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1.
Abstract –  We studied the migratory behaviour of armado, Pterodoras granulosus , in the Paraná River Basin of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, during 1997–2005. This species invaded the Upper Paraná River after upstream dispersal was facilitated when Itaipu Reservoir inundated a natural barrier. Fish were tagged ( N  = 8051) in the mainstems of the Yacyreta and Itaipu reservoirs, bays of major tributaries, the Paraná River floodplain above Itaipu Reservoir, and below dams. In all, 420 fish were recaptured of which 61% moved away from the release area. Fish moved a maximum of 215 km (mean 42), and at a maximum rate of 9.4 km·day−1 (mean 0.6). Of the 256 armados that moved away from the release site, 145 moved upstream towards unimpounded stretches of the Paraná River and 111 moved downstream into the reservoir and bays of its tributaries (maximum 150 km). Based on the observed migratory movements, we suspect that most of the reproductive output originates in tributaries to the reservoirs. The ability of this species to expand its range presents a conundrum by pitting fishery management interests against conservation needs. Maintenance of the important armado fisheries depends on the ability of the species to migrate freely to use spawning and nursery areas in reservoir tributaries and floodplains. However, its ability to migrate long distances can allow this non-native species the opportunity to invade most of the Upper Paraná River.  相似文献   

2.
015年4月（春季）、8月（夏季）、11月（秋季）和2016年2月（冬季）,对洪泽湖河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）进行了采样调查,共设置30个样点,从各采样点分别随机选取30个河蚬,记录不同壳长、壳宽、壳高和体重的河蚬数量,计算其年龄组成和分布频率,并统计不同壳长组的年龄分布情况,以期为其资源的合理利用与保护提供参考依据。结果显示,形态指标和体重呈现显著的季节变化;壳长、壳宽、壳高、体重和年龄范围分别为1.47~40.82 mm、3.93~27.81 mm、8.46~37.40 mm、0.43~20.56 g和1~5龄,壳长、壳宽、壳高、体重和年龄的优势组分别为15~35 mm（92.6%）、12~20 mm（83.2%）、15~31 mm（88.8%）、2~10 g（79.6%）和2~3龄（76.5%）;其相对增长率和生长指标随年龄的增加逐渐降低;壳长-体重关系式为W = 1.5×10-3L 2.5795(R2= 0.90),Von Bertalanffy壳长和体重生长方程分别为Lt= 39.42 ×[1 - e- 0.33 (t + 0.6)]和Wt= 22.574 × [1-e- 0.33 (t + 0.6)]3;拐点年龄为2.73龄,对应的体重和壳长分别为6.69 g和26.28 mm。分析表明,洪泽湖有适宜河蚬生长的环境条件,且秋季为最佳捕捞季节;年龄与壳长和体重显著正相关,可以通过河蚬的体长和体重来估测其年龄;其生长可分为3个阶段,1~2龄为快速生长期,2~3龄为稳定期,3~5龄为衰老期。建议将拐点年龄所对应的壳长26.28 mm作为洪泽湖河蚬开捕壳长。  相似文献   

3.
Abstract –  The potential of the native characid, Brycon orbignyanus , to help to control some invasive fish species currently present in the Paraná River basin was addressed through microcosm experiments. Juveniles of three invasive ( Cichla piquiti , Oreochromis niloticus and Ictalurus punctatus ) and two native ( Astyanax altiparanae and Prochilodus lineatus ) fish species were offered as prey to B. orbignyanus in 300-l aquarium trials with three habitat complexity treatments (0%, 50% and 100% structure). Prey survival was much more variable among species ( I. punctatus  <  C. piquiti  <  O. niloticus ∼ P. lineatus ∼ A. altiparanae ) than through time, and B. orbignyanus predation was clearly mediated by habitat complexity, with lower prey survival in low-complexity treatments. The lower survival observed for C. piquiti could be partially explained by its less active behaviour and its preference for a surface microhabitat and less structured areas. Prey size also affected predation rates, as for the three less consumed species the largest individuals were significantly preyed on. Our results suggest that preserving and restoring the populations of B. orbignyanus might help to control some fish species introduced to the Paraná River basin, particularly I. punctatus and C. piquiti .  相似文献   

4.
The combined effects of temperature and diet on the growth and biochemical composition of juveniles of the pearl oyster Pinctada mazatlanica at the hatchery were investigated. Specimens were subjected to a combination of four temperatures (20, 23, 26 and 29 °C) and five microalgal diets ( Isochrysis galbana alone, I. galbana + Pavlova salina, I. galbana + Chaetoceros muelleri, C. muelleri + P. salina and I. galbana + P. salina + C. muelleri ). An increase in shell height occurred in a linear pattern, while wet weight gain fitted a power law. Temperature, more than diet, exerted a stronger influence on the growth and condition of the specimens. The combination of 29 °C with P. salina+C. muelleri led to the fastest growth in shell height, while the combination of 29 °C with I. galbana + C. muelleri led to the highest wet and dry weight biomass. In contrast, specimens grew significantly less in shell height and wet weight at 20 °C, regardless of the diet. At all temperatures, the monoalgal diet of I. galbana led to the slowest growth of specimens, but in turn favoured the highest levels of protein, carbohydrate and lipid reserves as a possible strategy to store more energy reserves under stressful events.  相似文献   

5.
宁丽军  陈森  荣华  陈晓瑛  郑佳  张浩田  潘庆  李远友 《水产学报》2022,46(10):1927-1939
为研究不同糖脂比饲料对罗非鱼幼鱼生长、生理生化指标、肠道菌群组成和抗病力的影响。实验选取平均体重为27g的罗非鱼幼鱼为研究对象，分别用等氮等能的五种不同糖脂比饲料: 44.2/4(D1)、39.6/6(D2)、35/8(D3)、30.4/10(D4)、25.6/12(D5)，饲喂10周，采用营养学、生化分析结合高通量测序技术开展了相关测定研究。结果显示，糖脂比饲喂前期对罗非鱼生长具有显著影响，高糖或高脂饲料均生长较差，但饲喂到10周后，所有组间生长无显著差异 (P > 0.05)。相比之下，10周糖脂比在脏体比、肠系膜脂肪指数、肝体比、全鱼粗蛋白、肝脏甘油三酯、血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL）和尿素、抗病力、菌群组成等方面存在显著效应。低糖脂比D4在脏体比上显著高于高糖脂比D1 (P < 0.05)，而在血清尿素和抗病力上显著低于D1 (P < 0.05)，在肠系膜指数上显著高于高糖脂比D1和D2 (P < 0.05)，但在全鱼粗蛋白上显著低于D1和D2 (P < 0.05)。另外，D1不仅在肝体比上高于低糖脂比D5 (P < 0.05)，而且在LDL和糖耐受能力上均高于其它各组 (P < 0.05)。与之相比，糖脂比虽在肠道微生物物种丰度和均一度上没有显著性差异 (P < 0.05)，但在物种组成和热图显示低糖脂比D4与其它组肠道菌群组成不同。D4在聚类关系上单独一支，其门水平上衣原体门、绿弯菌门、放线菌门高于其它各组，特别是D2和D1，但厚壁菌门低于其它各组，特别是D2; 属水平上，D4组幽门螺杆菌属明显多于其它组，而乳杆菌、双歧杆菌属明显少于除D3外的其它组。综上所述，罗非鱼对不同糖脂比饲料有很强的适应和利用能力，但高糖比饲料利用上强于低糖脂比。本实验条件下，高糖组中39.6/6(D2)饲料组虽然在生长上与其它各组无显著差异，但其鱼体粗蛋白含量在各组中最高，肠道菌群组成上也优于其它各组，是罗非鱼适宜的糖脂比水平。  相似文献   

6.
研究了越鳠的食物组成、摄食强度和摄食形态学。样本251尾,2008年6月~2009年5月采自云南元江。结果表明：越鳠的食物由水生昆虫幼虫和小型鱼类等15类组成,水生昆虫幼虫和小型鱼类的出现率分别为73.8%和64.2%,所占比重分别为40.0%和46.9%,小型鱼类和水生昆虫幼虫为越鳠的主要食物。随着体长增加,食物类别减少,摄食强度降低;水生昆虫幼虫的出现率降低,成虫出现率增加;体长160 mm以上个体胃中出现陆生昆虫且其出现率持续上升。食物组成的季节变化明显,摄食强度的季节变化不明显。越鳠是一种偏肉食性的杂食性鱼类,主要摄食底层小型鱼类和水生昆虫幼虫。  相似文献   

7.
为了提高河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)资源量,增加经济效益,2014年12月以鲢、鳙为混养对象,在洪泽湖用网围增殖法进行了河蚬的增殖实验,于2015年5月(春)、8月(夏)、11月(秋)和2016年2月(冬)对网围区和自然水域的河蚬的生长以及水体的总氮、总磷进行了比较分析,估算了增殖区鲢、鳙、蚬的经济效益,从而对河蚬网围增殖效果进行评估。结果显示:监测期间除春季,网围增殖区河蚬的生物量、密度、形态指标和重量均显著大于自然水域,增殖区水体的总磷值(0.017~0.067 mg/L)小于自然水域(0.056~0.109 mg/L),网围增殖区每公顷的经济效益达34 597元。分析表明,该网围增殖法既能保护水体环境质量,又能提高产品质量和经济效益,是一种较为理想的湖泊网围增殖法。  相似文献   

8.
Abstract –  This research characterised feeding ecology of fishes associated with patches of Egeria najas and Egeria densa , two submerged macrophytes, in Rosana Reservoir, Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Fishes were sampled using a 1 m2 throw trap in patches of different macrophyte biomass and in three diel periods during a wet season. Fish diet (10 species) was primarily composed of autochthonous items (zooplankton, algae and aquatic insect larvae). Almost all intra-specific diet patterns had moderate to low levels of diet similarity, indicating a high variability in diet. Some species showed no diel patterns in feeding activity, whereas others were primarily diurnal or nocturnal. No differences in feeding activity were observed among habitats of medium and high macrophyte biomasses, and species tended to feed on the same items among these habitats. The most abundant fish species demonstrated low inter-specific diet overlap and appear not to compete for food resources. We suggest that Egeria patches are feeding grounds and shelter for small-sized fish species.  相似文献   

9.
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10.
Abstract –  This study aimed to evaluate otter predation on stocked trout. Large hatchery-reared trout (16–30 cm) were stocked into two Danish rivers with different fish populations. Otter diet before and after trout stocking was determined by analysing 685 spraints, collected regularly during the 35-day study period. Fish composition in the rivers before stocking was assessed by electrofishing. In River Trend, a typical trout river, the proportion of trout in the otter diet increased from 8% before stocking to 33% a few days after stocking. Moreover, trout lengths in the diet changed significantly towards the lengths of stocked trout, indicating that newly stocked trout were preferred to wild trout. In River Skals, dominated by cyprinids, there was no change in otter diet after stocking of hatchery trout, i.e., these were ignored by otter. Otter predation should be taken into account together with fish and bird predation, when stocking is used as a measure for conserving endangered salmonid populations.  相似文献   

11.
Kreitzer JD, Belk MC, Gonzalez DB, Tuckfield RC, Shiozawa DK, Rasmussen JE. Ontogenetic diet shift in the June sucker Chasmistes liorus (Cypriniformes, Catostomidae) in the early juvenile stage.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 433–438. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Ontogenetic diet shifts are common in fishes and often occur during early life stages. The larval and early juvenile period is critical in the life cycle of the endangered June sucker, Chasmistes liorus (Teleostei: Catostomidae). High larval and juvenile mortality leads to low recruitment to the breeding population and hence a declining natural population. To understand diet composition and dynamics in June sucker at early life stages, diet was quantified and compared to available food items in the natural environment during the early juvenile stage. Rotifers (Brachionus sp.) were the primary diet item at week 10, but by week 12 a small cyclopoid copepod (Microcyclops rubellus) became predominant. Availability of diet items varied little across the experimental period. The increase in size of young suckers may explain this rapid dietary shift, but there are some inconsistencies with the size selection argument. This diet shift represents an important nutritional change that should be considered in development of diets for young June sucker and in assessing suitability of nursery habitats.  相似文献   

12.
A 74‐day trial was undertaken to evaluate the effects of temperature (16 and 22 °C) and dietary protein/lipid ratio on the performance of juvenile Senegalese sole (mean body weight: 6.4 g). Four experimental diets were formulated to contain two protein levels (550 g kg?1 and 450 g kg?1) combined with two lipid levels (80 g kg?1 and 160 g kg?1). Growth was higher at 22 °C and within each temperature in fish fed diets 55P8L and 45P16L. Feed efficiency, N retention (% NI) and energy retention (% EI) were higher at 22 and at both temperatures in fish fed diet 55P8L. Temperature affected whole‐body composition, with dry matter, protein, lipid and energy being higher and ash lower in fish kept at higher temperature. Independently of temperature, whole‐body lipid, energy and ash were higher and protein was lower in fish fed the high‐lipid diets. Visceral and hepatosomatic indices were not affected by diet composition but were higher in fish kept at 16 °C. Liver glycogen and lipid contents and activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases were not affected by diet or water temperature. Malic enzyme (ME) and glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activities were higher in fish fed the low‐lipid diets. ME activity was higher at lower temperature. In conclusion, increasing water temperature from 16 to 22 °C improves growth and feed efficiency of Senegalese sole juveniles; regardless of water temperature, the diet with 550 g kg?1 protein and 80 g kg?1 lipid promoted the best growth and feed efficiency.  相似文献   

13.
The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of partial and total replacement of fish meal (FM) protein by cow pea seed meal (CPSM) protein in practical diets on growth performance, feed utilization, and body composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Fish of an average initial weight of 4.6 ± 0.2 g were stocked in 15 glass aquariums (80 L each) at a rate of 15 fish per aquarium. FM protein (30% of the diet) was used as the sole source of animal protein in the control diet. Percent replacement of FM by CPSM on the basis of crude protein were as follows: 0% (control diet A), 25% (diet B), 50% (diet C), 75% (diet D), and 100% (diet E). Diets were fed to fish at a rate of 4% of the total fish biomass daily, for a period of 16 wk. The results of this study revealed that the fish fed control diet A (100% FM) had the best average final body weight, specific growth rate (SGR %/d), weight gain (g/fish), weight gain %, while the poorest results for all parameters were obtained with fish fed diet E (100% CPSM). The same parameters of fish fed diets B (25% CPSM) and C (50% CPSM) were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of fish fed the control diet A. Feed utilization parameters of fish fed diets A, B, C, and D were better than for diet E. Proximate composition of whole‐body moisture and ash contents were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among all experimental diets and control diet. Whole‐body protein contents for fish fed diets B and C were superior to the control diet A. Incorporation of CPSM in the diets significantly increased whole‐body fat content. Incorporation of CPSM in the diets significantly decreased apparent digestibility coefficient of crude protein crude fat and energy. Diets B and C were not significantly different from control diet A. Therefore, these findings suggest that up to 50% of FM protein can be replaced by CPSM protein in Nile tilapia diets without any adverse effects on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, and digestibility.  相似文献   

14.
长牡蛎壳金选育群体性腺发育与营养成分的周年变化   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
为了评估长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)壳金选育群体的繁殖周期及营养价值,自2013年11月至2014年10月,对山东省刘公岛海区长牡蛎第三代壳金选育群体的性腺发育、营养成分(总蛋白、总脂肪、糖原)季节变化及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究,并比较了与普通养殖群体营养成分的差异。结果表明,长牡蛎壳金选育群体雌雄比例接近1︰1,性腺同步发育;配子发生开始于2月,全年只有1个产卵季节(6―8月),7月为两性配子排放高峰期。配子成熟及排放期间,水温处于较高水平,食物充足,可为性腺发育提供能量,也有利于幼体的存活和生长。卵母细胞直径从配子发生开始逐渐增大,并在产卵前达到最大值(36.88μm),产卵后则降低。营养成分分析表明,脂肪含量在性腺–内脏团中随配子发育积累储存,产卵后显著降低;糖原在性腺发育到4月时开始下降,为配子的发育提供能量;蛋白质在配子发育过程中大量合成,与繁殖活动存在密切联系。长牡蛎壳金选育群体外套膜的总蛋白含量显著高于普通养殖群体(P0.05),糖原和总脂肪含量显著低于普通养殖群体(P0.05),其他组织的一般营养成分未出现显著差异。研究表明,长牡蛎在壳金群体选育过程中营养成分已表现出分化,这为长牡蛎壳色选育提供了重要参考依据。  相似文献   

15.
The growth and survival of 290 mg sole, Solea solea (L.), during and after weaning onto diets containing varying amounts of hydrolysed fish protein concentrate (HFPC) were determined. Survival ranged between 75.5% and 42.5% (91% with a control diet containing polychaete and mollusc meals) during the weaning period and was positively correlated with the level of HFPC in the weaning diet. After weaning, when the fish were ～ 940 mg in weight, no significant correlation was found between growth rate and the level of HFPC in the diet over a period of 22 days. Diet digestibility and its importance during weaning is discussed in relation to the digestive physiology of sole. Weaned sole were fed exclusively on a formulated diet in a sand-free tank at an average temperature of 16.5°C for an 18-month period, achieving a final average weight of 133.1 g ± 40.1 SD (217.5 mm ± 19.1 SD).  相似文献   

16.
A feeding experiment was carried out to determine the effect of a diet lacking n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) on lipid and fatty acid content in intestine and gills of male gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) broodstock at different stages of the reproductive cycle: November (pre-spermatogenesis), March (spermatogenesis), and June (post-spermatogenesis). For this purpose, gilthead seabream broodstock were fed either a control diet (C) or an n-3 and n-6 HUFA-deficient diet (D). The results showed no changes in fatty acid content of polar lipids of intestine and gills from fish fed diet C at different stages of the reproductive cycle. However, significant changes were observed in the fatty acid content of neutral lipids in intestine but not in gills in this group. Thus, between November and March, saturates and n-3 HUFA decreased while monoenes increased. In June, the contents of these fatty acids had returned to their initial values (November). Moreover, in fish fed diet D, the fatty acid content of neutral lipid changed in both intestine and gills. In intestine NL, a decrease in saturates and n-3 HUFA and an increment in monoenes were observed from November to June. In gills, a decrease was also observed in n-3 HUFA from NL along the cycle. Nevertheless, n-6 HUFA content remained unchanged. These results show both tissue specificity in seasonal mobilization of fatty acids linked to reproductive processes and the influence of dietary fatty acids on body composition.  相似文献   

17.
研究分析了饲料组成对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼特定生长率(SGR)及肌肉氨基酸与脂肪酸组成的影响。实验共设4组不同的饲料组成,依次为饲料A(鱼肉糜)、饲料B(鱼肉糜+配合饲料)、饲料C(鱼肉糜+配合饲料+蛏子肉糜)和饲料D(鱼肉糜+配合饲料+蛏子肉糜+桡足类)。实验用银鲳幼鱼的平均体重为4.80±0.11 g,每组饲料设3重复,实验周期为9周。研究结果显示,不同饲料组成可显著影响银鲳的特定生长率,饲料A组的特定生长率最低,并显著低于其它各饲料组;饲料D组的特定生长率最高,且显著高于饲料B、C组的特定生长率(P<0.05);但饲料B、C组间银鲳特定生长率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。银鲳肌肉氨基酸与脂肪酸的分析结果显示,4组饲料组成对银鲳肌肉氨基酸的组成及含量并无显著性影响(P>0.05),但可显著影响肌肉脂肪酸的组成及含量(P<0.05)。饲料D组的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)及n-3HUFA含量均分别显著高于饲料A、B和C组(P<0.05),饲料B和C组的PUFA、HUFA及n-3HUFA均分别显著高于饲料A组(P<0.05),但饲料B、C组间并无显著性差异(P>0.05)。综合分析得出,丰富的饲料组成以及饲料中较高的HUFA含量均有利于银鲳幼鱼的生长。  相似文献   

18.
European grayling, Thymallus thymallus (L.), were reared by four different techniques: (A) in a natural pond without a supply of artificial diet; (B) in a net pen fed artificial dry diet; (C) in tanks fed artificial dry diet; (D) in tanks, and for 16 days before stocking, transferred to a diet based on mixed frozen natural food exclusively. Fish within groups C and D were also split into subgroups of large and small fish. Feeding, growth and survival of fish in the different groups were compared after stocking into three different stocking sites during the spring of 1994. The stocking sites consisted of a barren lake (Lake L), a second lake (Lake N) containing an allopatric perch, Perca fluviatilis L., population, and a barren man-made pond. In Lake L, higher recapture rates and mean weights of stomach contents were obtained in fish reared in the natural pond and in the net pen. There were no differences in total recapture rate, or mean condition factor between small and large fish within groups C and D. In Lake N only five (0.5%) stocked grayling from rearing groups A and B were recaptured during the experiment and more fish from categories C and D were recaptured. This was probably related to size-selective predation. In the pond, there were no differences in recapture rates or in mean weight of stomach contents between fish from any of the groups. In sample 1 (Lake N, 22 days after stocking), mean weight of stomach contents was higher in the larger fish within categories C and D but there was no difference in condition factor between the groups. In sample 1, mean condition factor of fish from the different groups varied markedly, being highest in Lake L followed by Lake N and the Pond. Fourteen out of 26 dead fish in the pond showed clinical symptoms of the bacterial disease ASA. Mortality was related to low initial condition factor at the time of stocking. No stocked grayling were recaptured from the two lakes in the last sample (June 1995).  相似文献   

19.
This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of the probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus , on the growth performance, haematology parameters and immunoglobulin concentration in African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerling. Two experimental diets were formulated to contain 35 g kg−1 crude protein and 10 g kg−1 lipids accordingly and fed three times daily for 12 weeks to 25 C. gariepinus fingerlings per fibreglass tank in 12 replicates each. The control diet was prepared with no probiotic supplementation whereas the second diet was prepared supplemented with a probiotic, L. acidophilus , containing about 3.01 × 107 colonies/g of diet. The results show that growth performance [specific growth rate (SGR) and relative growth rate (RGR)], nutrient utilization [protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)] and survival were significantly ( P <0.05) higher in fish maintained on the probiotic-supplemented diet compared with those on the control diet. Haematology parameters (packed cell volume, haemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, red blood cell and white blood cell, total serum protein, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, glucose and cholesterol) and total immunoglobulin concentrations were also significantly better in fish fed the probiotic-supplemented diet than in the control. Although the water quality parameters monitored were better in the fish fed the probiotic-supplemented diet than in the control, the parameters were not significantly different ( P >0.05). From the results of this experiment, we conclude that L. acidophilus can be used as a probiotic agent in African catfish culture, to enhance fish health, survival and better feed efficiency and growth performance.  相似文献   

20.
The aim of this study was to analyse the trophic ecology of speckled peacock bass Cichla temensis inhabiting two tributaries of the middle Negro River, the Aracá River and the Demeni River. Using an analysis of stomach contents and stable isotope composition (δ15N, δ13C) of scales, we describe the diet and evaluate the trophic position of subadult and adult individuals. We then test whether diet shifts and trophic positions occurred among successive size classes and among sample locations. The stomach content analysis confirmed the piscivorous feeding habit of the species and showed that the speckled peacock bass preyed on a variety species belonging to different trophic guilds. The length of the ingested prey increased with the size of the speckled peacock bass. Diet composition and trophic position were not different among size classes. δ13C values yielded significant shifts among the size classes: larger individuals displayed higher δ13C values than smaller individuals. Trophic position varied between locations, with lowest values observed in fish from the Aracá River. This study demonstrated that diet of C. temensis may vary according to the size of the fish, even at the subadult or adult stages, and according to the river/locality, even within a same basin. We then suggest that further studies take into account local availability of food resources to better explore C. temensis diet and tropic ecology.  相似文献   

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