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1.
Pigs throughout the world are afflicted with leptospirosis, causing serious economic losses and potential hazards to human health. Although it has been known that leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (L‐LPS) is involved in an immunological reaction between an antigen and a host cell, little is known about how the immune system of pigs can respond to L‐LPS. Here, we stimulated pig fibroblasts by L‐LPS and then quantitatively measured gene and protein expression levels of two toll‐like receptors (TLRs), TLR2 and TLR4, by real‐time PCR and Western blotting. As a result, expression of TLR2 was found to be significantly up‐regulated within 24 h after L‐LPS stimulation whereas induction of TLR4 expression was relatively weak. We also revealed that of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and IL‐8 gene expressions were markedly up‐regulated by L‐LPS stimulation. These results may suggest that the pig cell can activate TLR2 rather than TLR4 by L‐LPS stimulation, thereby inducing expression of cytokines.  相似文献   

2.
Reasons for performing study: Airway inflammation in recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is triggered by housing affected horses in stables. It has been suggested that RAO is an allergic condition, but innate immune mechanisms are also involved. Fungal products activate innate immune mechanisms through toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2). In human airway epithelium, TLR2 activation leads to interleukin (IL)‐8 production. This pathway is negatively regulated by the zinc finger protein A20. This study was performed to enhance understanding of innate immune mechanisms in RAO. Hypothesis: TLR2 and IL‐8 mRNA are elevated in RAO during stabling compared with controls. A20 mRNA is negatively associated with the numbers of airway inflammatory cells. Objectives: To determine TLR 2 , IL‐8 and A20 mRNA expression in lungs of stabled and pastured RAO‐affected and control horses. Methods: Airway obstruction and inflammatory cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage were measured, and TLR 2 , IL‐8 and A20 mRNA expression quantified by qRT‐PCR in 6 RAO‐affected and 6 control horses, during and after exposure to hay and straw. Results: Airway obstruction and neutrophils were increased in RAO‐affected horses during stabling. While stabling increased IL‐ 8 , TLR2 and A20 mRNA were unaffected. TLR2 and A20 were significantly correlated (r = 0.83) and A20 mRNA was negatively associated with inflammatory cells. Potential relevance: Stabling does not lead to an increase in TLR2 expression. Other molecules or processes in the TLR2 cascade might be important in fungal‐induced airway inflammation. Equine epithelial‐derived A20 may be involved in modulation of airway inflammation.  相似文献   

3.
Reasons for performing study: Accumulation of extracellular adenosine has been closely associated with human asthmatic responses. However, the relevance of adenosine signalling in equine airways has not previously been investigated. Objectives: To determine the expression of adenosine receptors (AR) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and assess the reactivity of these cells to AR ligands ex vivo, employing IL‐6 as readout of adenosinergic inflammatory signalling. Methods: Eight horses with varying degrees of lower airway inflammation and 10 healthy controls were analysed. Expression of AR‐subtypes in each BAL sample was determined by quantitative RT‐PCR and compared to that in 13 other tissues. Bronchoalveolar lavage cells were stimulated either with the adenosine analogue NECA, CGS‐21680 (A2AAR selective agonist) or with a combination of NECA and SCH‐58261 (A2AAR antagonist) and IL‐6 expression assessed. Results: Bronchoalveolar lavage cells predominantly expressed A2BAR, with lower A2AAR levels and marginal A3AR expression; A1AR was not detected. This pattern was similar to that of PBMCs but different from the other tissues tested. No significant differences in AR expression in BAL cells from both groups were detected, although a trend for decreased A2BAR in airway‐compromised horses was observed. Treatment of BAL cells with the nonselective agonist NECA upregulated IL‐6 expression in cells from airway‐compromised horses, but levels remained unchanged in control animals. Furthermore, blockage of A2AAR with SCH‐58261 enhanced IL‐6 mRNA induction by NECA in both groups, with higher levels in airway‐compromised horses; the amplitude of this response correlated with neutrophil count. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the presence of an adenosine/IL‐6 inflammatory axis in the bronchoalveolar milieu of airway‐compromised horses. While A2BAR is the predominant proinflammatory AR subtype expressed, A2AAR appears to modulate inflammatory signalling (IL‐6 expression) by adenosine. Potential relevance: This study supports selective AR targeting as a potential therapeutic approach for the modulation of inflammation in the equine lower respiratory tract.  相似文献   

4.

Background

People with critical illness (CI) commonly develop various forms of immune dysfunction, however, there is limited information concerning immune dysfunction in dogs with CI.

Hypothesis

The immune response in CI dogs differs from that of healthy dogs.

Animals

Immunologic variables were compared between 14 dogs with CI, defined as APPLEfast score of >20 points, admitted to the University of Missouri Veterinary Health Center Small Animal Clinic Intensive Care Unit and healthy controls (n = 15).

Methods

Cohort study evaluating constitutive and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐10 production, phagocytosis of opsonized E. coli and respiratory burst capacity after opsonized E. coli or phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) stimulation, peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype, and monocyte expressions of HLA‐DR and TLR‐4.

Results

Lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated leukocyte TNF‐α (median, Q1, Q3; CI, 49, 49, 120; control, 655, 446, 1174 pg/mL; P = < 0.001), IL‐6 (median, Q1, Q3; CI, 49, 49, 64; control, 100, 49, 166 pg/mL; P = 0.029), and IL‐10 (CI, 49, 49, 56; control, 96, 49, 203 pg/mL; P = 0.014) production and both E. coli (median, Q1, Q3; CI, 60.5, 43, 88.5; control, 86.6, 81, 89.2%; P = 0.047) and PMA (CI, 40, 11.7, 70; control, 93, 83, 97.6%; P = < 0.001)‐stimulated respiratory burst capacity significantly decreased in CI dogs. Percentage of monocytes expressing TLR‐4 greater in the CI dogs (median, Q1, Q3; CI, 46.9, 24.3, 64.2; control, 16.4, 9.4, 26.2%; P = 0.005).

Conclusion

These findings suggest dogs with CI develop immune system alterations that result in reduced respiratory burst function and cytokine production despite upregulation of TLR‐4.  相似文献   

5.
This study investigated the in vitro effect of Lactobacillus strains, a major group of probiotic lactic acid bacteria, on immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐ and antigen‐induced mast cell degranulation and subsequent gene expression. Bone marrow‐derived mast cells (BMMCs) from DBA/2 mice were cultured with heat‐killed Lactobacillus strains for 24 h. Some strains significantly inhibited IgE‐ and antigen‐induced β‐hexosaminidase release from BMMCs. Furthermore, Lactobacillus reuteri NBRC 15892, which exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity, significantly reduced the elevated interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐13, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and cyclooxygenase‐2 expression levels that was induced by 1–2 h of stimulation with IgE and antigens. The suppressive effect of NBRC 15892 strain on BMMC degranulation was significantly reduced in the presence of a toll‐like receptor (TLR)2‐neutralizing antibody. In addition, downregulation of cell surface FcεRIα expression was observed after 6 h of NBRC 15892 treatment. These results suggest that some Lactobacillus strains inhibited IgE‐mediated mast cell degranulation and subsequent late‐phase reactions involving mast cells via a TLR2‐dependent mechanism with FcεRIα downregulation.  相似文献   

6.
The varied bioavailability and different effects of organic forms of copper on the immune system of poultry have prompted the search for new feed additives based on copper compounds containing modified chelate complexes. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of inorganic and organic forms of copper on selected parameters of the cellular and humoral immune response in broiler chickens by determining the percentages of CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+ and CD25+ lymphocytes, cells with MHC Class II expression, and BU‐1+ cells, as well as the concentrations of SOD, IL‐2, IL‐10 and TNF‐α in the peripheral blood. The experiments were conducted using 500 one‐day‐old Ross 308 roosters divided into five groups. Cu was added in inorganic form (CuSO4), in inorganic form with the addition of phytase (CuSO4 + F), in organic form in combination with glycine (Cu‐Gly) and in organic form in combination with glycine and a phytase supplement (Cu‐Gly+F). The results of the study indicate an increase in the percentage of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes, CD25+ T cells, and cells expressing MHC class II molecules, and in the concentration of ceruloplasmin, activity of superoxide dismutase and the concentration of IL‐2 in the groups that received copper, particularly copper‐glycine chelates. Based on the study, we can conclude that supplementation of poultry feed with copper chelates activates mainly the Th1 cellular immune response and the response of peripheral blood T lymphocytes. Furthermore, it promotes secretion of cytokines, which are involved in potentiation and regulation of the immune response in birds.  相似文献   

7.
Improving our understanding of the mechanisms controlling the corpus luteum (CL) and its role in regulating the reproductive cycle should lead to improvements in the sustainability of today's global animal industry. The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine organ composed of a heterogeneous mixture steroidogenic, endothelial and immune cells, and it is becoming clear that immune mechanisms play a key role in CL regulation especially in luteolysis. Toll‐like receptors (TLR) mediate innate immune mechanisms via the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, especially within various tissues, although the role of TLR within CL remains unknown. Thus, the objectives of this study were to characterize TLR mRNA expression in the CL during the oestrous cycle and in pregnancy (day 30–50), and to examine the role of TLR signalling in luteal cells. Corpora lutea were collected at various stages of the cycle and pregnancy and analysed for TLR and cytokine mRNA expression. In addition, luteal cells were cultured with the TLR4 ligand (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) for 24 h to evaluate the role of TLR4 in regulating luteal function. Toll‐like receptors 1, 2, 4, 6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF), interferon gamma (IFN‐G), and interleukin (IL)‐12, mRNA expressions were greatest in regressing CL compared with earlier stages (p < .05), whereas no change was observed for IL‐6 mRNA expression. Cytokine mRNA expression in cultured luteal cells was not altered by LPS. Based on these data, one or more of the TLRs found within the CL may play a role in luteolysis, perhaps via pro‐inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression.  相似文献   

8.
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9.
T-2 toxin is known to be one of the most toxic trichothecene mycotoxins. Exposure to T-2 toxin induces many hematologic and immunotoxic disorders and is involved in immuno-modulation of the innate immune response. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of T-2 toxin on the activation of macrophages by different agonists of Toll-like receptors (TLR) using an in vitro model of primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM). Cytotoxic effects of T-2 toxin on PAM were first evaluated. An IC50 of 19.47 ± 0.9753 nM was determined for the cytotoxicity of T-2 toxin. A working concentration of 3 nM of T-2 toxin was chosen to test the effect of T-2 toxin on TLR activation; this dose was not cytotoxic and did not induce apoptosis as demonstrated by Annexin/PI staining. A pre-exposure of macrophages to 3 nM of T-2 toxin decreased the production of inflammatory mediators (IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, nitric oxide) in response to LPS and FSL1, TLR4 and TLR2/6 agonists respectively. The decrease of the pro-inflammatory response is associated with a decrease of TLR mRNA expression. By contrast, the activation of TLR7 by ssRNA was not modulated by T-2 toxin pre-treatment. In conclusion, our results suggest that ingestion of low concentrations of T-2 toxin affects the TLR activation by decreasing pattern recognition of pathogens and thus interferes with initiation of inflammatory immune response against bacteria and viruses. Consequently, mycotoxins could increase the susceptibility of humans and animals to infectious diseases.  相似文献   

10.
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11.
This study was conducted to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of a water‐soluble polysaccharide extracted from Artemisia argyi (AAP) in vitro. The effect was assessed in peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) of broilers, which were incubated with different AAP concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml) for 24 hr at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator. The results showed that, compared with the control group, immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentration was increased in the supernatant of the 100 μg/ml AAP‐treated group (p < .05), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration was increased in the supernatant of the 200 μg/ml of AAP group (p < .05). In terms of cytokine production, production of interleukin‐1beta (IL‐1β), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) in the supernatant was enhanced in the AAP group in a dose‐dependent function, as well as enhanced mRNA expressions were showed in the cells (p < .05). The highest concentration of these three cytokines was observed in different AAP groups (IL‐1β for 25 μg/ml of AAP, IL‐6 for 100, and 200 μg/ml of AAP, and TNF‐α for 100 μg/ml of AAP respectively). The concentration of nitric oxide (NO) was increased when using AAP at the concentration of 100 μg/ml (p < .05) as compared to the control group. No significant effects on inducible nitric oxide synthase, Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 and nuclear factor Kappa B (NF‐κB) mRNA level were observed at each concentration of AAP. In conclusion, we found that AAP can specifically promote the production of immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG), cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α), as well as the NO concentration in vitro, but not through the activation of the TLR4/NF‐κB signalling pathway.  相似文献   

12.
Reasons for performing study: Further knowledge of equine keratinocyte physiology and keratinocyte response to various stimuli is important in developing a better understanding of disease states involving the epidermis. Objectives: To assess the inflammatory cytokine response of cultured equine keratinocytes to various pathogen‐associated molecular pattern molecules (PAMPs) from both Gram‐negative and positive bacteria likely to be present in equine sepsis. Methods: Keratinocytes were isolated from skin of 2 horses and primary cultures performed. Keratinocytes were harvested for RNA extraction after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), peptidoglycan (PGN), bacterial DNA (CpG), flagellin or maintained in medium (controls) for 4 or 24 h. Real time‐quantitative PCR was used to quantify interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and CXCL8 mRNA concentrations. Results: Increases (P<0.05) in IL‐1β, IL‐6 and CXCL8 mRNA concentrations were induced by LPS exposure compared to controls. Increased mRNA concentrations of both IL‐6 and CXCL8 were also noted (vs. controls) upon exposure to flagellin. Overall, responses were greater at 4 h. No increases (P>0.05) in cytokine expression by keratinocytes were present after LTA, PGN or CpG exposure. Conclusions: Increased proinflammatory cytokine expression in response to LPS and flagellin indicate that equine keratinocytes have functional TLR4 and TLR5 receptor signalling. However, the lack of keratinocyte stimulation by PGN, LTA or CpG provides no evidence for functional TLR2, TLR9 or NOD receptor signalling. These results suggest that equine keratinocytes are more responsive to PAMPs usually associated with Gram‐negative sepsis and unresponsive to PAMPs most commonly associated with Gram‐positive sepsis. Potential relevance: The increased incidence of injury of epidermal structures in clinical cases of Gram‐negative (vs. Gram‐positive) sepsis in the horse may be due to a lack of functional TLR signalling for Gram‐positive PAMPs in the equine keratinocyte.  相似文献   

13.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is increasingly applied in functional food products and acts as a probiotic model in nutritious and clinical studies. Increasing evidences have revealed the immune modulation of LGG on macrophages. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of LGG on macrophage polarization of murine bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs). BMDMs were treated with 108 colony‐forming units (CFU)/ml LGG for 1.5, 3, and 6 hr. Results showed that LGG obviously upregulated the mRNA expression of M1‐associated cytokines (p < .05), including interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), whereas had no effect on the expression of M2‐associated markers (p > .05), including arginase 1 (Arg1), mannose receptor, and chitinase‐like protein 3 (YM1). Furthermore, LGG markedly increased the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐12p40, cyclooxygenase‐2 [COX‐2], and interferon‐γ [IFN‐γ]) (p < .05) and anti‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐10, IL‐4, and transforming growth factor‐β [TGF‐β]) (p < .05). In addition, we also found that TLR2/MyD88/MAPK signaling pathway was required for LGG‐induced M1 macrophage polarization and M1‐related cytokines expression. Together, these findings demonstrate that probiotic LGG facilitates M1 polarization of BMDMs, suggesting that LGG may have an immunotherapeutic potential in regulating the host defense against pathogen invasion.  相似文献   

14.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) participate in regulation of adaptive immune responses, and lymph nodes play key roles in the initiation of immune responses. There is a tolerance to the allogenic fetus during pregnancy, but it is unclear that expression of TLR signaling is in ovine lymph node during early pregnancy. In this study, lymph nodes were sampled from day 16 of nonpregnant ewes and days 13, 16, and 25 of pregnant ewes, and the expressions of TLR family (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9), adaptor proteins, including myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88), tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and interleukin-1-receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), were analyzed through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry analysis. The results showed that mRNA and protein levels of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TRAF6, and MyD88 were upregulated in the maternal lymph node, but TLR5, TLR9, and IRAK1 were downregulated during early pregnancy. In addition, MyD88 protein was located in the subcapsular sinus and lymph sinuses. Therefore, it is suggested that early pregnancy induces changes in TLR signaling in maternal lymph node, which may be involved in regulation of maternal immune responses in sheep.  相似文献   

15.
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of oral tolerance of caseins (CSN) and whey proteins (WP) in alleviating the allergic response to cow's milk proteins in Swiss albino mice raised on a milk protein–free diet. Oral tolerance was induced by feeding mice with 20 mg of CSN or WP once in a day for 4 days consecutively before immunization with respective protein by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections (20 μg 200 per μl of PBS) using 2% of alum Al(OH)3 as adjuvant. Three weeks later, oral tolerance induction was analysed in humoral and cellular compartments of CSN‐ and WP‐fed versus saline‐fed control mice groups by measuring seric and intestinal antibody responses, mRNA abundance in splenic tissue and cytokine secretion patterns. The specific serum immunoglobulin‐E (IgE) levels were significantly suppressed (p < 0.05), while sIgA was enhanced in these groups when compared with their respective saline‐fed mice. Moreover, the mRNA levels of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) in both CSN‐ and WP‐tolerized mice were found to be significantly decreased, while the abundance of interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) was increased significantly, as compared to respective control groups. Finally, cytokine profiles indicated a reciprocal decrease in IL‐4 and IFN‐γ versus an increase in IL‐10 secretions in supernatants of cultured splenocytes of tolerized mice. Taken together, these results clearly showed that oral administration of cows' milk caseins and whey proteins can induce significant hyposensitization in mice, with the participation of suppressor cytokines.  相似文献   

16.
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17.
Uterine inflammatory response is mediated by inflammatory mediators including eicosanoids and cytokines produced by immune and endometrial cells. Interactions between lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytokines, and leukotrienes (LTs) in endothelium, important for the host defence during the inflammation, are unknown. We studied the effect of LPS, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐4 and IL‐10 on 5‐lipooxygenase (5‐LO), LTA4 hydrolase (LTAH) and LTC4 synthase (LTCS) mRNA and protein expression, LTB4 and LTC4 release from porcine endometrial endothelial cells, and cell viability. For 24 hr, cells were exposed to LPS (10 or 100 ng/ml of medium) and cytokines (each 1 or 10 ng/ml). 5‐LO mRNA/protein expression augmented after incubation with larger doses of LPS, TNF‐α, IL‐4 and IL‐10 and smaller dose of IL‐1β. Larger dose of TNF‐α, smaller doses of LPS and IL‐1β and both doses of IL‐10 increased LTAH mRNA/protein expression. LTAH protein content was up‐regulated by larger dose of LPS, but it was reduced in response to both doses of IL‐4. LTCS mRNA expression was elevated by larger doses of LPS, IL‐4 and IL‐10 or both doses of TNF‐α and IL‐1β. LTCS protein level increased after treatment with both doses of IL‐1β, IL‐4 and IL‐10, smaller dose of LPS and larger dose of TNF‐α. Both doses of LPS and larger doses of TNF‐α and IL‐10 increased LTB4 release. LPS, IL‐1β and IL‐10 at smaller doses, or TNF‐α and IL‐4 at larger doses stimulated LTC4 release. Smaller doses of TNF‐α and IL‐1β or both doses of IL‐4 enhanced the cell viability. This work provides new insight on the participation of LPS, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐4 and IL‐10 in LTB4 and LTC4 production/release from porcine endometrial endothelial cells, and the effect of above factors on these cells viability. The used cellular model gives the possibility to further establish the interactions between inflammatory mediators.  相似文献   

18.
We previously described that supplementary garlic, onion and purple sweet potato (PSP) enhance humoral immune response in White Leghorn chickens. In the present in vitro study, we investigated the effects of garlic (GE), onion (OE) and PSP (PSPE) extracts on proliferation, interleukin (IL)‐2 and interferon (INF)‐γ gene expression of stimulated lymphocytes. The effects on microbicidal activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) productions of stimulated peritoneal macrophages were studied as well. The results showed that GE augmented Concanavalin A (ConA)‐induced splenocytes (4, 8 and 16 µg/mL) and thymocytes (2, 4 and 8 µg/mL) proliferations, and gene expression of IL‐2 (8 and 16 µg/mL) and INF‐γ (16 µg/mL). None of the examined extracts had mitogenic effect nor stimulated bursacytes response to phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA). Macrophages exhibited superior microbicidal activity and ROS production with GE at 4 and 8 µg/mL and with OE at 25.6 µg/mL. None of the extracts showed stimulatory effects on NO production. The extracts showed concentration‐dependent inhibitory effects on all measured parameters at higher concentrations. Taken together, it is likely that garlic has direct stimulatory effects on immune cell functions, whereas the in vitro inhibitory effects of onion and PSP were likely attributed to high flavonoid contents.  相似文献   

19.
《动物营养（英文）》2021,7(4):1182-1188
Manipulation of perinatal diets, such as supplementing feed with rumen-protected glucose (RPG), has been positively regarded as a strategy to improve milking performance. This study was conducted to assess the effects of RPG on the fermentation profiles, resident microbiota and mucosal immunity in the cecum. Ten Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to either a 25 g/kg RPG diet (DM basis) or a 11 g/kg coating fat diet (control, CON). Compared with the CON group, the acetate-to-propionate ratio was lower in the RPG group. Gene expression analysis indicated that RPG supplementation tended to upregulate the expression of Na+/H+ hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) (P = 0.076). RPG supplementation downregulated the expression of genes involved in self-rehabilitation such as matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), MMP3, MMP9 and MMP13. Additionally, the mRNA expression of genes involved in immunity including Toll-like receptors (TLR4, TLR6 and TLR7) and proinflammatory cytokines (immune interferon gamma [IFNG] and interleukins interleukin 17A [IL17F], IL17A, IL22), was downregulated by RPG supplementation. Nonetheless, no differences existed in the bacterial copy number and beta diversity between the 2 groups. Overall, supplementation with RPG would probably cause a shift towards propionate production in the cecal digesta, and promote the immune homeostasis of the cecal mucosa in transition dairy cows. Our results extended the basic understanding of RPG supplementation and utilization in transition dairy cows in terms of host microbe interplay in the cecum.  相似文献   

20.
Chickens can be infected with Salmonella enterica at any time during their life. However, infections within the first hours and days of their life are epidemiologically the most important, as newly hatched chickens are highly sensitive to Salmonella infection. Salmonella is initially recognized in the chicken caecum by TLR receptors and this recognition is followed by induction of chemokines, cytokines and many effector genes. This results in infiltration of heterophils, macrophages, B- and T-lymphocytes and changes in total gene expression in the caecal lamina propria. The highest induction in expression is observed for matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7). Expression of this gene is increased in the chicken caecum over 4000 fold during the first 10 days after the infection of newly hatched chickens. Additional highly inducible genes in the caecum following S. Enteritidis infection include immune responsive gene 1 (IRG1), serum amyloid A (SAA), extracellular fatty acid binding protein (ExFABP), serine protease inhibitor (SERPINB10), trappin 6-like (TRAP6), calprotectin (MRP126), mitochondrial ES1 protein homolog (ES1), interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 (IFIT5), avidin (AVD) and transglutaminase 4 (TGM4). The induction of expression of these proteins exceeds a factor of 50. Similar induction rates are also observed for chemokines and cytokines such as IL1β, IL6, IL8, IL17, IL18, IL22, IFNγ, AH221 or iNOS. Once the infection is under control, which happens approx. 2 weeks after infection, expression of IgY and IgA increases to facilitate Salmonella elimination from the gut lumen. This review outlines the function of individual proteins expressed in chickens after infection with non-typhoid Salmonella serovars.  相似文献   

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