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1.
Boron (B) is one of the essential micronutrients having a specific role, particularly during reproductive phase, in rice. In a previous experiment on aerobic rice, panicle sterility was noted as one of the major challenges. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of soil-applied B on tillering, panicle sterility, water relations, and grain enrichment in fine-grain aromatic rice cultivars ‘Super Basmati’ and ‘Shaheen Basmati’. Boron was soil applied at 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.50 kg ha?1 while the control treatment did not receive B. Rate of leaf emergence and elongation and tiller appearance were significantly improved by B application. Likewise, B application also improved the leaf chlorophyll contents and water relations in both rice cultivars. Substantial improvement in kernel yield and yield contributing traits was also observed by B application owing to decrease in panicle sterility. A linear increase in leaf and kernel B contents was observed with increase in B application rate. However, the range for an optimum B application rate is very narrow and increase of B application beyond 1 kg ha?1 was toxic. In conclusion, soil application of B is an effective way to decrease panicle sterility and increase the kernel yield and grain B enrichment in rice.  相似文献   

2.
One of the resource conservation technologies for rice (Oryza sativa) is direct seeding technique, which may be more water efficient and labour cost-effective apart from being conducive for mechanization. The crop establishment during the initial stages may depend upon the method of direct seeding, cultivar and seed rate. A study was carried out during 2004–2005 to evaluate the effect of different seeding techniques, cultivars and seed rates on the performance of direct-seeded basmati rice in loamy sand (coarse loamy, calcareous, mixed hyperthermic, Typic Ustipsamments) at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. The treatments in main plots included four seeding techniques (broadcast in puddled plots, direct drilling in puddled plots, direct drilling in compacted plots and direct drilling under unpuddled and uncompacted conditions). The subplots treatments comprised of two cultivars (Pusa Basmati-1 and Basmati-386) and three seed rates (at 30, 40 and 50 kg ha−1).

The moisture retention and bulk density at harvest were sufficiently lower in uncompacted/unpuddled plots than compacted or puddled plots more so in 0–30 cm soil layer. The crop stand establishment was higher in direct-drilled compacted plots with 50 kg seed ha−1. It was higher in Pusa Basmati-1 than Basmati-386. The direct drilling after compaction produced 28% higher biomass than uncompacted/unpuddled plots. Similar trend was observed in leaf area index and effective tillers. Effective tillers were significantly higher with 30 kg seed ha−1and were higher in Pusa Basmati-1 than Basmati-386. The root mass density of basmati rice in 0–15 cm soil layer at 45 days after sowing was 1549 g m−3 in compacted soils, 1258 g m−3 in broadcasting in puddled soil and 994 g m−3 with direct drilling in puddled soil. The grain yield of basmati rice was 44% and 30% higher in direct-drilled compacted and puddled plots, respectively, than uncompacted/unpuddled plots.  相似文献   


3.
This study was conducted to explore the role of boron (B) in seedling emergence, leaf elongation, and tillering dynamics. Boron was applied as seed priming. For priming seeds of two rice cultivars (Super Basmati and Shaheen Basmati) were soaked in B solutions having 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 0.5% concentrations. Substantial improvement in seedling emergence was observed from hydropriming and seed priming in 0.001 and 0.01% solutions; beyond this B concentration, emergence potential was suppressed. Seeds primed in 0.5% B solution even did not emerge. A linear increase in plant height was recorded up to 30 days from seeds primed in 0.001% solution. Similarly rate of leaf emergence and elongation and rate of tiller appearance were substantially improved in seedlings raised from seeds primed in 0.001% B solution. Overall B plays a significant role in leaf appearance, elongation and tillering dynamics of rice when used in very low concentration.  相似文献   

4.
We carried out a study to see the effect of contaminated water of Nullah Dek on fine rice paddy and straw yields and trace elements accumulation in different parts of rice plants and soil. A site was selected near the bank of Nullah Dek at Kot Pindi Das in the District of Sheikhupura, Pakistan. The water of this nullah is contaminated by industrial effluents carrying different micronutrients. This water was employed to grow rice crop. Water samples were collected before transplanting and during the season with 15 days interval for analysis from 20 July to 1 November 2002 from a spot near village Shamke. Three fine rice varieties, viz. Super Basmati, Shaheen Basmati and Basmati 2000 were transplanted. These rice varieties were grown up to maturity. Paddy and straw yields data were recorded. Six composite soil samples from three random spots were collected from the experimental site before the start of the study to see the status of trace elements in soil. After the harvest of rice crop, soil, paddy and straw samples were analysed for Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn. The chemical analysis of Nullah Dek water showed that total salts concentration was greater than the safe limit, i.e. electric conductance (EC) > 1.0 dS m−1. Even sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) was very high, but there was no problem of high residual sodium carbonate (RSC). Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn were present but within safe limits. The water of Nullah Dek remained within permissible limits of irrigation from onset of rainy season till 15 October. There was an increase in EC, SAR and trace elements concentrations after 15 October but within safe limits. Soil analysis revealed its saline nature, devoid of sodicity. Among trace elements, the zinc ranged between deficiency (<0.5 mg kg−1) and adequate limits (>1.0 mg kg−1). Copper, Mn and Fe were present in adequate amounts. After the harvest of rice crop there was a slight decrease in pH, ECe and SAR at both the depths, while the concentrations of all trace elements were slightly increased with more in upper layer than the lower layer. Shaheen Basmati produced the maximum paddy yield followed by Basmati 2000 and then Super Basmati. The chemical analysis of paddy samples indicated a sufficient accumulation of zinc (1.68–1.78 mg kg−1), copper (1.38–1.45 mg kg−1), iron (6.12–6.37 mg kg−1) and manganese (2.22–2.42 mg kg−1). Analysis of rice straw also showed sufficient accumulation of zinc (27.50–28.50 mg kg−1), copper (20.0–20.50 mg kg−1), iron (270–280 mg kg−1) and manganese (2.38–2.41 mg kg−1).  相似文献   

5.
A field experiment was conducted under two natural field conditions at the Research Farm (normal soil) and Proka Farm (salt-affected soil) of The Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences (ISES), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, to evaluate the performance of 11 rice genotypes in normal and salt-affected conditions. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The gas exchange attributes were measured at vegetative stage whereas the grain and straw yields and the yield components were recorded at maturity. After harvesting, the ionic parameters including sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) were determined. Afterward, grain quality in terms of length, width, milling recovery, broken fraction, and chalkiness was also determined for the selected genotypes. Salt-affected conditions adversely affected the physiology, yield, and quality of the tested genotypes. The genotypes KS-282 followed by Shaheen Basmati showed significantly higher photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance under both normal and salt-affected conditions, whereas the genotypes 99404 followed by 99417 showed minimum values of gas exchange attributes. The grain and straw yields were the highest in the case of KS-282 at both sites, whereas the lowest grain and straw yields were observed in the case of 99440 followed by 99417 under both normal and salt-affected conditions. Regarding the quality attributes, Super Basmati produced longer grains but with higher broken fraction and lower milling recovery, whereas the reverse was observed in the case of KS-282.  相似文献   

6.
The accumulation of various heat shock proteins (HSPs) and their relationship with the inbuilt cold tolerance observed in Kashmir Basmati was studied. Five Basmati rice verities (Oryza sativa), Basmati-370, Basmati-Pak, Basmati-198, Basmati-385 and Kashmir Basmati were given temperature shock of 45 and 50°C. Temperature shocks were given for 16 h in incubator preheated to 45 and 50°C and 85% relative humidity. Proteins were extracted and separated on 10% acrylamide gels with 1 mm thickness and visualized for protein fractions. Accumulation of 40 kDa HSPs were observed in all the cultivars, and 20 kDa HSPs specifically in Kashmir Basmati. Small amounts of high molecular weight HSPs were observed in un-treated (control) plants of Kashmir Basmati, and it increased considerably after heat shock. The 20 kDa HSP was only expressed in heat-treated Kashmir Basmati. Differences in the expression of heat shock proteins in the tested varieties have been described in detail.  相似文献   

7.
东北三省水稻干湿交替灌溉模式适宜性分区   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
为了研究不同灌溉模式下水稻耗水特征及水分利用效率,探讨节水灌溉模式在东北水稻种植区的适宜性,该文基于东北三省水稻种植区1981-2016年县域气象资料、水稻作物资料以及土壤资料,利用调参验证后的ORYZA(v3)水稻模型,模拟了过去36a淹水灌溉(flood irrigation,FL)和干湿交替灌溉(alternative wetting and drying irrigation,AWD)2种灌溉处理下水稻的产量、耗水量以及水分利用效率,并结合干湿交替灌溉模式产量的高产性和水分利用效率的高效性,综合分析干湿交替灌溉模式在研究区域适宜性。研究结果表明:1)1981-2016年2种灌溉模式下,研究区域水稻平均产量显著增加,呈由西南向东北减少空间变化特征;过去36a水稻耗水量整体呈显著下降趋势,空间上整体呈西高东低;水分利用效率整体呈显著提高趋势,淹水灌溉模式下分布南低北高,干湿交替灌溉模式下整体东高西低。2)与淹水灌溉相比,干湿交替灌溉模式下研究区域内水稻产量减少1%~19%,平均减少11%,但水稻耗水量可降低3%~26%,平均为15%,研究区域水分利用效率提高8%。3)干湿交替灌溉模式最适宜区集中分布在辽宁省辽河平原南部、吉林省扶余-蛟河一线及延吉地区、黑龙江省松嫩平原东南部,适宜区集中在辽宁省辽河平原南部凌海、海城等地区、吉林省中部的永吉-磐石-柳河口一线以及黑龙江省中东部的方正、富锦等地区,次适宜区位于辽宁省东部灯塔、开原等地区,吉林省镇赉、双辽地区及黑龙江省中东部铁力、饶河地区,较适宜区分布在辽宁省东北部铁岭、清原等地区,吉林省长白、洮南及黑龙江省西部富裕-林甸-安达一带。研究区域干湿交替灌溉模式对节约水资源及保证水稻高产高效具有重要意义。  相似文献   

8.
Salinity adversely affects plant growth, photosynthesis, and availability of nutrients including iron. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is susceptible to soil salinity and highly prone to iron (Fe) deficiency due to lower release of Fe‐chelating compounds under saline conditions. In order to investigate the effects of salinity and low iron supply on growth, photosynthesis, and ionic composition of five rice genotypes (KS‐282, Basmati Pak, Shaheen Basmati, KSK‐434 and 99417), a solution culture experiment was conducted with four treatments (control, 50 mM NaCl, Fe‐deficient, and 50 mM NaCl + Fe‐deficient). Salinity and Fe deficiency reduced shoot and root growth, photosynthetic and transpiration rates, chlorophyll concentration, and stomatal conductance. The reduction in all these parameters was more in the interactive treatment of salinity and low Fe supply. Moreover, a significant increase in shoot and root Na+ with corresponding decrease in K+ and Fe concentrations was also observed in the combined salinity and Fe‐deficiency treatment. Among the tested genotypes, Basmati Pak was the most sensitive genotype both under salt stress and Fe deficiency. The genotype KS‐282 performed better than other genotypes under salinity stress alone, whereas Shaheen Basmati was the best genotype under Fe deficiency in terms of all the studied parameters.  相似文献   

9.
Zinc (Zn) is an important micronutrient for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production and its deficiency has been observed in various production systems. High grain Zn concentration is equally important for high rice yield and human health. In this work, the effects of Zn fertilization on seedling growth, grain yield, grain Zn concentration, and their association with root traits were studied under alternate wetting and drying (AWD), aerobic rice (AR), system of rice intensification (SRI), and continuous flooding (CF). Zinc fertilization (15 kg ha?1) improved nursery seedlings chlorophyll and Zn concentrations, root length, and number of roots with highest values observed in CF. At harvesting, maximum plant height, panicle length, total and panicle bearing tillers, and kernel yield were found with Zn addition in AWD and CF rice systems. Mid season drainage provided at maximum tillering and Zn fertilization increased its concentration in leaves, culms, panicles, and grains under CF and AR at physiological maturity. Most of Zn applied was allocated into culms and panicles, nevertheless, a significant increase in grain Zn concentration was also observed in all production systems. Association of leaf Zn with grain Zn concentration was stronger than with culm and panicle Zn. The results indicate that Zn application after rice nursery transplanting is more important for grain Zn enrichment in all rice systems than for increase in grain yield in all systems except AWD where grain yield was also increased. More grain yield in CF and AWD as compared to SRI and AR can also be attributed to decreased spikelet sterility and to better Zn phyto‐availability in these rice systems at physiological maturity.  相似文献   

10.
Field experiments were conducted during summer (March–July) and kharif (June–September), 2008 at the wetland farm, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, to study the performance of different rice cultivation methods on productivity and water usage using the hybrid CORH-3 as a test crop. Treatments consisted of different rice cultivation methods, namely, transplanted rice (conventional), direct sown rice (wet seeded), alternate wetting and drying method (AWD), system of rice intensification (SRI) and aerobic rice cultivation. Results revealed that maximum number of tillers m?2, higher shoot and root length at maturity were recorded under SRI followed by transplanted rice, while aerobic rice produced lower growth parameters in both the seasons. Chlorophyll content at flowering was higher under SRI in two seasons studied (42.74 and 39.48 SPAD value, respectively) and transplanted rice compared to aerobic rice and AWD. In both summer and kharif seasons, SRI produced higher grain yield (6014 and 6682 kg ha?1), followed by transplanted rice (5732 and 6262 kg ha?1), while the lowest grain yield (3582 and 3933 kg ha?1) was recorded under aerobic rice cultivation. Under SRI, 5 and 6.7% increase in grain yield and 12.6 and 14.8% water saving were noticed compared to transplanted rice, respectively, during summer and kharif seasons. In respect to water productivity, the SRI method of rice cultivation registered the highest water productivity (0.43and 0.47 kg m?3), followed by AWD and aerobic rice cultivation. The conventional rice cultivation and direct sown rice produced lower grain yield per unit quantity of water used.  相似文献   

11.
为筛选出"低投入-低排放-高收益"的稻田水氮管理模式，该研究以汉江平原双季稻为研究对象，设计4种氮肥管理方式：1）普通尿素；2）树脂包膜控释尿素；3）普通尿素减氮20%；4）控释尿素减氮20%，和2种水分管理方式：1）常规灌溉；2）薄浅湿晒节水灌溉。采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O）的排放量，应用生命周期法（life cycle assessment, LCA）计算水稻生产碳足迹，基于成本收益核算分析单位水稻产量和单位净收益的碳排放强度。结果表明，控释尿素能有效提高双季稻产量，节水灌溉和减氮20%能节约投入成本，对双季稻产量存在一定负效应，但差异不显著。相比普通尿素和常规灌溉，不同水氮优化处理可不同程度降低水稻生产的碳足迹和排放强度，并有助于提高收益。其中节水灌溉搭配控释尿素减氮的综合减排效果最好，早、晚稻总减排量分别为45.8%和42.5%（P<0.05），同时全年净利润最高，达14 340元/hm2。因此，节水灌溉、控释尿素同时减氮20%的组合技术可实现稻田节本减排增收。  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT

Water and rice straw (RS) management practices can potentially affect the accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural soils. Field experiments were conducted in two consecutive rice-growing seasons (wet and dry) to evaluate SOC stocks under different water (continuous flooding [CF], alternate wetting and drying [AWD]) and RS management practices (RS incorporation [RS-I], RS burning [RS-B], without RS incorporation and burning [WRS]) in a double-cropped paddy field. RS-I under AWD had higher volumetric water content than the same RS management under CF at tillering in both growing seasons. Total SOC was significantly higher under AWD at tillering in both wet and dry seasons and after harvesting in the dry season compared with CF. The same trend was also observed for C:N ratio at tillering and after harvesting in the dry season. RS-B plots had lower SOC stocks than RS-I and WRS plots across most of the measuring periods regardless of the growing seasons. SOC stocks were 33.09 and 39.31 Mg/ha at RS-B and RS-I plots, respectively, in the wet season, whereas the respective values were 21.45 and 24.55 Mg/ha in the dry season. Incorporation of RS enhanced SOC stocks under AWD irrigation, especially in the dry season before planting. Soil incorporation of RS in combination with AWD could be a viable option to increase SOC stocks in the double-cropped rice production region as it is strongly linked with soil fertility and productivity. However, the environmental consequences of RS incorporation in irrigated lowland rice production system should be taken into consideration before its recommendation for paddy field on a large scale.  相似文献   

13.
根部增氧模式对水稻产量与氮素利用的影响   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
【目的】根部缺氧是影响水稻生长发育与养分吸收的主要非生物因子之一。为了明确不同增氧模式的作用效果,探明水稻产量和氮素利用效率对根部增氧的响应特征,本试验研究了不同根部增氧模式下水稻生长动态、产量和氮素吸收积累与转运特性。【方法】以深水水稻品种IR45765-3B和水稻品种中浙优1号为材料,试验在顶部用透明塑料膜遮雨的水泥栽培池中进行,试验设施用CaO2（CaO2）、微纳气泡水增氧灌溉（MBWI）和干湿交替灌溉（AWD）等三个增氧模式处理及淹水对照（WL）。分别测定了两品种的生长动态、产量和与氮素利用相关的指标。【结果】与淹水对照相比较,根部增氧处理均显著促进IR45765-3B分蘖的发生,增幅为10.7%~33.6%,而中浙优1号茎蘖数仅在CaO2处理和AWD处理部分调查时期显著高于对照;根部增氧处理显著提高了两品种的干物质积累量,并显著提高两品种水稻产量,增氧处理下IR45765-3B产量较对照分别增加26.3%（CaO2）、21.8%（MBWI）和10.7%（AWD）,而中浙优1号产量较对照分别增加51.0%（CaO2）、52.2%（MBWI）和29.68%（AWD）;根部增氧显著增加水稻的氮素吸收与利用,与对照相比较,增氧处理下IR45765-3B和中浙优1号氮肥偏生产力均显著升高;施用CaO2和MBWI处理水稻氮素转运效率和氮素转运贡献降低,但齐穗期后两品种的氮素吸收量显著增加,齐穗期后IR45765-3B和中浙优1号在CaO2处理下的氮素吸收量较对照分别增加了73.4%和119.2%,MBWI处理下的氮素吸收量较对照分别增加了128.7%和106.5%。【结论】根部增氧显著促进水稻分蘖发生与成穗,增加水稻干物质积累并显著提高产量;在氮素利用方面,增氧处理下水稻植株对氮素的吸收与积累显著增加,且增氧处理显著促进了水稻对氮素的利用效率;三种增氧模式中CaO2和MBWI的效果较AWD更明显。  相似文献   

14.
稻田干湿交替对水稻氮素利用率的影响与调控研究进展   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  
稻田干湿交替（alternate wetting and drying,AWD）是提高水稻水、氮利用率的重要水分管理措施。水稻品种、生态环境、氮肥运筹和土壤落干强度是影响AWD下水稻氮素利用率（nitrogen use efficiency,NUE）的主要因素。AWD通过改变土壤水-气环境而影响土壤中生物化学过程,进而影响土壤氮素营养的有效性。轻度AWD促进水稻根系的生长和活力,促进水稻氮素的吸收、同化和转移而提高NUE。轻度AWD不仅提高水稻光合作用,还促进干物质向籽粒的分配,从而提高水稻产量和氮素利用率。AWD还引起植物激素的变化,植物激素也可能参与了对水稻氮素利用的调控。该文从根际氮素营养与环境、根系形态功能、氮素同化和再转移,以及碳同化和分配、植物激素调控等方面综述了 AWD对水稻氮素利用率的影响与调控,并提出了一些值得深入探讨的问题。  相似文献   

15.
Ten‐day‐old seedlings of 22 rice (Oryza sativa.L) cultivars originated from various tropical countries were subjected to six levels of aluminum (Al) [0, 74, 148, 222, 296, and 370 μM] to test their tolerance to Al toxicity in nutrient solutions at pH 4.0±0.l. Seedlings were grown in the presence of Al under controlled environmental conditions in growth chambers. The nutrient solutions were replenished once a week. After 30 days, treatments were terminated and the differences in their growth patterns were compared. Standard growth parameters such as plant growth, dry matter production, relative growth reduction in roots (RGRS) and shoots (RGRS), root tolerance index (RTI) and shoot tolerance index (STI) have been used as markers of Al toxicity.

Rice cultivars studied exhibited wide range of responses in their tolerance to Al. Though, the rice cultivars were subjected to six levels of Al, a good degree of separation in their responses was observed only at 222 μM Al. Therefore, this concentration was chosen to analyze and compare the performances of the cultivars. Further, only six cultivars showed significant changes in their expression in the presence of Al compared to control, and so data have been presented only for those cultivars for clarity. The cultivars BW 196, Bhura Rata, Basmati 370 and Co 37 recorded increases in growth, while Damodar and ADT 36 showed severe inhibitions in the presence of Al. Furthermore, in RTI and STI also Co 37 and Basmati 370 registered their tolerance to Al by showing increased growth in the presence of Al. Whereas, Damodar and ADT 36 recorded severe reductions. The RGRR and RGRS data also substantiates this finding. Based on the growth parameters, the six rice cultivars were ranked based on their tolerance to Al: Co 37 > Basmati 370 > BW 196 > Bhura Rata > Damodar > ADT 36. Co 37 and Basmati 370 are the two most tolerant cultivars which performed extremely well in the presence of Al, and Damodar and ADT 36 are the most susceptible cultivars. Therefore, the Al‐tolerant cultivars can be used for future breeding programes to develop Al‐tolerant, cultivars that subsequendy can be recommended for planting in acidic, infertile soils of the tropics.  相似文献   

16.
水稻耐盐性的机理   总被引：15，自引：3，他引：15  
Shaheen Basmati was evolved as a salt tolerant fine rice variety by the Soil Salinity Research Institute,Pindi Bhattian, Pakistan. Water culture studies were conducted to investigate the physiological mechanism exercised by this variety in particular and rice plant in general to face the saline environment. Performance of this rice variety and the concentration and uptake of ions were studied under stress of three salinity levels(30, 60 and 90 mmolL^-1) created with NaC1. Recorded data indicated that shoot dry matter was not significantly affected by all the three levels of salinity. However, NaC1 levels of 60 and 90 mmol L^-1 affected the root dry matter significantly. Sodium concentration and uptake was enhanced significantly in root and shoot at the first level of salinity (30 mmol L^-1) but thereafter the differences were non-significant, indicating the preferential absorption of this cation. The K concentration decreased significantly in shoots at all the levels. The impact was less pronounced in roots as far as K absorption was concerned. The effect on Ca and Mg concentrations was not significant. The values of K:Na, Ca:Na and (Ca Mg):Na ratios in shoot and root were comparatively low under stress conditions, indicating that selective ion absorption may be the principal salt tolerance mechanism of variety Shaheen Basmati when grown in a saline medium.  相似文献   

17.
Soils used for rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation in some areas contain high concentrations of arsenic (As) due to irrigation with groundwater containing As and intensive use of agrochemicals or industrial residues containing As. To restrict rice uptake of As in these soils, approaches to reduce As input and bioavailability must be considered. One approach to reduce As input into rice soils or uptake by rice is cultivating rice under aerobic, intermittent flooding, or alternate wetting and drying (AWD) conditions, rather than in submerged soils, or use of irrigation water low in As. For reducing As bioavailability in soil, aerobic or AWD rice culture and application of biochar, sulfur (S), and/or rice polish to soil are promising. Moreover, use of As-hyperaccumulating plant species (e.g., Pteris vittata L.) in rotation or combinations with favourable plant species (e.g., Azolla, Chlorella, or Nannochloropsis species) can also be promoted, in addition to using rice cultivars that are tolerant to As. Though applications of high doses of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and silicon (Si) fertilizers have shown promise in many instances, these methods have to be practiced carefully, because negative effects have also been reported, although such incidents are rare. Major factors affecting As speciation and bioavailability in soil are chemical properties such as redox status, pH, and Fe, P, Si, and S concentrations, physical properties such as texture and organic matter, and biological properties such as methylation activity by soil microorganisms. However, as many of these factors interact, long-term examination under field conditions is needed before measures are recommended for and implemented in farmers' fields.  相似文献   

18.
[目的]阐明不同水氮管理模式下水稻根际内外氧环境变化特征及其对土壤碳氮转化和水稻氮吸收利用的影响,以期从稻田"根际氧环境"调控角度揭示适宜水氮耦合促进水稻生长和提高氮素利用效率的内在机制.[方法]在长期定位试验基础上,采用根箱模拟培养以及Unisense微电极系统和15N同位素示踪相结合的研究方法,以常规粳稻日本晴和常...  相似文献   

19.
为了明确斜发沸石在干湿交替稻田中的应用潜力,运用离心机法测定不同斜发沸石处理下稻田土壤水分特征曲线,分析了斜发沸石对土壤持水性能的影响;运用自动遮雨棚蒸渗仪进行了灌溉-施氮-沸石的综合水稻栽培试验,明确了斜发沸石和氮肥对干湿交替稻田阳离子交换量、产量、水氮利用率及稻米蛋白质含量的影响及机理。结果表明:稻田土壤基质势在-35~0 k Pa范围内,增施斜发沸石可明显提高土壤持水性能,改善土壤水分状况,在持续淹灌和干湿交替灌溉条件下均能提高水分生产率,且后者更为明显;增施斜发沸石可增强土壤阳离子交换量,从而提高保肥能力和氮肥利用率,尤其是10~15 t/hm2的斜发沸石同105 kg/hm2的氮肥混施可显著提高氮肥农艺利用率和稻米蛋白质含量;增施斜发沸石可增产4.7%~16.8%,且可优化水肥耦合,避免在高氮水平下干湿交替灌溉增产效果低于持续淹灌的现象。与常规施氮的淹灌稻田相比,干湿交替灌溉稻田施用10 t/hm2斜发沸石和105 kg/hm2的氮肥,可减少27.8%的耗水量和33.3%的施氮量,增产10.6%,进而显著提高氮肥利用效率(89.2%)和水分生产率(52.5%),且这些正效应至少可持续2年。  相似文献   

20.
Decreasing fresh water availability has intensified the search for alternative rice cultivation systems with reduced water input, but most evidence suggests negative effects on growth of lowland (LL) rice cultivars. Yield in such production systems may be improved by selection of adapted aerobic ‘Han Dao’ (HD) rice cultivars. Lowland and HD rice were compared under sole nitrate or ammonium supply as well as under mixed supply of both nitrogen (N) forms during the seedling and tillering stage; pronounced differences were found in response to the supplied N form. Shoot dry mass (DM) of HD was significantly lower than that of LL under sole and predominant ammonium supply, whereas LL showed the opposite trend, with significantly lower shoot DM under sole-nitrate supply. Nitrogen concentration of LL rice under sole-nitrate supply was significantly lower compared with other treatments at tillering stage. Han Dao rice had a significantly higher potassium (K) concentration than LL rice under sole-nitrate supply, while the opposite result was observed under sole-ammonium supply. At seedling stage, the portion of N that was taken up from nitrate-N varied from 30% to 40% in HD and LL rice in treatments 75N/25A and 50N/50A, while at both growth stages, predominant ammonium supply resulted in a lower portion (20%) of nitrate-derived N in LL than in HD rice. The portion of nitrate-derived N increased at tillering stage (from 40% to 70%). These results further illustrate a synergistic effect of co-provision of nitrate and ammonium on total N fluxes compared with supply of sole nitrate or sole ammonium. It was concluded that the interaction between N form and tiller formation during early growth stages deserves strong attention for the identification of aerobic rice cultivars.  相似文献   

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