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含LT型裂纹木梁起裂载荷确定方法的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
木材裂纹萌生的准确判定对木材损伤断裂的评估具有重要的意义,起裂载荷是标定裂纹萌生的关键参数。本试验以杉木为研究对象,利用声发射技术(AE)、数字图像相关法(DIC)和电测法(EM),对含LT型裂纹木梁的损伤断裂特性进行了试验研究。通过研究木梁在加载过程中声发射参数变化规律以及裂尖区域的表面应变信息的演变,分析木梁裂纹萌生规律并确定起裂载荷Pini。结果表明:声发射累计振铃计数、幅度可有效反映木梁内部损伤的产生和演化,利用声发射参数的变化规律能准确确定含LT型裂纹木梁的起裂载荷Pini;数字图像相关法、电测法可以实时监测木梁表面裂缝尖端区域的应变变化,根据应变演变特征可以有效监测木梁表面裂纹的萌生和扩展。声发射技术、数字图像相关法、电测法在确定木梁起裂载荷Pini方面有较好的适用性,所确定的起裂载荷大小为:电测法>数字图像相关法>声发射。试验结果为研究监测含LT型裂纹木材裂纹萌生的试验方法提供了依据,应用时可结合实际工况选择合适的测量方法。 相似文献
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【目的】针对木材蛀干害虫羽化孔洞缺陷检测问题,通过对声发射信号的时频分析,研究木材蛀干害虫羽化孔洞缺陷的AE信号特征。【方法】首先,对无孔洞和3种不同尺寸的钻孔缺陷的木材试件,参照ASTM-E976标准采用铅芯折断方式产生AE源,通过采样频率为500 kHz的2通道木材声发射信号采集系统获取原始AE信号。然后,对原始AE信号进行降噪滤波,再对滤波后的信号进行小波分解并重构AE波形,分析孔径对AE信号频率分布的影响。最后,采用信号相关性分析法和时差定位法,计算AE信号的传播速率,进而分析羽化孔径对传播速率的影响。【结果】AE信号通过无孔洞、5 mm孔洞、8 mm孔洞、15 mm孔洞缺陷,AE信号的主频率分别为38、43、51、117 kHz,AE信号传播的平均速率分别为1 380.7、1 067.3、848.6、437.1 m/s。【结论】AE信号在不同孔径缺陷的木材试件传播时,随着孔洞缺陷的增大,AE信号的幅值发生明显衰减,AE信号的主频率增大,AE信号传播的平均速率减小。为了验证试验结果和结论,找了具有天然蛀干害虫羽化孔洞缺陷的木材试件,孔洞直径约为20 mm,使用相同的方法采集和处理AE信号,AE信号通过天然蛀干害虫羽化孔洞缺陷的主频率为121 kHz,AE信号传播的平均速率为324 m/s。 相似文献
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动态载荷下基于声发射技术的杨木破坏过程检测 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用声发射检测和力学试验相结合的方法,研究山杨木材在动态载荷下的声发射演变过程;结合木材粘弹性特点,通过声发射参数分析研究在不同受力阶段木材的声发射特点.结果表明:1)声发射信号幅值不连续,是跃迁的;材料断裂前声发射信号的幅值和能量比断裂后小,在断裂点对应声发射信号幅值和能量的局部极大值.2)随时间和载荷的变化,声发射累计撞击数和累计能量增加快慢可以体现杨木在受力条件下的完全弹性、弹性为主的弹塑性共存、塑性为主的弹塑性共存3种状态.3)声发射率和幅值参数可以预测材料纤维开始断裂进入危险期的第一"临界点"和材料大量纤维断裂进入严重危险期的第二"临界点",如果继续加载材料将会破坏断裂. 相似文献
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岩石在荷载作用下会产生破裂损伤,力学特性发生退化。为研究北山花岗岩在三轴压缩状态下的力学特性和破裂演化机制,采用MTS815 Flex Test GT和PCI-2声发射(AE)系统对北山花岗岩试样进行了三轴压缩试验,利用采集的声发射信号分析了试样的破裂演化机制,获得了北山花岗岩变形参数,并拟合得到了MohrCoulomb强度准则参数φ=53.25°,c=32.37 MPa,Hoek-Brown强度准则参数σc=173.23 MPa,mi=32.78,s=1,其中参数mi在低围压区间敏感性较强,在高围压区间拟合效果较好。试验结果表明:北山花岗岩的弹性模量与泊松比均随围压的增大呈非线性增长,当围压超过20 MPa时,泊松比趋于稳定;北山花岗岩三轴压缩应力-应变曲线峰前段主要分为初始压密、弹性变形、裂纹稳定扩展和裂纹非稳定扩展4个阶段;基于体积应变模型和体积应变法求得了各阶段分界点的特征应力,即裂隙闭合应力、起裂应力和裂纹损伤应力,特征应力均随围压增加而增大,起裂应力比为0.56~0.58,闭合应力比为0.32~0.44,损伤应力比0.73~0.87;试样的破坏形态主要为单面剪切破坏,且破裂角随围压增加而逐渐减小,低围压下张性劈裂对岩石破坏具有一定的影响,随着围压升高,劈裂成分逐渐减小破裂面趋于平整。 相似文献
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Han Chien Lin Yoshiyasu Fujimoto Yasuhide Murase Yoshihiro Mataki 《Journal of Wood Science》2002,48(5):374-379
Particleboard specimens with various particle sizes were conditioned into two ranges: low and high moisture content. One set was investigated for internal bond (IB) strength and acoustic emission (AE) events during tensile tests perpendicular to the plane and the other for ultrasonic wave transmission characteristics in the thickness direction. The particleboard structural mechanics were changed as a result of the moisture effect. Specimens conditioning to higher moisture content had lower IB strength and lower cumulative acoustic emission event counts (T
AE). The decrease in IB strength indicated that the irreversible thickness swelling was seen when recovery forces of the particles exceed the restraining action of the adhesive. This was attributed to stress release, which resulted in internal failure of the board. The change in the internal structure caused an increased stress level at the initiation of AE generation. No events were recorded before this stress level, obeying theKaiser effect. The decrease inT
AE was not only related to the decrease in IB strength but was also affected by the transformation (attenuation) of the AE signals during IB tests according to the mesh size used.Part of this paper was presented at the 45th and 50th Annual Meetings of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo and Kyoto, 1995 and 2000, respectively 相似文献
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This paper presents an on-line method for detecting damaged teeth in the bandsaw using acoustic emission (AE) signal energy. The method is based on an analysis of differences in AE energies generated by normal and damaged teeth during sawing. Because of the difference in the amount of sawing, the AE energy was low for sawing by the damaged tooth and high for sawing by the normal tooth immediately after the damaged tooth. The ratio of AE energy for two successive teeth — a normal tooth immediately following a damaged tooth — was much greater than 1, whereas the ratio of AE energy for two successive normal teeth was close to 1. The results demonstrate that the technique using the AE energy ratio for two successive teeth is effective for on-line detection of damaged bandsaw teeth.Part of this paper was presented at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Chugoku Skikoku Branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tottori, October 1997 相似文献
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Summary Acoustic emission (AE) signals were collected during fracture tests in order to analyze them for characteristics that could be used as parameters in a reactive control system for the wood drying process. Ponderosa pine and California black oak single edge notch tensile specimens were tested in the TR, TL, and mixed mode configurations, at 12 and 18 percent moisture content and at temperatures of 20, 40 and 60 °C. AE was observed in both opening mode and mixed mode tests, but cumulative events to maximum load in mixed mode were 7.4 times greater than in opening mode for oak and 3.4 times greater in pine. It was concluded that mixed mode AE signals were most promising for pattern recognition analysis, which will be the subject of Part II of this study.This research was supported in part by USDA Grant No. 90-37291-5762 相似文献
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Acoustic emission analysis of industrial plywood materials exposed to destructive tensile load 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Franziska Ritschel Yang Zhou Andreas J. Brunner Thomas Fillbrandt Peter Niemz 《Wood Science and Technology》2014,48(3):611-631
Several plywood materials made from spruce wood and, for comparison, solid spruce wood were investigated focusing on the sub-macroscopic damage evolution during tensile loading of the specimens. The destructive tests were simultaneously monitored by the acoustic emission (AE) method and strain field deformation measurement using digital image correlation (DIC). The bilinear interpretation of exponential defect growth identified the start of significant nonlinear behavior at 70 % of ultimate strength for all plywood materials. However, already the preceding and more stable damage evolution at lower stress levels has indicated a variation in intensity of the source mechanisms evaluated by AE energy of the detected events. Additional information on the formation of strain field concentration, which correlates with discrete accumulation in AE events and increased spreading in the distribution of AE energy, reveals the complexity of pre-damage due to the variation in cracks’ magnitude and timescales involved. The correlation between ultimate tensile strength and damage accumulation below 70 % of ultimate strength is determined, as well as the influence of layered structures on damage size shown by the percentage distribution of AE energy. 相似文献
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Keiko Kuroda 《Journal of Forest Research》2012,17(1):58-64
Xylem dysfunction progresses rapidly in Pinus thunbergii infected with pine wilt disease. The present report deals with the timing and process of the extensive dehydration of tracheids
by embolism and the subsequent desiccation of the xylem with disease development. An ultrasonic acoustic emission (AE) technique
was used to detect embolisms in the xylem of pine trunks. In most of the P. thunbergii saplings inoculated with the pathogen Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the AE frequency suddenly increased in the second week after inoculation. The high-frequency AE continued for about 3 days
and into the nights. Harvesting of specimens at this time revealed that white air-filled patches, representing the dehydrated
and dysfunctional areas, had just emerged in the sapwood. The AE events in the night must be due to something other than embolisms
in healthy trees. Frequent embolism of tracheids, which was suggested by the elevation of the AE frequency, might occur due
to the decrease in the tensile strength of xylem sap. This hypothesis is supported by previously reported data. Host cells
that had reacted to infection with B. xylophilus produce and release chemicals which can lower the surface tension of xylem sap. During the second increase of AEs, most of
which occurred in the third week, xylem desiccation and needle yellowing progressed. Needle fading then became distinct, and
the tree was close to death when the AE frequency dropped during the fourth week. By monitoring the AE, the first physiological
abnormality that took place very early after infection was detected. 相似文献
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Summary The acoustic emissions (AEs) under partially compression were monitored with two softwood and one hardwood specimens in very eary stages of decay by a brown- and a white-rot fungus. Even slightly decayed specimens emitted AEs immediately after beginning of loading, typically when partial compression stress was applied to brown-rotted wood with the flat-headed attachment. With sound specimens of three wood species, only a few AEs were generated until the load reached at the proportional limit. These results suggest that AE monitoring will be one of the feasible means to detect the incipient stages of decay in a field test.The authors thank the Weyerhaeuser Research Grants Program for its aid in this investigation 相似文献
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The life history and feeding biology of the bamboo powderpost beetle Dinoderus minutus remain poorly understood because the beetles’ oviposition, development, and feeding take place inside bamboo culms. In this study, acoustic emission (AE) monitoring was applied for continuous nondestructive analysis of larval feeding activity and development from the first instar to adult eclosion. Newly hatched larvae were inoculated individually into pieces of madake (Phyllostachys bambusoides) culms. AE hits were recorded using single AE sensors fixed onto the bamboo pieces. Generation of AE hits indicated that larval feeding activity had begun after inoculation. Based on the time course of the hourly AE hit rate, the larvae were feeding constantly during each instar, and feeding activity only ceased during periods of ecdysis and pupation. Half of the individuals examined underwent seven instars and the other half underwent eight instars. The time course of AE hit rate per 5 min exhibited periodic cycles, where continuous meals were separated by inactive phases of ca. 5 min, with an average dominant period of each instar ranging between 0.76 and 2.19 h. After correcting the AE data based on distance attenuation of AE waves, the tendency that AE amplitude increased as the larvae developed through ecdysis events became more apparent. AE monitoring continued after adult eclosion, and the feeding activity of the newly emerged adults continued almost ceaselessly during the Reifungsfrass period. 相似文献
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The occurrence of cavitation events and embolism during the latent, early stage and the late developmental stages of pine wilt disease was monitored nondestructively by acoustic emission (AE) and high-resolution magnetic resonance microscopy, respectively, and the results were compared with changes in leaf water potential and stem thickness. In the latent stage of the disease, when no embolisms were observed, cavitation events were detected by AE during the daytime in water-stressed Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) seedlings, indicating that cavitation occurred at the individual tracheid level. In the early stage of the disease, an increase in the frequency of AE events occurred coincidentally with the occurrence of patchy embolisms at the mass tracheid level. The threshold water potential for such mass cavitation was higher than that causing cavitation of individual tracheids during the latent stage of the disease. In the advanced stage of the disease, explosive AE events were observed coincidentally with drastic enlargement of embolized areas and decreases in water potential. The AE events in the latent stage occurred only during the daytime, whereas, in the early and advanced stages of the disease, they also occurred at night. The explosive occurrence of cavitation in the advanced stage was thought to be a case of "runaway embolism." 相似文献
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Mode I fracture and acoustic emission of softwood and hardwood 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
The Mode I fracture behaviour of two softwoods (spruce and pine) and three hardwoods (alder, oak and ash) was studied in
the RL crack propagation system using the splitting test in combination with monitoring acoustic emission (AE) activity. Test
parameters measured included notch tensile strength, specific fracture energy, characteristic length and AE cumulative counts,
AE amplitudes as well as parameters characterizing the frequency spectra of the emitted acoustic emission events. The notch
tensile strength was found to correlate with density. The specific fracture energy and characteristic length showed the different
crack propagation process between the softwoods and hardwoods. The softwoods fractured in a more ductile way and the hardwoods
showed a more linear elastic behaviour. This finding was supported by the AE measurements showing much less cumulative counts
for the hardwoods indicating that less microcracks were formed and that processes like fiber bridging were not so effective.
Differences in the frequency domain of the AE signals between softwoods and hardwoods could not be detected.
Received 13 January 1999 相似文献
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This paper presents a method for detecting gullet cracks in a bandsaw during sawing by monitoring burst-type acoustic emission (AE) signals with large amplitude. The amplitudes of the AE signal and profile height amplitude distributions based on roughness profiles of the sawn surface were compared for the bandsaw with and without gullet cracks. The amplitudes of the AE signal increased and the sawn surface quality became worse with the increased number of gullet cracks in the bandsaw. 相似文献