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1.
Water scarcity is known to be a strong limiting factor affecting maize grown and yield in cold semi-arid regions. Numerous studies have shown that rehydration improves maize growth. Our study aimed to explore the effects of rehydration treatments on maize growth and yield under water and nitrogen stress during different growth stages. We selected the drought-tolerant maize variety Nendan 19 (ND19) and subjected it to water stress during the V6 (sixth-leaf), R2 (filling) and R6 (maturity) growth stages and a rehydration treatment after each stress stage. Our results indicated that N1 (N100 kg N ha−1) and N3 (N300 kg N ha−1) treatments significantly increased the leaf moisture status relative to water content (RWC), bound water content (BWC), free water content (FWC) and water potential (WP)) at different growth stages. Similar trends were observed in the accumulation of plant leaf and root hormones (zeatin+zeatin riboside, indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid), photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence. However, under the same water stress conditions, they decreased as the N rate increased and reached a minimum value in the S3 (water stress for N3) treatments. In addition, with growth stage advancement and extension of the rehydration time, both showed a gradual upward trend. The results showed that to save water resources in the cold semi-arid region, rehydration treatments (R2S1 and R2S3) significantly increased the photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, leaf moisture status, biomass, 100-grain weight, hormone content, ear characteristics and grain yield of maize.  相似文献   

2.
Introduced maize (Zea mays L.) germplasm can serve as sources of favorable alleles to enhance performance in new maize varieties and hybrids under drought stress conditions. In the present study, the combining abilities of 12 exotic maize inbred lines from CIMMYT and 12 adapted maize inbred lines from IITA were studied for grain yield and other traits under controlled drought stress. The inbred lines from each institution were separated into groups using SSR-based genetic diversity and were intercrossed using a factorial mating scheme to generate 96 hybrids. These hybrids were evaluated under both controlled drought stress and well-watered conditions at Ikenne in Nigeria in 2010 and 2011. Average mean yields of hybrids under drought stress represented 23 % of the average yield of hybrids under full irrigation. General combining ability (GCA) effects accounted for 49–85 % of the observed variation for several traits recorded under both well-watered and drought stress conditions. Specific combining ability effects for grain yield, though positive in most hybrids, were not significant under drought stress conditions. All the twelve exotic and nine adapted lines had positive GCA effects (female, male, or both) for grain yield under either drought stress or full irrigation, or both environments. EXL03 and EXL15 that had positive and significant female and male GCA effects for grain yield under both environments can be used to improve their adapted counterparts for grain yield and drought tolerance. Normalized difference vegetation index had weak but significant correlation with grain yield.  相似文献   

3.
Six pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.) composites were subjected to three or more cycles of selection in multilocational yield trials and downy mildew disease nurseries in India. The base and selected populations were tested (a) over four years at three locations in India (11° to 29°N), (b) under terminal-drought and optimal moisture conditions for two years, and (c) under induced downy mildew infections to determine the impacts of selection on grain yield, agronomic traits, and resistance to downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola Sacc. Schroet.). Mean grain yield increases for four composites undergoing three to six cycles of selection ranged between 23 to 94 kg ha-1 cycle-1 (0.9 to 4.9 % cycle-1) which, averaged over composites, amounted to 3.3 % cycle-1. Yield gains were generally expressed at all test locations and under both terminal-drought and optimal moisture environments. The gains in grain yield were associated with increases of both biomass and harvest index without extending the growth duration except in the earliest composite. Susceptibility to downy mildew remained below 10 % in all selected populations. Thus, the effectiveness of recurrent selection for increasing yield and yield stability of pearl millet is clearly demonstrated.  相似文献   

4.
This research reports responses to selection and changes in general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities after three cycles of a modified reciprocal recurrent selection procedure (MRRS) in EPB-4 and EPB-5 maize populations. In the MRRS procedure a cycle can be completed in 1 or 2 years depending on the availability of winter breeding nurseries. The original and the three selection cycles of the two populations per se (eight entries) and the partial diallel developed from the crosses between them (16 entries) were evaluated in six environments. Realized response to selection on the population cross was 7.25% cycle−1 for grain yield, −13.63% cycle−1 for plant lodging, and 11.93% cyle−1 for prolificacy, whereas plant and ear heights remained unchanged. GCA estimates increased with selection cycles for both populations for grain yield and prolificacy, and decreased for plant lodging, indicating that the frequency of favorable alleles with additive effects for these traits increased with the MRRS cycles in both populations. SCA estimates increased for grain yield and prolificacy indicating that the frequency of favorable complementary alleles at loci with non-additive effects in the reciprocal populations increased with the MRRS cycles. For grain yield, SCA effects increased more than GCA effects with selection cycles, indicating that MRRS exploited more the non-additive effects than the additive effects for the improvement of this trait. The overall results showed that the MRRS procedure was highly effective in improving the population cross, exploiting both GCA and SCA effects.  相似文献   

5.
种植密度、氮肥和水分胁迫对玉米产量形成的影响   总被引：20，自引：1，他引：20  
为阐明种植密度、氮肥和水分胁迫对不同玉米品种产量形成的影响,选用6个玉米品种,在两种密度(45 000株 hm-2和75 000株 hm-2)、两种施氮水平(纯氮112.5 kg hm-2和337.5 kg hm-2)和两种水分(前期干旱控水和正常灌水)处理下进行大田试验,调查玉米源库性状的主要生理参数和籽粒产量。结果表明,在环境压力较小时(低密度、高氮和正常灌水),玉米品种间籽粒产量、源性状(叶面积指数、穗位叶净光合速率和群体源供应能力)、库性状(群体库容量)、源库协调性状(群体库源比值、籽粒灌浆速率和收获指数)以及成熟期干物质积累量和吐丝期至成熟期干物质积累量差异较小,而逆境胁迫下(高密度、低氮和干旱),差异较大。环境压力较大时(高密度、低氮和干旱),叶面积指数、群体源供应能力、成熟期干物质积累量、吐丝期至成熟期干物质积累量、群体库容量和收获指数与籽粒产量呈显著或极显著正相关。由此说明,在玉米品种产量改良中要强化逆境人工选择,以适应自然选择,改善玉米品种逆境下的群体源库性状,增强吐丝期至成熟期叶片的光合生产效率,强源促库,提高逆境下的生产能力和适应性。  相似文献   

6.
Poor soil and drought stress are common in semiarid areas of China, but maize has a high demand for nitrogen (N) and water. Maize production using the technique of double ridges and furrows mulched with plastic film are being rapidly adopted due to significant increases in yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in these areas. This paper studied N use and water balance of maize crops under double ridges and furrows mulched with plastic-film systems in a semiarid environment over four growing seasons from 2007 to 2010. To improve precipitation storage in the non-growing season, the whole-year plastic-film mulching technique was used. There were six treatments which had 0, 70, 140, 280, 420 or 560 kg N ha−1 applied in every year for maize. In April 2011, spring wheat was planted in flat plots without fertilizer or mulch following four years of maize cultivation. After four years, all treatments not only maintained soil water balance in the 0–200 cm soil layer but soil water content also increased in the 0–160 cm soil layer compared to values before maize sowing in April 2007. However, under similar precipitation and only one season of spring wheat, soil water content in the 0–160 cm soil layer sharply decreased in all treatments compared to values before sowing in April 2011. Over the four years of maize cultivation, average yield in all treatments ranged from 4071 to 6676 kg ha−1 and WUE ranged from 18.2 to 28.2 kg ha−1 mm−1. In 2011, the yield of spring wheat in all treatments ranged from 763 to 1260 kg ha−1 and WUE from 3.5 to 6.5 kg ha−1 mm−1. The potential maximum grain yield for maize was 6784 kg ha−1 with 360 kg N ha−1 applied for four years, but considerable NO3N accumulated in the soil profile. A lesser application (110 kg N ha−1) to this tillage system yielded in 82% of the maximum, increased nitrogen use efficiency and mitigated the risk of nitrogen loss from the system. This study suggests that double ridge–furrow and whole-year plastic-film mulching could sustain high grain yields in maize with approximately 110 kg N ha−1 and maintain soil water balance when annual precipitation is >273 mm in this semiarid environment.  相似文献   

7.
Optimum plant population densities are a key means of achieving higher seed yield in soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Limited information is available on yield‐density relation of glyphosate‐resistant soya beans in north‐eastern USA. The objective of this research was to determine the appropriate populations for glyphosate‐resistant soya beans, and if the yield potential of glyphosate‐resistant soya bean produced in light‐enriched conditions was affected by populations. Eight glyphosate‐resistant soya bean cultivars with three populations (300 000, 500 000 and 800 000 plants ha−1) were grown under both ambient and light‐enriched conditions in 2002 and 2003. Yield of all cultivars responded to density linearly. As density increased, grain yield was increased by up to 92 % among cultivars. Light enrichment increased yield for all cultivars across the 2 years, although some cultivars were more sensitive. Harvest index either remained unchanged or declined slightly at higher density in 2002, and there was no difference among treatments in 2003. Both pod number and seed number per plant were significantly decreased with the increase of density across the 2 years, while seeds per pod declined slightly or remained unchanged. Greater seed size was obtained in higher density with varied degree depending on cultivars across the 2 years except for those cultivars with relatively larger seed. The increase in seed size by light enrichment was cultivar and density dependent, and varied between years. 800 000 plants ha−1 could be a suitable practice in producing higher yield in north‐east USA for glyphosate‐resistant soya bean. Maintaining the mass of an individual seed is an important strategy in achieving high yield at high population. Establishing mechanisms responsible for the greatest yields via high population under light‐enriched conditions, may provide insights for management and phenotypic improvement.  相似文献   

8.
Maize is a commodity crop providing millions of people with food, feed, industrial raw material and economic opportunities. However, maize yields in Africa are relatively stagnant and low, at a mean of 1.7 t ha−1 compared with the global average of 6 t ha−1. The yield gap can be narrowed with accelerated and precision breeding strategies that are required to develop and deploy high-yielding and climate-resilient maize varieties. Genomic and phenotypic selections are complementary methods that offer opportunities for the speedy choice of contrasting parents and derived progenies for hybrid breeding and commercialization. Genomic selection (GS) will shorten the crop breeding cycle by identifying and tracking desirable genotypes and aid the timeous commercialization of market-preferred varieties. The technology, however, has not yet been fully embraced by most public and private breeding programmes, notably in Africa. This review aims to present the importance, current status, challenges and opportunities of GS to accelerate genetic gains for economic traits to speed up the breeding of high-yielding maize varieties. The first section summarizes genomic selection and the contemporary phenotypic selection and phenotyping platforms as a foundation for GS and trait integration in maize. This is followed by highlights on the reported genetic gains and progress through phenotypic selection and GS for grain yield and yield components. Training population development, genetic design and statistical models used in GS in maize breeding are discussed. Lastly, the review summarizes the challenges of GS, including prediction accuracy, and integrates GS with speed breeding, doubled haploid breeding and genome editing technologies to increase breeding efficiency and accelerate cultivar release. The paper will guide breeders in selection and trait introgression using GS to develop cultivars preferred by the marketplace.  相似文献   

9.
A large-effect QTL for grain yield under drought conditions (qtl12.1) was reported in a rice mapping population derived from Vandana and Way Rarem. Here, we measured the effect of qtl12.1 on grain yield and associated traits in 21 field trials: ten at IRRI in the Philippines and 11 in the target environment of eastern India. The relative effect of the QTL on grain yield increased with increasing intensity of drought stress, from having no effect under well-watered conditions to having an additive effect of more than 40% of the trial mean in the most severe stress treatments. The QTL improved grain yield in nine out of ten direct-seeded upland trials where drought stress was severe or moderate, but no effect was measured under well-watered aerobic conditions or under transplanted lowland conditions. These trials confirm that qtl12.1 has a large and consistent effect on grain yield under upland drought stress conditions, in a wide range of environments.  相似文献   

10.
2009-2011年在山东临沂冬小麦-夏玉米生产田,探讨了麦季施氮水平和施氮时期对两季作物干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力的影响。施氮量设4个处理,分别是0 (N0)、168.75 (N1)、225 (N2)和281.25 kg hm-2 (N3);氮肥追施时期设2个处理,分别为拔节期(S1)和拔节期+开花期(S2)。在S1条件下,冬小麦和夏玉米的籽粒干物质积累量及夏玉米和周年生物产量均表现为N3>N2>N1,冬小麦和夏玉米的籽粒产量N2和N3处理间无显著差异;氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力在麦季随施氮量增加显著降低,而在玉米季则逐渐升高,但玉米季氮肥偏生产力N3与N2处理间无显著差异。S2条件下麦季施氮量由N2处理增加25% (N3),冬小麦和夏玉米籽粒干物质积累量、生物产量和籽粒产量无显著变化,氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力在麦季显著降低、在玉米季无显著变化。与S1相比,S2有利于提高N1和N2条件下冬小麦籽粒与营养器官的干物质积累量、生物产量、籽粒产量和氮肥农学利用率及氮肥偏生产力,但对N3条件下的这些指标无显著影响;而在玉米季,3个施氮量水平下夏玉米的各项指标均显著升高。综合周年生物产量、籽粒产量和氮肥农学利用率及氮肥偏生产力结果,麦季总施氮量225 kg hm-2及拔节期+开花期追氮是本试验条件和种植模式下的最佳麦季氮肥运筹模式。  相似文献   

11.
Ten trials evaluated the performance of several late tropical maize populations (La Posta Sequía, Pool 26 Sequía and Tuxpeño Sequía) selected for tolerance to drought during flowering and grain filling and also for yield potential. Families (S1 or full-sib) had been selected recurrently for six to eight years on an index of traits. Pattern (clustering and ordination) analysis was used to analyse the relative performance of entries that included cycles of selection for drought tolerance in the populations and non-drought tolerant checks. Mean environment (E) yields ranged from 1.0 to 10.4 t ha-1. Analysis of variance showed that 97.9% of the total sums of squares was accounted for by E, and that, of the remaining sums of squares the G × E (genotype by environment interaction) was almost 3 times that of the contribution of G alone. Cluster analysis separated the checks, the earlier maturing drought tolerant entries and the later maturing drought tolerant entries. This was verified by principal component (PC) analysis of the G × E matrix. Grouping of the environments (i.e. based on entry performance), resulted in the separation of different types of droughts, and of medium and high yielding well-watered environments. The patterns of discrimination observed indicated that the yield gains under drought would have been unlikely to occur if selection had been done only in well-watered environments. Within each population, selection improved broad adaptation (higher mean yield) to both drought and well-watered environments and cycles of selection ‘jumped’ from non-drought-tolerant to drought-tolerant groups as their specific adaptation to drought environments increased.  相似文献   

12.
Response to long-term selection in early maturing maize synthetic varieties   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A. Hyrkas  M. J. Carena 《Euphytica》2005,143(1-2):43-49
Long-term continuous selection is essential for germplasm improvement. However, choice of germplasm for long-term genetic improvement might limit the success of germplasm enhancement programs. The objective of this research was to report the response to long-term selection in early maturing North Dakota (ND) synthetic varieties. We wanted to determine whether the performance of three ND maize synthetic varieties was improved by long-term mass selection (M) and if the performance of one of them was improved by long-term modified ear-to-row (MER) selection. The evaluation of long-term selection response was performed at two plant densities. An experiment in a randomized complete block design with split-plot arrangement was used to evaluate NDSM(M), NDSAB(M), NDSCD(M), and NDSAB(MER) under 75,000 and 42,500 plants per hectare across seven environments. Long-term mass selection for grain yield and stalk lodging resistance in NDSM(M), NDSAB(M), and NDSCD(M) was not successful, since there were no significant changes in grain yield or stalk lodging in these populations at either low or high densities. On the other hand, long-term modified ear-to-row selection was effective for grain yield improvement in NDSAB(MER). Grain yield increased non-linearly from 3.9 Mg ha−1 in cycle 0 to 5.0 Mg ha−1 in cycle 12 at a rate of 2.5% per cycle. Interaction between plant density and genotype was not detected even though selection was performed at relatively low densities (20,000 plants ha−1 for mass selection and 50,000 plants ha−1 for ear-to-row selection). The confirmation of a lack of interaction between plant density and genotype suggests that selection at low plant densities might still be able to provide high-density stress resistance through density-independent genotypes, allowing progeny testing across multiple locations with better accuracy and fewer resources. Selection methods that emphasize both additive and dominance effects such as full-sib recurrent selection are recommended to maximize genetic improvement of advanced population cycles of early maturing synthetics.  相似文献   

13.
Winter rye (Secale cereale L.) will be especially affected by drought induced yield losses in Central and Eastern Europe in the future because it is predominantly cultivated on low-fertile soils with a poor water-holding capacity. In order to examine the performance of winter rye under different drought conditions, field experiments were carried out during the years 2011, 2012, and 2013 near Braunschweig, Germany. Two sets of genotypes were tested under severe, mild, pre-anthesis, and post-anthesis drought stress in rain-out shelters as well as under rainfed and well-watered conditions. The grain, straw, and total above ground biomass yields, harvest index, grain yield components, leaf area index (LAI), and phenological characteristics were examined, as well as phenotypic correlations between grain yield and further characteristics. Drought induced grain yield reduction ranged from 14 to 57%, while straw yield and harvest index were lesser affected by drought than the grain yield. Under drought conditions, fully ripe was reached up to twelve days earlier than under non water-limited conditions. Pre-anthesis drought mainly reduced spikes m−2 and kernels spike−1 while drought during grain filling reduced the 1000-kernel weight (TKW) only. The grain yield was positively associated with straw yield, spikes m−2, and kernels spike−1 under water limited conditions while the TWK was only positively associated with grain yield under drought during grain filling. Consequently, high pre-anthesis biomass as well as high numbers of spikes m−2 and kernels spike−1 are especially important for obtaining high grain yields under water-limited conditions. Focusing on these traits is, therefore, recommendable for developing drought tolerant rye genotypes.  相似文献   

14.
We used a collection of Australian wheats released between 1958 and 2007 to probe for time trends in evapotranspiration and nitrogen uptake, and the efficiencies in the use of water and nitrogen to produce grain yield. Yield increased linearly with year of cultivar release at a rate of 18 kg ha−1 y−1; this rate aligned with the relationship between rate of genetic gain and environmental yield from breeding programs worldwide. No time trend was apparent for seasonal evapotranspiration, hence the linear increase in yield per unit evapotranspiration with year of release which was fully accounted for by yield improvement. Under our experimental conditions, yield per unit transpiration of current varieties was ∼24 kg ha−1 mm−1, highlighting the need to update the 20 kg ha−1 mm−1 ratio commonly used in agronomic benchmarking.Yield per unit nitrogen uptake was largely unchanged as a consequence of increased nitrogen uptake that paralleled the increase in yield, and a secondary contribution of reduced grain protein concentration particularly under environmental conditions that favoured high protein. The nitrogen nutrition index, accounting for the effect of biomass on nitrogen uptake, increased linearly with year of cultivar release, hence supporting the conclusion that breeding for yield improved the nutrition status of wheat in association with an increased capacity to uptake nitrogen in equal-sized crops.  相似文献   

15.
Nitrogen (N) stress limits the yields of maize (Zea mays L.) that have been plastic film-mulched in northwest China. Using the tested Hybrid-Maize simulation model, which was combined with field experiments using four levels of N fertilisers (0, 100, 250 and 400 kg N ha−1), we aimed to understand the variability of the attainable yield in response to N stress under plastic film mulching. We show that the application of N250 or N400 results in 100% simulated potential LAI, which is, thus, close to 100% of the simulated potential of both biomass and grain yield. However, N stress treatments significantly decreased the biomass and grain yields, achieving only 40–50% of the simulated potential (N0 treatment) and 70–80% of the simulated potential (N100 treatment). Growth dynamic measurements showed that N stress significantly decreased the LAI, delaying the source capacity growth (canopies) around the silking stage and resulting in lower final kernel numbers. The lower LAI resulted in decreased dry matter accumulation and allocation during the reproductive stage; this decrease led to a decrease in the kernel growth rate and in the grain filling duration, which resulted in a significantly lower kernel weight. This knowledge could be helpful for the optimisation of N management to close the yield gaps of dryland maize in semi-arid monsoon climate regions.  相似文献   

16.
不同施氮水平对超高产夏玉米氮磷钾积累与分配的影响   总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21  
为探明不同施氮水平下玉米超高产(≥13 500 kg hm-2)群体氮磷钾积累及分配规律,通过苏玉20、浚单20两品种3年不同氮肥运筹方案的试验,实现了籽粒最高产量14 753 kg hm-2的目标。结果表明：(1)随着生育进程,两品种氮磷钾在植株、籽粒中积累逐渐增大,在叶片、茎秆、叶鞘中呈先单峰变化趋势,叶片氮钾峰值在大口期,磷峰值在开花期。增大灌浆期植株氮积累量及叶片氮转移率,促使成熟期籽粒氮磷较大积累量,利于超高产玉米群体的形成。(2)籽粒产量、1 kg氮生产籽粒量、氮肥的农学效率、氮素利用率、植株(及叶片、茎秆、叶鞘、籽粒等器官)氮磷钾含量在450 kg hm-2施氮水平时达到最大值,其值(苏玉20)分别为14753 kg hm-2、44.0 kg、19.24%、38.63%、335.4 kg hm-2、178.2 kg hm-2、230.7 kg hm-2,过高过低施氮均使氮磷钾积累量及产量下降。(3)由两品种产量与施氮水平的回归方程,确定了超高产时的最佳施氮量、超高产施氮水平和最佳施氮范围,苏玉20分别为457.0 kg hm-2、418.3~495.7 kg hm-2、418.5~495.4 kg hm-2;浚单20分别为452.7 kg hm-2(最佳施氮量)、410.8~494.6 kg hm-2 (最佳施氮范围)。  相似文献   

17.
The expansion of biogas production from anaerobic digestion in the Po Valley (Northern Italy) has stimulated the cultivation of dedicated biomass crops, and maize in particular. A mid-term experiment was carried out from 2006 to 2010 on a silt loamy soil in Northern Italy to compare water use and energy efficiency of maize and sorghum cultivation under rain fed and well-watered treatments and at two rates of nitrogen fertilization. The present work hypothesis were: (i) biomass sorghum, for its efficient use of water and nitrogen, could be a valuable alternative to maize for biogas production; (ii) reduction of irrigation level and (iii) application of low nitrogen fertilizer rate increase the efficiency of bioenergy production. Water treatments, a rain fed control (I0) and two irrigation levels (I1 and I2; only one in 2006 and 2009), were compared in a split–split plot design with four replicates. Two fertilizer rates were also tested: low (N1, 60 kg ha−1 of nitrogen; 0 kg ha−1 of nitrogen in 2010) and high (N2, 120 kg ha−1 of nitrogen; 100 kg ha−1 of nitrogen in 2010). Across treatments, sorghum produced more aboveground biomass than maize, respectively 21.6 Mg ha−1 and 16.8 Mg ha−1 (p < 0.01). In both species, biomass yield was lower in I0 than in I1 and I2 (p < 0.01), while I1 and I2 did differ significantly. Nitrogen level never affected biomass yield. Water use efficiency was generally higher in sorghum (52 kg ha−1 mm−1) than in maize (38 kg ha−1 mm−1); the significant interaction between crop and irrigation revealed that water use efficiency did not differ across water levels in sorghum, whereas it significantly increased from I0 and I1 to I2 in maize (p < 0.01). The potential methane production was similar in maize and sorghum, while it was significantly lower in I0 (16505 MJ ha−1) than in I1 and I2 (21700 MJ ha−1). The only significant effect of nitrogen fertilization was found in the calculation of energy efficiency (ratio of energy output and input) that was higher in N1 than in N2 (p < 0.01). These results support the hypothesis that (i) sorghum should be cultivated rather than maize to increase energy efficiency, (ii) irrigation level should replace up to 36% of ETr and (iii) nitrogen fertilizer rate should be minimized to maximize the efficiency in biomass production for anaerobic digestion in the Po Valley.  相似文献   

18.
非生物胁迫对玉米杂交种及其亲本自交系产量性状的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
以抗逆性较强玉米杂交种郑单958及其亲本(郑58、昌7-2)和抗逆性较差的杂交种陕单902及其亲本(K22、K12)为材料, 在不同种植密度(45 000株 hm-2和75 000株 hm-2)、施氮量(112.5 kg hm-2和337.5 kg hm-2)和灌水量(正常灌水和前期干旱控水)条件下, 分析了2个杂交种及其亲本产量及相关生理特性的变化规律。结果表明, 在非生物胁迫条件下(高密度、低氮和前期干旱控水), 与陕单902相比, 品种郑单958叶面积指数、SPAD值、花后干物质积累量和产量的中亲优势值分别增加18%、9%、28%和22%; 与陕单902亲本(K22、K12)比, 郑单958亲本(郑58、昌7-2)叶面积指数、SPAD值、花后干物质积累量和产量的中亲值分别增加45%、36%、51%和45%; 郑单958产量的中亲值和中亲优势显著高于陕单902, 且中亲值增幅高于杂种优势值。玉米杂交种郑单958较陕单902增产的同时, 增强了对非生物逆境适应的能力。玉米杂交种的抗逆性来自亲本自交系。玉米杂交种抗逆性强在于增强了花后叶片光合能力(较高的LAI和SPAD值), 促进了花后干物质积累。  相似文献   

19.
According to climate change projections, winter cereal production will likely be exposed to increasing air temperatures and prolonged summer droughts. During the 2009/10 and 2010/11 growing seasons at Braunschweig, Germany, four cultivars each of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), triticale (Triticosecale Wittmack), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in a mobile rain-out shelter with a nearby irrigated control to determine the maximal impact of water shortage on phenology, physiology, and yield. The rain-out shelter plots were subjected to severe drought stress by withholding rain during tillering to harvest. Permanent prevention of water supply caused an average 2 day earlier heading and flowering and a 19 day earlier loss of green leaves. Midday thermal images revealed consistently higher canopy temperatures under drought stress than under well-watered conditions. The drought related temperature increase was 3.7 K across crops and years. Contrary to canopy temperature, the spectral moisture stress index and the normalized difference water index did not clearly separate the dry from the wet environment. The drought-induced yield loss averaged 5.9 t ha−1 (63%) for grain dry matter and 9.2 t ha−1 (51%) for above-ground dry matter. Among the four cereal species, rye produced the highest grain and above-ground dry matter under both dry and wet conditions, and also had the coolest canopy. Based on the results of the present study, it is expected that rye will cope best, and barley second-best with the drier conditions of the changing climate.  相似文献   

20.
Maize production plays an essential role in global food security. In order to maintain both high quality and maize production, there is a great demand for fertilizers. The main objective of this work was to study, over two experimental seasons, the effect of a biofertilizer obtained from sewage sludge (SS) on the yield and on the quality of maize crops (Zea mays L.). The biofertilizer was applied in two ways: (i) to soil, at rates of 0, 10 and 20 Mg ha−1 before sowing, and (ii) via foliar fertilization, applying 0, 3.6 and 7.2 l ha−1 three times during each growing season accounting for a total rate of 0, 10.8 l ha−1 and 21.6 l ha−1. This study is novel because there are no previous studies of the effect of this biofertilizer on any agricultural crops. The results obtained show that, when the SS was applied directly to the soil, the macro- and micronutrients analyzed in both soil and leaves showed no significant differences between either of the fertilizer treatments. Foliar application of SS, however, increased the leaf concentrations of macro- and micronutrients. When the SS rate was 7.2 l ha−1, grain protein concentration increased significantly by about 30% and the yield increased significantly by about 17% compared with the control treatment (SS not applied). These results suggested that, in order to improve agricultural maize yields, quality and nutritional, this SS should be applied as a foliar fertilizer instead of applying it to soil.  相似文献   

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