浸提、超声浸提、稀酸水解3种方式提取茶树菇菌糠。结果表明,提取方式对菌糠多糖的提取效率有较大影响,其中以稀酸水解提取法效率最高,当硫酸浓度为2%、浸提时间为60 min、料液比为1∶25 g·mL-1、温度为121℃时,多糖提取率最高为29.29%,分别比热水浸提和超声浸提法提高了6.72和13.88倍。3种提取方式制备的多糖均有较好的抗氧化活性和生物学活性,其中热水浸提多糖具有较好的2,2'-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS)自由基和羟基自由基清除能力,而稀酸水解多糖具有较好的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除能力和还原力。不同方式制备的多糖均能有效促进水稻种子的萌发,并缓解铜离子对水稻种子萌发的抑制效果,尤其对根部的促进效果最为显著,当稀酸水解多糖浓度为1 000 mg·L-1时,对照水稻种子根长增加37.75%,铜离子胁迫下水稻种子根长增加112.10%。研究结果表明提取方式不仅影响菌糠多糖的提取效率,同时对其生物学活性也有较大的影响,这对于菌糠多糖的开发利用具有一定的参考价值。  相似文献   

13.
王文静  吕思佳  何凡  汪庆昊  吴月燕 《核农学报》2021,35(12):2724-2732
芳樟醇合酶(LIS)是植物香气化合物中芳樟醇合成途径的关键酶。为探究杜鹃花(Rhododendron spp.) LIS基因的功能及表达特性,解析芳樟醇的合成机理,本试验以云锦杜鹃(Rh. fortunei)为试材,利用反转录PCR(RT-PCR)技术和cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术克隆LIS基因全长cDNA序列,并应用顶空固相微萃取(SPME)与气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,分析云锦杜鹃不同花期的花瓣及其他组织中LIS基因的表达水平和芳樟醇含量的变化关系。结果表明,从云锦杜鹃花苞cDNA中克隆得到RhLIS基因,含有完整的cDNA开放阅读框(ORF)序列长1 887 bp,编码628个氨基酸,与其他物种的LIS蛋白质氨基酸序列具有40%~50%的同源性;实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析结果表明,在不同花期的花瓣中,云锦杜鹃RhLIS表达水平先升高后降低,在盛开期的表达量最高,雄蕊中的表达量远高于雌蕊,幼叶高于老叶,花瓣高于花蕊和叶片。检测分析花香成分中芳樟醇的释放量,结果显示在云锦杜鹃不同花期的花瓣中,芳樟醇含量变化趋势与LIS基因的表达水平相一致,在半开期达到最大值,花蕊中芳樟醇含量均远低于花瓣;云锦杜鹃LIS基因的表达量与芳樟醇含量呈高度正相关。本研究结果为杜鹃花芳香品种的培育和改良提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

14.
《Cereal Chemistry》2017,94(2):315-324
Corn grain production could be affected by several fungal pathogens responsible for the production of mycotoxins. The aims of this study were to determine the evolution of phenolic acids and total antioxidant activity (TAA) during kernel development and to evaluate their potential protective role in minimizing mycotoxin contamination in six corn genotypes (four open‐pollinated varieties and two hybrids) characterized by a wide array of kernel traits. TAA and free and cell wall‐bound phenolics showed significant differences among corn genotypes at different stages of development, with the highest values found at the beginning of kernel development. Ferulic, p‐coumaric, and caffeic acids were the main cell wall‐bound phenolic acids during kernel development, whereas chlorogenic acid was the main free phenolic acid. A significant negative correlation was observed between deoxynivalenol contamination at harvest maturity and free phenolic acids and TAA at the beginning of kernel development, whereas no significant correlation was observed with fumonisin contamination. In conclusion, free phenolic acids are evidently involved in the resistance mechanism toward deoxynivalenol contamination, whereas their role toward fumonisin contamination was not elucidated under field conditions, implying that components other than phenolic acids may be responsible for this latter type of resistance.  相似文献   

15.
氮磷钾配施对紫锥菊有效成分含量的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
研究氮磷钾施肥对紫锥菊有效成分含量的影响。通过液体培养试验,初步分析不同施肥条件下紫锥菊中咖啡酸、绿原酸、单咖啡酰酒石酸和菊苣酸的含量变化。结果表明,N肥对4种有效成分影响各不相同,P肥以不施为宜,高量K肥对紫锥菊植株中4种有效成分的积累都是有利的。不施P肥,450 mg/L的N肥,783mg/L的K肥最有利于植株中主要有效成分菊苣酸的积累。  相似文献   

16.
为探究miR319及靶基因在调控桑树雄花发育的分子机制,本研究通过石蜡切片技术判断桑树雄花芽发育时期及在线网站预测miR319的靶基因。结果表明,桑树雄花芽发育分为未分化期(A1)、分化初期(A2)、花序分化期(A3)和总苞形成期(A4)4个不同的阶段;桑树中miR319家族存在miR319a、miR319b和miR319c 3个成员,其中miR319b与miR319c位于同一条前体序列上,预测并获得了miR319 6个靶基因。运用5'-RACE技术验证了miR319a的4个靶基因,其切割位点主要集中在与miRNA互补位点的第10和第11位碱基之间。采用RT-qPCR技术检测miR319a及靶基因在雄花发育不同阶段的表达水平,发现miR319a在雄花发育A2-A3阶段表达水平迅速降低,靶基因Morus012208、Morus008229、Morus008100与Morus005893在此阶段表达水平迅速升高,茉莉酸(JA)含量也迅速升高。同时,JA合成关键基因PLDα1和LOX5在雄花发育A2-A3阶段表达上调,表明miR319通过调控靶基因影响JA合成来调控桑树花序分化。本研究为揭示桑树miR319在JA途径中调控花发育中的分子调控机制奠定了一定的理论基础。  相似文献   

17.
Baby spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) was grown under three types of shade netting (high transmittance, spectrum-altering, and low transmittance) to study the effect on the concentrations of vitamin C (ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid), carotenoids, and chlorophyll and on the visual quality of the leaves. The spinach was sown in April and August and harvested at two growth stages. After harvest, leaves were stored in polypropylene bags at 2 and 10 degrees C. Shading significantly decreased the ascorbic acid concentration of April-sown spinach by 12-33%, but in the August-sown spinach, the response was inconsistent. Concentrations of total carotenoids and total chlorophylls were significantly higher under the nettings in many cases, especially under the spectrum-altering and low-transmittance nettings. Postharvest visual quality and postharvest persistence of the compounds analyzed were not greatly affected by shading. We conclude that these shade nettings are acceptable to use in baby spinach production when it comes to the studied aspects of internal and external quality of the produce.  相似文献   

18.
Fruit ripening is a complex phenomenon that makes berries attractive and also determines their nutritional value. Autumn olive ( Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) fruit is a rich source of many human health-related nutrients. The changes in pericarp color are initiated at early developmental stages, coinciding with the fast increase in fruit size. Fruit quality traits with special emphasis on soluble sugars, organic acids, lycopene, and total protein contents were assayed during the fruit ripening. In the fully ripe fruit, glucose and fructose were the principal sugars, malic acid was the most abundant organic acid, and lycopene concentration was extremely high. A proteomic analysis was used to identify up-accumulated proteins induced by the ripening. Among 63 up-accumulated protein spots, 43 were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. All 43 proteins were novel for autumn olive, and 8 were first reported in the fruit. Twenty-one proteins of known function were involved in sugar metabolism, citric acid cycle, isoprenoid metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and protein hydrolysis. The possible roles of these 21 accumulated proteins in autumn olive fruit quality are discussed.  相似文献   

19.
The effect of high-pressure (HP) treatment (300 MPa, 10 min) on the volatile profile of semihard ewe milk cheeses was investigated. The HP treatment was applied at two different stages of ripening (1 and 15 days; 3P1 and 3P15) and microbiota, proteolysis indexes (soluble nitrogen and total free amino acid content), and volatile compounds were assayed at 15, 60, 90, and 150 days of ripening. The intensity of odor and aroma of cheeses was also assayed. 3P1 cheeses presented the highest content of free amino acids and were characterized by the lowest amounts of aldehydes, ketones, short-chain free fatty acids, and terpenes and higher levels of ethanol and ethyl esters. 3P15 cheeses were characterized by the highest content of short-chain free fatty acids and pyruvaldehyde and the lowest abundance of secondary alcohols and were more similar to control cheeses than those HP-treated on the first day. Intensities of odor and aroma were not significantly influenced by the HP treatment. However, the panellists found some differences in 3P1 as compared with control and 3P15 cheeses in what they perceived as lower odor and aroma quality.  相似文献   

20.
为探讨不同采收期坛紫菜的营养和开发利用价值,本研究对不同采收期坛紫菜中的基本营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和无机元素进行测定分析,并对其营养价值进行了评价。结果表明,坛紫菜蛋白质、总糖、粗纤维、灰分和脂肪含量随采收期的变化均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。坛紫菜中共检出17种氨基酸,其中末水紫菜氨基酸含量最高,为34.62 g·100g-1,二水紫菜含量最低,为30.87 g·100g-1。以氨基酸评分和化学评分为标准,蛋氨酸(Met)为各采收期坛紫菜的第一限制性氨基酸。不同采收期的坛紫菜共检出13~16种脂肪酸,均含有高比例的不饱和脂肪酸。不同采收期的坛紫菜均检出12种无机元素,包括Na、Mg、K、Ca 4种常量元素和Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Cd、Pb 8种微量元素。本研究结果为我国坛紫菜加工产业的持续、健康发展提供了一定的科学依据。  相似文献   

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