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1.
Efficient crop growth with low nitrogen (N) application is becoming a requirement to face the concern on excessive N emission to the environment and the increasing cost of fertilizers. This study compared six natural populations and three improved varieties of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) for dry‐matter yield over 4 years under ordinary N fertilization (450 kg ha?1 in the 4 years) and very low N fertilization (only 40 kg ha?1 prior to sowing). Both endophyte‐infected (EI) and endophyte‐free (EF) forms of each accession were sown. On average, ordinary fertilization implied 30 % higher yield than very low fertilization and the EI germplasm outyielded the corresponding EF germplasm (+4.4 %). Mean yield of improved varieties was higher than that of natural populations under ordinary fertilization (P < 0.05), whereas the two germplasm groups did not differ under very low fertilization. Accession × N fertilization interaction was found among natural populations but not among varieties (P < 0.05). A few natural populations were top‐yielding under very low fertilization and may be exploited, possibly in combination with endophyte infection, to select tall fescue varieties with enhanced performance under limited N application.  相似文献   

2.
Irrigation frequency is one of the most important factors in drip irrigation scheduling that affects the soil water regime, the water and fertilization use efficiency and the crop yield, although the same quantity of water is applied. Therefore, field experiments were conducted for 2 years in the summer season of 2005 and 2006 on sandy soils to investigate the effects of irrigation frequency and their interaction with nitrogen fertilization on water distribution, grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) of two white grain maize hybrids (Zea mays L.). The experiment was conducted by using a randomized complete block split‐split plot design, with four irrigation frequencies (once every 2, 3, 4 and 5 days), two nitrogen levels (190 and 380 kg N ha?1), and two maize hybrids (three‐way cross 310 and single cross 10) as the main‐plot, split‐plot, and split‐split plot treatments respectively. The results indicate that drip irrigation frequency did affect soil water content and retained soil water, depending on soil depth. Grain yield with the application of 190 kg N ha?1 was not statistically different from that at 380 kg N ha?1 at the irrigation frequency once every 5 days. However, the application of 190 kg N ha?1 resulted in a significant yield reduction of 25 %, 18 % and 9 % in 2005 and 20 %, 13 % and 6 % in 2006 compared with 380 kg N ha?1 at the irrigation frequencies once every 2, 3 and 4 days respectively. The response function between yield components and irrigation frequency treatments was quadratic in both growing seasons except for 100‐grain weight, where the function was linear. WUE increased with increasing irrigation frequency and nitrogen levels, and reached the maximum values at once every 2 and 3 days and at 380 kg N ha?1. In order to improve the WUE and grain yield for drip‐irrigated maize in sandy soils, it is recommended that irrigation frequency should be once every 2 or 3 days at the investigated nitrogen levels of 380 kg N ha?1 regardless of maize varieties. However, further optimization with a reduced nitrogen application rate should be aimed at and will have to be investigated.  相似文献   

3.
In a crop rotation trial, conducted from 1985 to 1988 at TU-Munich's research station in Roggenstein, the transfer of grain legume nitrogen was evaluated in crop rotations containing fababeans and dry peas as well as oats (reference crop) and winter wheat and winter barley as following crops. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: Dinitrogen fixation by fababeans ranged from 165 to 240 kg N ha1, whereas N2-fixation by peas amounted from 215 to 246 kg N ha?1. In all seasons the calculated N-balance where only grain was removed was positive, with a net gain being on average 106 (peas) and 84 (fababeans) kg N ha?1. After the harvest of peas 202 kg N ha?1 remained on the field on average over seasons (158 kg N ha?1 in the above ground biomass and 44 kg N ha?1 as NO3-N in 0–90 cm depth). As compared to peas, fababeans left 41 kg N ha?1 less due to smaller amounts of nitrogen in the straw. After oats very small amounts of residual nitrogen (33 kg N ha?1) were detected. After the harvest of grain legumes always a very high nitrogen mineralization was observed during autumn especially after peas due to a close C/N-relationship and higher amounts of nitrogen in the straw as compared to fababeans. In comparison with fababeans, N-mineralization after the cultivation of oats remained lower by more than 50%. During winter, seepage water regularly led to a considerable decrease of soil NO3-N content. The N-leaching losses were especially high after cultivation of peas (80 kg N ha ?1) and considerably lower after fababeans (50 kg N ha?1) and oats (20 kg N ha?1). As compared to oats, a higher NO3-N content in soil was determined at the beginning of the growing period after preceding grain legumes. Therefore, winter wheat yielded highest after preceding peas (68 dt ha?1) and fababeans (60 dt ha?1) and lowest after preceding oats (42 dt ha?1). The cultivation of grain legumes had no measurable effect on yield formation of the third crop winter barley in either of the growing seasons.  相似文献   

4.
The effects of Nitrogen (N) and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on growth and development of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. var. Hysun-33) grown in the greenhouse under a natural environment were studied. The N-use efficiency of a sunflower crop grown under three N rates (N1 = 0 kg ha?1, N2 = 120 kg ha?1, and N3 = 240 kg ha?1) and three PGPR levels (R1 = 0 kg ha?1, R2 = 30 kg ha?1, and R3 = 60 kg ha?1) were investigated. The maximum amount of N resulted in higher total dry matter production per plant and the effect was prominent from 34 days after sowing (DAS). Seed yields differed significantly among different sunflower crops especially at limiting N supply, with significant shifts according to the N level. N uptake was an important parameter for yield at all N rates. The 240 kg N ha?1 treatments provided the maximum yield, while the oil contents in these treatments of higher yield showed a lower oil content (%). Harvest index was also significantly correlated to yield across N rates; however, its importance depended much on environmental conditions as well. It can be inferred from the study that sunflower crop is well-supplied with respect to growth, development, yield and yield components, to enhance N efficiency and depends very much on the N supply. All the parameters gave maximum results with the increment of N while PGPR regimes had no prominent impact on the sunflower crop, the target environment, and the target yield level grown under a specified controlled glasshouse environment.  相似文献   

5.
Experiments were carried out to study the effects of N fertilizer rates and timing of application on the yield and grain quality of a rainfed emmer crop (Triticum dicoccum Shübler) under Mediterranean conditions. The following parameters were analyzed: hulled and net grain yield, hulled index, spikes m?2, spikelets per spike, kernels m?2, thousand-kernel weight, biomass, plant height, lodging, grain protein and ash content. In the first experiment, different N rates (30, 60 and 90 kg N ha?1 plus a control not fertilized) were split at three phenological stages (seeding 20%, tillering 40% and stem elongation 40%). In the second experiment, three N doses (30, 60 and 90 kg N ha?1) were applied to three crop stages (seeding, tillering and stem elongation). In the third experiment, the rate of 90 kg N ha?1 was distributed in different amounts (90-0-0, 0-90-0, 0-0-90, 45-45-0, 45-0-45, 0-45-45, 30-30-30) at the three mentioned crop stages. Increasing N rates resulted in higher hulled and net grain yield, as well as protein content. Fertilization (from 60 to 90 kg N ha?1) applied to tillering maximized hulled and net grain yield. Fertilization (90 kg N ha?1) applied to stem elongation gave the highest grain protein content (%) while splitting application (30 kg N ha?1 each) at three phenological stages maximized protein yield per hectare. Application of half or one-third of 90 kg N ha?1 to stem elongation improved grain protein content in comparison with applications at sowing, or at both sowing and tillering. The main factor determining higher yields with increasing N rates in this emmer crop was the number of kernels m?2. None of the yield components accounted for differences in grain yield when timing and splitting application were varied.  相似文献   

6.
Field trials were replicated at four sites in the moist savanna ecological zone of West Africa to study the effect of maturity class and phosphorus (P) rate on grain yield and total protein yield (TPY) of some new soya bean varieties. Grain yield and TPY averaged 1.43 Mg ha?1 and 587 kg ha?1, respectively. Without P application grain yield and TPY were not significantly different among the varieties. In addition, at zero P treatment, grain yield and TPY were not significantly different among three sites where available P was 6.2 mg kg?1 or less. P application depressed grain yield and TPY at a site where the available soil P was high (16.2 mg kg?1). With P application grain yield and TPY were in the range of 1.2–2.28 Mg ha?1 and 505–948 kg ha?1, respectively, for the varieties compared with 0.99–1.12 Mg ha?1 and 454–462 kg ha?1 when P was not applied. The response of grain yield to 30 kg P ha?1 was substantial at Gidan Waya (113 %), Kasuwan Magani (63 %) and Fashola (60 %), three sites where available soil P was low. The application of 30 kg P ha?1 increased grain yield by 21 % in early, 26 % in medium and 58–70 % in the late varieties. Significant variety by P rate interaction effects were observed on grain yield and TPY but not on grain protein concentration (GPC). TPY showed greater response to P in the late varieties than in the early or medium. While seed size correlated significantly and positively with GPC, P application had no significant effect on GPC.  相似文献   

7.
不同年代中籼水稻品种的米质及其对氮肥的响应   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
旨在探明中籼水稻品种改良过程中米质变化特点以及施氮量对其产量和品质的影响。以江苏省近70年来生产上广泛应用的12个代表性中籼水稻品种(含杂交稻组合)为材料,依据应用年代将其分为20世纪40-50年代、60-70年代、80-90年代和2000年以后(超级稻)4个类型,设置零氮(0N,全生育期不施氮)、中氮(MN,全生育期施氮210 kg hm-2)和高氮(HN,全生育期施氮300 kg hm-2)3个施氮水平,测定了产量和稻米品质诸性状。结果表明,随品种的改良,中籼水稻品种的产量显著提高,整精米率、垩白度、长宽比、直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、蛋白质组分和淀粉黏滞特性等显著改善,但现代品种的垩白度仍然较高。在3种施氮水平下,超级稻以HN的产量最高,其他年代品种以MN产量最高或MN与HN的产量差异不显著。随施氮量增加,稻米的蛋白质含量和垩白度增加,崩解值降低,消减值增大,稻米的食味品质降低。在HN下稻米中K、P、S、Ca、Mg等营养元素含量也较0N或MN下降低。以上结果说明,中籼水稻品种改良显著提高了产量,改善了稻米品质。总体上,增施氮肥特别是高量施用氮肥会降低稻米品质。如何通过氮肥的优化运筹实现水稻高产优质的协调发展是亟待研究的问题。  相似文献   

8.
Field experiments were conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, during 2001–2002 and 2002–2003, to study the effect of inorganic, organic and Azotobacter combined sources of N on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and their residual effect on succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop. The results indicated considerable increase in yield attributes and mean seed cotton yield (2.33 Mg ha?1) with the combined application of 30 kg N and farmyard manure (FYM) at 12 Mg ha?1 along with Azotobacter (M4). The treatment in cotton that included FYM, especially when fertilizer N was also applied could either improve or maintain the soil fertility status in terms of available N, P and K. Distinct increase in yield attributes and grain yield of wheat was observed with the residual effect of integrated application of 30 kg N ha?1 + FYM at 12 Mg ha?1 + Azotobacter. Direct application of 120 kg N ha?1 resulted 67.4 and 17.7 % increase in mean grain yield of wheat over no N and 60 kg N ha?1, respectively. Integrated application of organic and inorganic fertilizer is therefore, recommended for higher productivity and sustainability of the cotton–wheat system.  相似文献   

9.
Effects of tillage on the appropriate fertilizer N applications needed to achieve maximal grain yield are poorly denned. The study objective was determination of relative corn grain yield response to N application rate for four tillage practices: no-tillage (NT), ridge tillage (RT), fall chisel plowing (CP) and fall moldboard plowing (MP). Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield and N accumulation were monitored over a 6 year period with the same tillage treatment and the same fertilizer N rate applied each year to each plot. Two hybrids, differing in relative maturity rating, were planted each year. Fertilizer N rates ranged from 10 to 190 kg ha?1 and consisted of 10 kg ha?1 of liquid starter N applied at planting with varying amounts of fall applied anhydrous ammonia. With only starter fertilizer, grain yields increased with tillage intensity in the order NT ≤ RT ≤ CP ≤ MP. With ≥ 55 kg total applied Nha?1, 6 year average grain yields were unaffected by tillage. Total N removed in grain annually with only starter fertilizer ranged from 25–85 kg ha?1 Maximal amounts of N removed, about 145 kg N ha?1, occurred with 100–145 kg applied N ha?1 for all tillage treatments under the more favorable climatic conditions. Several interactions affecting grain yield appear climatically sensitive with exception of tillage by fertilizer N interactions. Because of variability in climate, planting dates varied by almost 4 weeks. Relative yield loss due to planting delay were Fertilizer N (mean change ??124 –?275 kg ha?1 day?1) > Starter N only and MP (mean ?? 259 kg ha?1 day?1) > other tillages in general. Yield loss due to delayed planting ranged from 0.0–275 kg ha?1 day?1. Grain yield gains due to early spring soil temperatures were 16.0–21.8 kg ha?1 index-degree?1 with MP tillage and averaged 2.7– 16.7 kg ha?1 index-degree?1 more than those of other tillage-hybrid combinations.  相似文献   

10.
Recovery of fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied to winter wheat crops at tillering in spring is lower than that of N applied at later growth stages because of higher losses and immobilization of N. Two strategies to reduce early N losses and N immobilization and to increase N availability for winter wheat, which should result in an improved N use efficiency (= higher N uptake and/or increased yield per unit fertilizer N), were evaluated. First, 16 winter wheat trials (eight sites in each of 1996 and 1997) were conducted to investigate the effects of reduced and increased N application rates at tillering and stem elongation, respectively, on yield and N uptake of grain. In treatment 90‐70‐60 (90 kg N ha?1 at tillering, 70 kg N ha?1 at stem elongation and 60 kg N ha?1 at ear emergence), the average values for grain yield and grain N removal were up to 3.1 and 5.0 % higher than in treatment 120‐40‐60, reflecting conventional fertilizer practice. Higher grain N removal for the treatment with reduced N rates at tillering, 90‐70‐60, was attributed to lower N immobilization (and N losses), which increased fertilizer N availability. Secondly, as microorganisms prefer NH4+ to NO3? for N immobilization, higher net N immobilization would be expected after application of the ammonium‐N form. In a pot experiment, net N immobilization was higher and dry matter yields and crop N contents at harvest were lower with ammonium (ammonium sulphate + nitrification inhibitor Dicyandiamide) than with nitrate (calcium nitrate) nutrition. Five field trials were then conducted to compare calcium nitrate (CN) and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) nutrition at tillering, followed by two CAN applications for both treatments. At harvest, crop N and grain yield were higher in the CN than in the CAN treatment at each N supply level. In conclusion, fertilizer N use efficiency in winter wheat can be improved if N availability to the crops is increased as a result of reduced N immobilization (and N losses) early in the growth period. N application systems could be modified towards strategies with lower N applications at tillering compensated by higher N dressing applications later. An additional advantage is expected to result from use of nitrate‐N fertilizers at tillering.  相似文献   

11.
不同施氮水平对超高产夏玉米氮磷钾积累与分配的影响   总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21  
为探明不同施氮水平下玉米超高产(≥13 500 kg hm-2)群体氮磷钾积累及分配规律,通过苏玉20、浚单20两品种3年不同氮肥运筹方案的试验,实现了籽粒最高产量14 753 kg hm-2的目标。结果表明：(1)随着生育进程,两品种氮磷钾在植株、籽粒中积累逐渐增大,在叶片、茎秆、叶鞘中呈先单峰变化趋势,叶片氮钾峰值在大口期,磷峰值在开花期。增大灌浆期植株氮积累量及叶片氮转移率,促使成熟期籽粒氮磷较大积累量,利于超高产玉米群体的形成。(2)籽粒产量、1 kg氮生产籽粒量、氮肥的农学效率、氮素利用率、植株(及叶片、茎秆、叶鞘、籽粒等器官)氮磷钾含量在450 kg hm-2施氮水平时达到最大值,其值(苏玉20)分别为14753 kg hm-2、44.0 kg、19.24%、38.63%、335.4 kg hm-2、178.2 kg hm-2、230.7 kg hm-2,过高过低施氮均使氮磷钾积累量及产量下降。(3)由两品种产量与施氮水平的回归方程,确定了超高产时的最佳施氮量、超高产施氮水平和最佳施氮范围,苏玉20分别为457.0 kg hm-2、418.3~495.7 kg hm-2、418.5~495.4 kg hm-2;浚单20分别为452.7 kg hm-2(最佳施氮量)、410.8~494.6 kg hm-2 (最佳施氮范围)。  相似文献   

12.
This study documented the effects of barley companion crop seeding rate and cutting stage on alfalfa establishment in a highland area. Alfalfa was established with barley at seeding rates of 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha?1 and cut at the milk‐dough and ripe grain stages. In most cases, hay yield and composition of herbage were affected by companion crop seeding rate and cutting stage. Total hay yield increased from 3294 to 5131 kg ha?1 when the companion crop seeding rate was increased from 0 to 180 kg ha?1 at the milk‐dough stage. Legume and weed growth was suppressed by the companion crop during establishment, but using a barley companion crop decreased alfalfa plant losses in the seeding year. Few residual effects of barley were seen on hay yield in the subsequent year, but residual effects of companion crop treatments on weed suppression continued in all clippings of the second year. The results suggest that alfalfa should be sown with a barley companion crop in highland areas with adequate moisture. The seeding rate for barley is about the same as that for barley grown alone, and the companion crop could be harvested for hay or grain in the establishment year.  相似文献   

13.
氮肥用量及钾肥施用对稻麦周年产量及效益的影响   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
为探明优化施氮量与高施氮量下不同钾肥施用处理对稻麦周年产量及效益的影响。本试验于2010年5月–2011年7月在江苏省如皋市农业科学研究所试验基地的田间稻麦轮作条件下,对常规粳稻品种镇稻11和春性中筋品种扬麦16设置了两个氮肥用量下不同钾肥用量及施用方法处理,测定稻麦周年的产量和组成因子,成熟期不同器官的氮、钾浓度和累积量,氮、钾利用效率及经济效益。试验结果表明,钾肥的施用显著提高了周年稻麦的产量,同时提高了稻麦的有效穗数、穗粒数和结实率,钾肥的利用效率和经济效益。稻麦周年钾肥(K2O)的偏生产力(PFP)、农学效率(AE)、回收利用率(RE)和经济效益均以周年钾肥(K2O)土壤施用150 kg hm-2 + 叶面喷施16.2 kg hm-2 (KS150 + KF16.2)处理最高。氮肥用量的结果表明,相对于优化施氮量,高施氮量有利于提高水稻的氮素营养而增产,但对稻麦周年产量的影响不显著,且优化施氮量的氮肥利用效率及经济效益均高于高施氮量。因此,综合考虑土壤环境因素、经济效益和肥料资源管理,本地区最佳氮肥(N)用量为水稻200 kg hm-2,小麦180 kg hm-2;最佳钾肥(K2O)用量及方法为水稻土壤施用90 kg hm-2 + 叶面喷施9.7 kg hm-2 (KS90 + KF9.7),小麦土壤施用60 kg hm-2 + 叶面喷施6.5 kg hm-2 (KS60 + KF6.5)。  相似文献   

14.
Striga hermonthica is a major biotic constraint in the dry and less fertile areas of northern Ethiopia. Emphasis is being placed on improved cropping systems to address the interrelated problems of Striga and soil fertility decline. The potential benefits of intercropping were investigated at two sites representing different environments for crop yield improvement, soil fertility maintenance and Striga control. Ten food legume and oilseed crop species were compared in inter‐row arrangement with sorghum under non‐fertilized conditions. In most cases, there was no significant negative impact of intercropping on sorghum growth and development. Among the intercrops, two cowpea varieties – cv. TVU 1977 OD and cv. Blackeye bean – produced the highest supplemental yield of up to 329 and 623 kg ha?1 grain and 608 and 1173 kg ha?1 biomass at Adibakel and Sheraro respectively. Treatment differences on Striga infestation and measured soil fertility indicators were not significant. Nevertheless, valuable grain and biomass obtained from the legume intercrops, without seriously compromising sorghum yield, could offer multiple benefits as a source of protein, additional income, feeds for animals and manure in the subsistence agriculture regions of northern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

15.
In this study, conducted from 1979 to 1986 in southern Spain, the objective was to analyze the effects of a possible interaction between soil-applied N and foliar S applied to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) during tillering on grain yield and to identify the mechanism involved. From 1979 to 1982, we used rates of 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg a.i. N ha?1, together with 12.5 or 25 kg foliar a.i. S ha?1 during tillering. The results demonstrated that foliar S at both dosages acted as a partial (but not total) substitute for N, when the latter was applied at levels of 40 to 60 kg ha?1. These effects of S did not appear to result only from a nutritive mechanism, but rather from a hormonal mechanism through the increase in ethylene biosynthesis. Therefore, during 1983 to 1986, we used 40, 60 and 80 kg a. i. N ha?1, together with 12.5 a. i. S ha?1 and 0.55 kg a.i. ethrel (2-chloroethyl-phosphonic acid) ha?1. The results showed that the effects of S and ethrel on yield were practically the same. Assayed with 40 and 60 kg N ha?1, S and ethrel acted as partial (but not total) substitutes for N, exceeding the yield of the control without S or ethrel, and equalling the yield obtained with 20 kg more of N ha?1. The S or ethrel applied with 80 kg N ha?1 presented an additive effect with the N. The increases in yield using S or ethrel were in all cases due to the increased final number of spikes m?2, which was principally a consequence of the higher number of tillers formed but also a result of increased survival of tillers to form a viable spike. In addition, the positive effects of S on yield were greater the smaller the N dosage and the lower the annual yield. Finally, we present a possible mechanism of hormonal action, to explain how foliar S applied during tillering affects grain yield in barley.  相似文献   

16.
The investigations were based on biennial field trials carried out at two locations comprising the factors location/previous crop, winter cereal genotype (rye cv. ‘Farino’,triticale cv. ‘Modus’, wheat cv. ‘Batis’) and production intensity level. One agronomical focus was to replace the mineral N‐supply due to its energetic relevance, by either the residues of legumes, or stillage, a processing residue containing organic N. The measurement included the crop yield ha?1, the bioethanol exploitation dt?1 and the bioethanol yield ha?1. The last was closely correlated to the grain yield and thus dominated by intensity level. Highest bioethanol yields with an average peak at 4022 l ha?1, always occurred at the highest intensity level. Bioethanol exploitation however, was mainly determined by the genotype. The cultivars showed significant exploitation and yield differences. An adequate bioethanol exploitation was observed with the wheat cv. Batis in contrast to diminished grain and bioethanol yields. Considering bioethanol exploitation and bioethanol yield, the triticale cv. Modus was the outstanding genotype. Despite high grain yields, the bioethanol yields of the rye cv. Farino stayed mean, because of a genotypic lowered bioethanol exploitation. Comparing the approaches of mineral nitrogen substitution, legume N was successful, whereas stillage fertilizing, according to the examined conditions, resulted in ample decreased grain and bioethanol yields ha?1.  相似文献   

17.
稻麦连作中超高产栽培小麦和水稻的养分吸收与积累特征   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
以2个小麦品种和2个水稻品种为材料,大田种植,稻麦连作,重复2年, 设置超高产栽培和当地高产栽培两种栽培模式,旨在探明超高产栽培小麦和水稻养分吸收与积累特征。超高产栽培中,采用实地氮肥管理及水稻轻干湿交替灌溉和小麦控制土壤水分灌溉等关键技术。与当地高产栽培(小麦产量< 8 t hm-2,水稻产量< 10 t hm-2)相比,超高产栽培(小麦产量> 9 t hm-2,水稻产量> 12 t hm-2)小麦和水稻的氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)总吸收量显著增加,并表现为拔节前的吸收和积累量显著降低,拔节至开花、开花至成熟的吸收积累量显著提高。超高产栽培的N、P、K的总吸收量,小麦分别为265、58和256 kg hm-2,水稻分别为256、79和321 kg hm-2。上述3种元素于生育中后期(拔节至成熟)的吸收量占总吸收量的比例,小麦为50%~60%,水稻为60%~-70%。超高产栽培显著提高了N、P、K偏生产力(产量/N、P、K施用量)、养分吸收的养分籽粒生产率(籽粒产量/成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量)和养分收获指数(籽粒N、P、K吸收量/成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量),降低了生产单位籽粒产量的养分吸收量(成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量/籽粒产量)。本研究结果显示,超高产栽培小麦和水稻养分吸收与积累具有生育前期较低、生育中期和后期较高的特点,且养分吸收利用效率提高。  相似文献   

18.
Little is known about the effect of combined phosphorus and nitrogen (P‐N) fertilization on the N requirement of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of varying levels of P and N, as well as the interaction P × N, on the N uptake, yield and N apparent utilization efficiency under field conditions. Split‐plot design experiments were conducted in the mid‐western Pampas in Argentina. Four levels of N (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg N ha?1) and three levels of P (0, 12 and 40 kg P ha?1) were applied to two Typic Hapludolls over two growing seasons (1997–98 and 1998–99). N uptake and soil N‐NO3 contents were determined at the V7, R5 and R9 growth stages. The sunflower yield ranged from 2.5 to 5.0 Mg ha?1. The total N requirement was around 45 kg N Mg?1 grain, and this result suggests that it is not necessary to use different N requirements (parameter b) for fertilized crops when a yield response is expected. To achieve a 100 % yield maximum a N supply (soil plus fertilizer) of 181 kg N ha?1 at P40 was needed. However, at P0, the highest yield was about 80 % of the maximum yield with a N supply (soil plus fertilizer) of 164 kg N ha?1. P application increased the apparent use efficiency of the supplied N.  相似文献   

19.
In a 2‐year experiment on Typic Ustochrept soils of the North Plain Zone of India, the effect of different row ratios (3 : 1, 6 : 2, 4 : 1 and 8 : 2) and staggered sowing of mustard (simultaneous and 15 days later) was studied in intercropping of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Nodule number, dry weight, grain yield, protein content and yield were higher in monocrop chickpea compared with intercropping. Among row ratios, except for protein content in grain, all the above parameters were significantly higher in the 4 : 1 intercropping of chickpea + mustard. Similarly, delayed sowing of mustard by 15 days also gave higher plant dry weight (1.80–2.36 g plant?1), nodule number (0.41–1.56 and 0.5–3.0 at 55‐ and 70‐day stages, respectively), protein yield (63 kg ha?1), grain yield (290 kg ha?1) and biological yield (1104 kg ha?1) than sowing with chickpea. Widening the row ratio and pairing of the rows of mustard were also found to be beneficial in increasing chickpea growth and yield. Like chickpea, sowing of mustard as a monocrop gave higher growth and yield. Delayed sowing by 15 days reduced the growth and yield of mustard drastically. Productivity, measured in terms of land equivalent ratio, was higher for intercropping of chickpea and mustard in the 4 : 1 row ratio than for sowing of chickpea and mustard in sole stands. Interestingly, the land equivalent ratio was also higher in the simultaneously sown crop than for staggered sowing.  相似文献   

20.
高产麦田氮素利用、氮平衡及适宜施氮量   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
选用大穗型小麦品种兰考矮早八, 研究了施氮水平对小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、氮素利用及氮平衡的影响。结果表明, 适量增施氮肥有利于提高籽粒产量, 且以180 kg hm-2 (N3)、360 kg hm-2 (N4)处理的产量最高, 且在N4条件下, 继续增施氮肥仍能显著提高籽粒蛋白质含量。随施氮量的增加, 植株地上部氮积累量提高。氮平衡分析结果表明, 未被当季作物利用的氮主要以氮表观损失和残留无机氮的形式损失, 且随施氮水平的增加, 氮表观损失量和土壤残留量均随之增多。通过环境经济学的Coase原理和边际收益分析, 综合考虑蛋白质含量、籽粒产量、经济和生态效益, 确定202~239 kg hm-2为兰考矮早八兼顾多目标适宜的氮肥用量, 其相应的产量水平为8 628~8 680 kg hm-2, 蛋白质含量为14.6%~14.8%。  相似文献   

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