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1.
鄱阳湖湿地生态环境治理及其保护 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖泊,湖区湿地面积2698 km^2,其生态环境对调蓄洪水、调节气候、涵养水源、净化水质、维护生物多样性等方面具有重要的作用。长期以来由于人类不合理的开发利用,导致了鄱阳湖湿地面积和景观结构发生了很大变化,湿地生态环境也遭到严重破坏。在分析鄱阳湖湿地生态环境面临的主要问题及其成因的基础之上,提出了鄱阳湖湿地生态环境治理与保护的主要对策。 相似文献
2.
鄱阳湖生态环境与可持续发展 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
鄱阳湖作为我国第一大淡水湖，早已引起国际上的关注。鄱阳湖自然保护区1992年被列入了《国际重要湿地名录》。本文通过对鄱阳湖区植被、生物多样性、土地利用、水情水势及泥沙等生态环境现状分析，指出了鄱阳湖区湿地植被退化较严重、水土流失不断加剧、土地沙化日趋严重、洪涝灾害日益频繁、血吸虫病猖獗、生物多样性破坏严重等存在的主要生态环境问题；同时，以“科学发展观”为指导，从战略和全局角度出发，提出了鄱阳湖生态环境统筹规划、合理布局，适度开发、注重保护的若干对策与措施，为鄱阳湖生态环境的可持续发展提供了决策参考依据。 相似文献
3.
鄱阳湖湿地生态系统功能评价及其利用保护对策 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区位于中国第一大淡水湖———鄱阳湖西北角,是生物多样性非常丰富的国际重要湿地。保护区总面积22400hm2,栖息的鸟类有310种,数量多达数100000只。论述了鄱阳湖湿地的生物多样性,对其功能进行了综合概述和评价,针对其面临的主要生态问题,提出了相应的合理利用和保护对策。 相似文献
4.
鄱阳湖湿地生态系统服务功能研究 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：18
鄱阳湖是中国最大的淡水湖泊,是吞吐性河成湖,被称为长江的天然水位调节器。作为一种特殊的湿地生态系统类型,鄱阳湖湿地效益类型丰富多样。主要的生态功能有涵养水源、调蓄洪水,调节气候,降解污染,固定C释放O2,控制侵蚀、保护土壤,参与营养循环,作为生物栖息地。主要直接的产品用途有储水、供水,生产湿地植物产品,生产湿地动物产品,能源生产,水运,休闲/旅游,作为研究与教育用地。鄱阳湖湿地属性主要有生物多样性,社会文化重要性。 相似文献
5.
由于泥沙淤积和人类活动干扰,鄱阳湖湿地的景观结构和可持续利用受到严重影响。论述了鄱阳湖的湿地景观结构及其动态变化,并在阐述湿地调蓄功能衰退、生物资源减少、水文和气候调节功能降低等存在问题的基础上,提出了实现人与自然和谐共处、建立可持续利用的湿地农业景观结构、稳定湿地面积、合理开发湿地生态旅游、及时协调人--湖关系等鄱阳湖湿地可持续利用对策。 相似文献
6.
湿地生物多样性评价研究——以天津古海岸与湿地自然保护区为例 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
湿地是宝贵的自然资源,对保护生物多样性具有重要意义。在有关湿地生态评价理论的基础上针对我国湿地现状,建立了1套包括指标体系与赋值标准在内的湿地生物多样性评价方法,并对天津古海岸与湿地自然保护区生物多样性进行了评价。 相似文献
7.
洞庭湖湿地生物利用与农业开发模式研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
齐恒 《中国生态农业学报》2005,13(3):202-204
简述了洞庭湖湿地生物资源多样性特征及其开发利用存在的主要问题,并提出应加强法制建设与湿地科学研究,综合整治,建立生物利用的生态补偿机制,保护湿地生物多样性,构建科学合理的生物利用模式和具有湿地特色的产业结构策略。 相似文献
8.
9.
洞庭湖区湿地退化现状及保护对策 总被引：17，自引：1，他引：17
洞庭湖湿地是我国重要的淡水湖泊湿地之一,其生态环境对调蓄洪水、调节气候、涵养水源、净化水质、维护生物多样性等方面具有重要的作用。多年来由于人类不合理的开发利用,给湿地生态系统带来了负面影响,致使湿地严重退化。在分析洞庭湖区湿地退化现状及其原因的基础之上,提出了湿地保护与可持续利用的对策和措施。 相似文献
10.
鄱阳湖典型洲滩植物物种多样性季节动态特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
洲滩植物是湿地生态系统重要组成部分,在湿地生态系统物质循环与能量转换过程中起着关键作用。洲滩植物群落物种多样性体现湿地生态系统结构的稳定性与复杂性,对湿地生态系统健康与生态功能维持具有重要意义。本研究通过样方与样线调查法对鄱阳湖典型洲滩植物群落多样性进行了实地调查与分析。研究结果表明:鄱阳湖典型洲滩植物群落优势种重要值均值在0.5以上,在群落中占有主导地位;与春季相比,阿及苔草、水蓼、菰、香蒲和南荻等群落物种多样性在秋季有不同程度的下降,而虉草群落和灰化苔草群落物种多样性在秋季则有所升高;芦苇和南荻群落在互为伴生过程中可能由于生长机理不同和生态位重叠现象,二者Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈现出此消彼长的关系,其中春季南荻群落物种多样性较高,秋季则以芦苇群落物种多样性较高。相关分析表明,鄱阳湖湿地典型洲滩植物群落物种多样性与生物量之间无明显相关性,生物量主要受到群落内优势种的类型、生长特性、繁殖方式,以及微地形的影响。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献