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1.
In a wild plant-pathogen system, host resistance and pathogen virulence varied markedly among local populations. Broadly virulent pathogens occurred more frequently in highly resistant host populations, whereas avirulent pathogens dominated susceptible populations. Experimental inoculations indicated a negative trade-off between spore production and virulence. The nonrandom spatial distribution of pathogens, maintained through time despite high pathogen mobility, implies that selection favors virulent strains of Melampsora lini in resistant Linum marginale populations and avirulent strains in susceptible populations. These results are consistent with gene-for-gene models of host-pathogen coevolution that require trade-offs to prevent pathogen virulence increasing until host resistance becomes selectively neutral. 相似文献
2.
The Red Queen hypothesis posits that sex has evolved in response to the shifting adaptive landscape generated by the evolution of interacting species. Previous studies supporting the Red Queen hypothesis have considered a narrow region of parameter space and only a subset of ecological and genetic interactions. Here, we develop a population genetics model that circumscribes a broad array of ecological and genetic interactions among species and derive the first general analytical conditions for the impact of species interactions on the evolution of sex. Our results show that species interactions typically select against sex. We conclude that, although the Red Queen favors sex under certain circumstances, it alone does not account for the ubiquity of sex. 相似文献
3.
文内报导了引起中国对虾“红腿病”的两种新病原菌,这两种菌均从患“红腿病”病虾的心脏、血淋巴液或肝脏中分离获得,经系统分类法及DNA分子中(G+C)mol％测定分别隶属于哈氏弧菌和需钠弧菌。感染试验证实这两种菌均能侵入虾体引起红腿病并导致死亡,死亡率达90％以上。在感染死亡虾体内可再次分离到与感染用菌形态相同的菌体。 相似文献
4.
Bacteria and their viruses (phages) undergo rapid coevolution in test tubes, but the relevance to natural environments is unclear. By using a "mark-recapture" approach, we showed rapid coevolution of bacteria and phages in a soil community. Unlike coevolution in vitro, which is characterized by increases in infectivity and resistance through time (arms race dynamics), coevolution in soil resulted in hosts more resistant to their contemporary than past and future parasites (fluctuating selection dynamics). Fluctuating selection dynamics, which can potentially continue indefinitely, can be explained by fitness costs constraining the evolution of high levels of resistance in soil. These results suggest that rapid coevolution between bacteria and phage is likely to play a key role in structuring natural microbial communities. 相似文献
5.
《农业科学学报》2019,18(9):1971-1979
Outcrossing rate is an important determinant of cytoplasmic male sterile(CMS) breeding and hybrid seed production for heterosis in soybean. Parental lines with a high outcrossing rate were screened for backcross breeding to obtain the high outcrossing rate maintenance B-lines and sterile A-lines. Application in production practices will help to increase hybrid soybean production. In this study, JLCMS82B and JLCMS89B were selected as parents for the construction of outcrossing rate segregation populations, and the progeny-array approach(PAA) and glyphosate resistant gene markers were used to determine outcrossing rates. We found that:(1) The outcrossing rate between JLCMS82B and JLCMS89B was significantly different;(2) the outcrossing rate of the F_2 segregating populations was a quantitative trait, though whether an additive or epistatic effect exists required analysis with a triple test intersection analysis;(3) agronomic traits correlated with outcrossing rate; outcrossing rate was the highest with plant height of about 84 cm, lower number of plant branches, earlier flowering time, larger angle between the branches and the main stem, and with more divergent plant morphology. Correlation analysis between agronomic traits and outcrossing rate can effectively guide the screening of parents with a high outcrossing rate. 相似文献
6.
Allen RL Bittner-Eddy PD Grenville-Briggs LJ Meitz JC Rehmany AP Rose LE Beynon JL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5703):1957-1960
Plants are constantly exposed to attack by an array of diverse pathogens but lack a somatically adaptive immune system. In spite of this, natural plant populations do not often suffer destructive disease epidemics. Elucidating how allelic diversity within plant genes that function to detect pathogens (resistance genes) counteracts changing structures of pathogen genes required for host invasion (pathogenicity effectors) is critical to our understanding of the dynamics of natural plant populations. The RPP13 resistance gene is the most polymorphic gene analyzed to date in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we report the cloning of the avirulence gene, ATR13, that triggers RPP13-mediated resistance, and we show that it too exhibits extreme levels of amino acid polymorphism. Evidence of diversifying selection visible in both components suggests that the host and pathogen may be locked in a coevolutionary conflict at these loci, where attempts to evade host resistance by the pathogen are matched by the development of new detection capabilities by the host. 相似文献
7.
油松改良系统中的三种群体交配体系 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
采用同工酶淀粉凝胶电泳方法分析了油松改良系统中天然林、种子园和无性系子代测定林 3个群体在ACP ,LAP ,SKD ,GOT ,MNR ,PGM ,MDH和ADH等 8个同工酶系统的交配体系指标 .结果表明 :天然林、种子园和子代测定群体的多位点异交率、近交率和自交率分别为 0 .86 4,0 .96 2 ,0 .95 3 ;0 .2 2 6 ,0 .141,0 .2 11;0 .136 ,0 0 38,0 0 47.种子园的异交率最高 ,天然林的自交率最高 ,子代林的非自交近交率最高 ;3群体的固定指数分别为0 2 5 9,0 .2 11,0 .477,均表现出明显的杂合子缺乏 ;个体异交率在 3个群体内有相似的偏峰分布 ,反映了油松的高异交交配类型特点 ;各群体的花粉库与雌配子库在等位基因频率上存在显著差异 ,多数位点的雌配子库高频等位基因值高于花粉库 ,一些位点的最高基因频率值在两配子库中出现在不同等位基因上 .研究还发现 ,群体内个体异交率与母本杂合度有非常显著的相关性 ,杂合度高的母本单株 ,异交率也相对较高 .此外 ,文章还对影响群体交配体系和配子库遗传结构的因素等进行了讨论 相似文献
8.
Aerial dispersal of pathogens on the global and continental scales and its impact on plant disease 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Some of the most striking and extreme consequences of rapid, long-distance aerial dispersal involve pathogens of crop plants. Long-distance dispersal of fungal spores by the wind can spread plant diseases across and even between continents and reestablish diseases in areas where host plants are seasonally absent. For such epidemics to occur, hosts that are susceptible to the same pathogen genotypes must be grown over wide areas, as is the case with many modern crops. The strongly stochastic nature of long-distance dispersal causes founder effects in pathogen populations, such that the genotypes that cause epidemics in new territories or on cultivars with previously effective resistance genes may be atypical. Similar but less extreme population dynamics may arise from long-distance aerial dispersal of other organisms, including plants, viruses, and fungal pathogens of humans. 相似文献
9.
Costly punishment across human societies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Henrich J McElreath R Barr A Ensminger J Barrett C Bolyanatz A Cardenas JC Gurven M Gwako E Henrich N Lesorogol C Marlowe F Tracer D Ziker J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5781):1767-1770
Recent behavioral experiments aimed at understanding the evolutionary foundations of human cooperation have suggested that a willingness to engage in costly punishment, even in one-shot situations, may be part of human psychology and a key element in understanding our sociality. However, because most experiments have been confined to students in industrialized societies, generalizations of these insights to the species have necessarily been tentative. Here, experimental results from 15 diverse populations show that (i) all populations demonstrate some willingness to administer costly punishment as unequal behavior increases, (ii) the magnitude of this punishment varies substantially across populations, and (iii) costly punishment positively covaries with altruistic behavior across populations. These findings are consistent with models of the gene-culture coevolution of human altruism and further sharpen what any theory of human cooperation needs to explain. 相似文献
10.
Harvell CD Mitchell CE Ward JR Altizer S Dobson AP Ostfeld RS Samuel MD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,296(5576):2158-2162
Infectious diseases can cause rapid population declines or species extinctions. Many pathogens of terrestrial and marine taxa are sensitive to temperature, rainfall, and humidity, creating synergisms that could affect biodiversity. Climate warming can increase pathogen development and survival rates, disease transmission, and host susceptibility. Although most host-parasite systems are predicted to experience more frequent or severe disease impacts with warming, a subset of pathogens might decline with warming, releasing hosts from disease. Recently, changes in El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation events have had a detectable influence on marine and terrestrial pathogens, including coral diseases, oyster pathogens, crop pathogens, Rift Valley fever, and human cholera. To improve our ability to predict epidemics in wild populations, it will be necessary to separate the independent and interactive effects of multiple climate drivers on disease impact. 相似文献
11.
赵杨 《湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版)》2013,39(2):176-178
采用Williams鉴别系统的4个鉴别寄主(2 个芜菁甘蓝品种Laurentian和Wilhelmsburger,2 个结球甘蓝品种Jersey Queen和Badger Shipper),于2011—2012年连续2年对采自黑龙江、吉林、辽宁的11个大白菜根肿病主要发病区域的病原菌进行了生理小种鉴定。结果表明,东北地区大白菜根肿病菌主要种群均为4号生理小种。 相似文献
12.
几种树皮腐烂病菌的分子鉴定 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
一些引起树皮腐烂病的病原菌往往不产孢,利用传统形态学方法很难对病原菌进行准确鉴定,因此,本研究拟通过ITS序列分析对引起几种腐烂病菌进行分子鉴定。本试验对采自河北省5个不同县市的苹果树、杨树、柳树、槐树和杏树等5种树木上的腐烂病菌进行了分离和致病性测定。通过测定的ITS序列与GenBank中的同源序列的分析对其进行分子鉴定,从5种寄主植物上共鉴定出Valsa mali var. mali、Valsa sordida、Botry-osphaeri dothidea和Botryosphaeria rhodina等4种树皮腐烂病菌,结果表明,通过ITS序列分析,可对树皮腐烂病菌进行准确鉴定,并对系统发育树上代表不同病原菌种类的每个分支上序列的名称、寄主范围以及地理来源进行了详细地讨论。 相似文献
13.
[目的]该研究旨在探究水稻不育系的柱头特性与异交结实率的关系。[方法]以创5S、耘9S、培矮64S、P88S、Y58S等5个水稻光温敏核不育系为材料,对其柱头外露率、柱头大小、柱头活力等进行了比较研究。同时以 R608为父本,测定了其异交结实率。[结果]研究表明,5个水稻不育系在柱头外露率、柱头大小、柱头活力等方面均存在一定的差异。P88S的柱头特性总体较好,柱头外露率达到95.94%,柱头活力较强,活力系数为2.71,田间异交结实率达84.02%。培矮64S的柱头长度和柱头宽度最小,分别是2.41和1.10 mm,其柱头外露率93.04%,柱头活力最弱,其异交结实率仅65.47%。耘9S、Y58S、创5S 的柱头特性处于中等水平,耘9S的异交结实率比其他两个不育系高。相关分析表明,柱头外露率、柱头长度、柱头宽度、柱头面积、柱头体积与异交结实率显著相关,相关系数分别为0.897*、0.934*、0.934*、0.939*、0.937*;柱头活力系数与异交结实率之间相关不显著。[结论]依据不育系的柱头特性,采取合理的辅助授粉方式,有利于节省生产成本,提高杂交水稻制种产量。 相似文献
14.
Kamada N Kim YG Sham HP Vallance BA Puente JL Martens EC Núñez G 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6086):1325-1329
The virulence mechanisms that allow pathogens to colonize the intestine remain unclear. Here, we show that germ-free animals are unable to eradicate Citrobacter rodentium, a model for human infections with attaching and effacing bacteria. Early in infection, virulence genes were expressed and required for pathogen growth in conventionally raised mice but not germ-free mice. Virulence gene expression was down-regulated during the late phase of infection, which led to relocation of the pathogen to the intestinal lumen where it was outcompeted by commensals. The ability of commensals to outcompete C. rodentium was determined, at least in part, by the capacity of the pathogen and commensals to grow on structurally similar carbohydrates. Thus, pathogen colonization is controlled by bacterial virulence and through competition with metabolically related commensals. 相似文献
15.
试验研究了7个籼型水稻细胞质雄性不育系的6个不同性状与异交结实率的相关性,并对它们进行了通径分析.结果表明:(1)柱头外露率与异交结实率、张颖角度与异交结实率的相关系数分别为0.963和0.936.(2)柱头外露率对异交结实率的直接效应最大,其直接通径系数为0.8383.张颖时间对异交结实率的直接通径系数为0.4132.张颖角度和午前花率对异交结实率的直接效应亦都为正值,直接通径系数分别为0.1648和0.0271.柱头生活力系数和包颈粒率对异交结实率的直接效应均为负值,直接通径系数分别是-0.4811和-0.1020. 相似文献
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17.
植物病原效应蛋白功能研究方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
植株病原会分泌一些与植物相互作用的效应蛋白,这些蛋白在病原菌与寄主植物互作过程中起着重要作用。结合几种细菌、真菌分泌的效应蛋白研究进展,介绍了用于病原菌效应蛋白研究的试验方法及其独特之处,包括图位克隆、异源表达分析等,提出研究一个单一效应蛋白需要多种分析方法。 相似文献
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利用陕西汉中地区 2 4年 ( 1 974～ 1 997年 )的小麦条锈病病情、菌量、品种和气象资料 ,采用逐步回归法分析了影响汉中小麦条锈病流行的因子 ,求得最优回归子集 ,包括春季菌量、秋季菌量、感病品种面积比例、4月份降雨量和 4月份平均温度。用前 2 0年资料建立了多元线性回归方程 ,对 1 994～ 1 997年小麦条锈病的流行程度作短期预测 (以残差绝对值≤ 0 .5为标准统计 ) ,结果表明 ,方程预测的准确率为 75% 相似文献