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1.
在实验室条件下研究了不同温度、盐度下近亲真宽水蚤Emytemora affinis的耗氧率和窒息点。结果表明:温度和盐度对近亲真宽水蚤的个体耗氧量和耗氧率影响显著。当水温为5—25℃时,近亲真宽水蚤的个体耗氧量和耗氧率随温度的升高而呈缓慢上升,当水温为25~33℃时,个体耗氧量和耗氧率则骤然升高,其回归方程分别为y=0.1354e0.0574a(R2=0.9582)和y=0.7746e0.574a(R2=0.9584);当温度为5—33℃时,窒息点为(0.96±0.04)~(3.94±0.17)mg/L。盐度为5~15时,蚤体的个体耗氧量和耗氧率随盐度的升高而升高,当盐度为15~35时,个体耗氧量和耗氧率呈明显下降趋势,其回归方程分别为Y=-0.0003x0+O.0061x+0.4549(R。=0.9047)和y=-0.002x2+0.0352x+2.6059(R2=0.9047);盐度为5~40时,窒息点为(0.46±0.05)~(0.98+0.03)mg/L。  相似文献   

2.
【目的】分析小麦不同受渍时期的土壤氧含量变化特征,构建基于土壤氧含量的小麦受渍指标,为准确及时鉴别小麦受渍程度提供理论基础。【方法】选取小麦耐渍品种扬麦11与不耐渍品种郑麦7698,采用盆栽试验,分别在拔节—开花、开花—成熟2个时期进行渍水试验,设持续渍水0(CK)、5、12和20 d共4个处理,通过测定土壤氧含量和小麦产量,分析不同品种、不同处理冬小麦低氧胁迫受渍持续时长与产量的关系,筛选出以土壤氧含量为特征值的小麦受渍指标。【结果】土壤氧含量随着时间及生育期的推移逐渐降低,其高低起伏与自然降雨密切相关;拔节—开花时期受渍土壤氧含量减少量大于开花—成熟时期。CK的土壤氧含量随着生育期变化,在播种至拔节期以前主要保持在20 mg/L以上;从拔节期至灌浆期降至10 mg/L左右;灌浆期以后在10 mg/L以下。渍水处理阶段,2个生育时期小麦土壤氧含量低于5 mg/L;确定在4月下旬以前,可用土壤氧含量作为小麦受渍指标,受渍土壤氧含量的受渍阈值为5 mg/L。扬麦11和郑麦7698的产量与受渍处理天数均呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),不管品种是否耐渍,渍害持续时间越长,对小麦产量影响越大。生育前期土壤相对水含量对土壤氧含量影响较大,渍水下的土壤相对水含量使土壤氧含量维持在5 mg/L以下,而在生育后期,相对水含量对土壤氧含量影响不明显。分析小麦产量与土壤氧含量低于5 mg/L持续时长的关系,得出基于土壤氧含量的小麦受渍害指标标准,即在拔节—开花时期,扬麦11土壤氧气含量低于5 mg/L分别持续7、17和25 d以上时,郑麦7698分别持续8、18和24 d以上,认定小麦受轻度、中度、重度渍害影响;扬麦11与郑麦7698在开花—成熟时期持续11、18和27 d以上,认定小麦受轻度、中度、重度渍害影响。【结论】以小麦受渍时土壤氧含量的变化特征作为渍害判别标准符合江汉平原小麦种植实际生产现状,确定在4月下旬以前,可用土壤氧含量作为小麦渍害受渍指标,受渍土壤氧含量的阈值为5 mg/L。  相似文献   

3.
化学需氧量及其监测分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
现今我国污染事件频发,污染问题日益突出,因此将化学需氧量的控制作为重点,化学需氧量的监测和分析更加要求现代化、规范化和标准化。阐述了化学需氧量的定义、监测意义、控制措施等及其监测分析过程中的注意事项,以期为化学需氧量的监测提供参考。  相似文献   

4.
不同通风量下猪粪好氧堆肥中氧气浓度的变化   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
采用强制通风静态筒堆肥系统,测量不同通风量下的堆体内的耗氧速率和氧气浓度,对堆肥过程中不同通风量下耗氧速率的差异、氧气浓度的动态变化进行了分析.结果表明,堆肥过程中耗氧速率和含水率有很大的关系,含水率偏高,耗氧速率下降,本实验中耗氧速率先降后升再下降,后期下降不明显;在整个堆肥过程中,堆体内的氧气浓度总体呈上升趋势,中后期氧气浓度增加比前期明显;停止通风后5 min内氧气消耗速率最快,之后消耗速度缓慢;本系统的最佳通风量为0.35 m3/min.  相似文献   

5.
为了考察气提式曝气增氧装置在海水养殖水池内的性能表现和溶氧扩散分布规律,自行设计了一种气提式曝气除沫装置,并安装于海水养殖生产车间水池内运行,通过定时定点取样测定池水中的溶解氧浓度,分析该装置运行时养殖池内溶解氧的分布状态,进而确定该装置增氧的性能指标。结果表明:安装自行设计的气提式曝气除沫装置后,通过实际测试,氧转移系数(K_(La(20)))为0.77h~(-1),氧转移效率(E_A)为5.20%,曝气动力效率(E_p,以O_2计)最高可达4.33 kg/(kW·h);经测定,在养殖水池内各个取样点溶解氧分布均匀,溶解氧浓度同步增加。研究表明,本研究中设计的曝气装置及其布置形式因省去动力循环能耗,曝气动力效率显著提高。  相似文献   

6.
The high performance of ceria (CeO2) as an oxygen buffer and active support for noble metals in catalysis relies on an efficient supply of lattice oxygen at reaction sites governed by oxygen vacancy formation. We used high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional calculations to unravel the local structure of surface and subsurface oxygen vacancies on the (111) surface. Electrons left behind by released oxygen localize on cerium ions. Clusters of more than two vacancies exclusively expose these reduced cerium ions, primarily by including subsurface vacancies, which therefore play a crucial role in the process of vacancy cluster formation. These results have implications for our understanding of oxidation processes on reducible rare-earth oxides.  相似文献   

7.
马从国  赵德安 《安徽农业科学》2011,39(15):9309-9310
提出了一种基于模糊-C均值聚类FCM(Fuzzy C-Means)算法的多模型结构方法,并建立了溶解氧软测量模型。通过对养殖池塘溶解氧软测量模型的研究表明,该方法具有良好的测量精度和鲁棒性,具有良好的在线测量与监控能力。  相似文献   

8.
Demore WB  Yung YL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1982,217(4566):1209-1213
Photochemical processes in planetary atmospheres are strongly influenced by catalytic effects of minor constituents. Catalytic cycles in the atmospheres of Earth and Venus are closely related. For example, chlorine oxides (CIOx) act as catalysts in the two atmospheres. On Earth, they serve to convert odd oxygen (atomic oxygen and ozone) to molecular oxygen. On Venus they have a similar effect, but in addition they accelerate the reactions of atomic and molecular oxygen with carbon monoxide. The latter process occurs by a unique combination of CIOx catalysis and sulfur dioxide photosensitization. The mechanism provides an explanation for the very low extent of carbon dioxide decomposition by sunlight in the Venus atmosphere.  相似文献   

9.
Extrapulmonary gas exchange enhances brain oxygen in pigeons   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Blood in mouth, nose, and eye tissues of birds cools by evaporation, then flows to a cephalic vascular heat exchanger, the ophthalmic rete. There, acting as a heat sink, blood from the evaporative surfaces cools arterial blood flowing counter-current to it toward the brain. The brain thus remains cooler than the body core. Data for unanesthetized domestic pigeons (Columba livia) suggest that in addition to losing heat, blood perfusing the evaporative surfaces also exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with air. In the heat exchanger, this blood apparently gives up oxygen to, and gains carbon dioxide from, arterial blood. The consequent increase in oxygen and decrease in carbon dioxide in the brain's arterial blood enhance diffusion of these gases in, and oxygen supply to, the brain. Such events may help birds maintain the brain's oxygen supply during the high systemic demand of exercise and at the reduced oxygen availability of high altitude.  相似文献   

10.
Defects such as oxygen vacancies play a crucial role in the surface properties of transition metal oxides. By means of time-resolved, high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy, we unraveled an adsorbate-mediated diffusion mechanism of oxygen vacancies on rutile TiO2(110). Adsorbed oxygen molecules mediate vacancy diffusion through the loss of an oxygen atom to a vacancy and the sequential capture of an oxygen atom from a neighboring bridging oxygen row, leading to an anisotropic oxygen vacancy diffusion pathway perpendicular to the bridging oxygen rows.  相似文献   

11.
以中华寿桃桃渣为材料,分析研究鲜桃渣在堆放过程中发酵对其膳食纤维各成分的影响。在室温下将桃渣挤压存放在无菌器皿中,压紧尽可能排除氧气并加盖封存以模拟其因完全隔离氧气而发生的厌氧发酵;另取桃渣存放在无菌器皿中,不断搅拌使其间隙增大以模拟其因接触氧气而发生的好氧发酵。结果表明:在15 d的好氧发酵中桃渣中,总膳食纤维、纤维素和水溶性果胶含量分别下降14.9%、17.1%和14.4%,可溶性膳食纤维含量上升了7.7%,总果胶含量变化不大;而在15 d的厌氧发酵中,桃渣中总膳食纤维、纤维素和水溶性果胶含量分别下降20.4%、10.4%和9.86%,可溶性膳食纤维含量上升了13.7%,总果胶含量下降了1.03%。因此在5~7 d内及时处理鲜桃渣可有利于其膳食纤维各成分的有效利用。  相似文献   

12.
杨芳 《安徽农业科学》2011,39(19):11366+11373-11366,11373
[目的]探讨表油菜素内酯对香石竹切花活性氧代谢的影响,为香石竹切花保鲜提供参考。[方法]用表油菜素内酯和活性氧清除剂甘露醇处理切花,以清水为对照,比较其对香石竹切花活性氧代谢的影响。[结果]与甘露醇相比,表油菜素内酯能有效地增大花径,提高超氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性,延缓O2·产生速率,H2O2含量、MDA含量和膜相对透性上升的幅度。[结论]表油菜素内酯能有效缓解切花活性氧的产生与积累,提高活性氧清除能力,从而延长瓶插寿命。,  相似文献   

13.
海藻养殖是我国渔业产业重要组成部分,具有多重生态功能。利用造林成本法、工业制氧价格法、生产成本法等方法,对海藻养殖的固碳、释氧、吸收水体营养物质三方面生态价值进行了评估。结果表明,2000-2012年海藻养殖产生的生态价值为6 090 284万元/a。其中,固定CO2生态价值为42 916万元/a,释放O2生态价值为63 389万元/a,吸收N、P元素生态价值为5 983 979万元/a,约占到总价值比例超过98%。构建了海藻养殖生态价值指数和固碳、释氧生态价值指数与吸收N、P元素生态价值指数两个子指数。加强对海藻养殖生态功能的研究,为海藻养殖生态价值核算与生态补偿机制建立奠定基础。  相似文献   

14.
根际溶氧量对分蘖期水稻生长特性及其氮素代谢的影响   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
【目的】研究不同根际溶氧量对分蘖期水稻生长及其氮素代谢的影响,并探讨适宜水稻生长及提高其氮素利用效率的溶氧浓度。进一步完善水稻需氧规律、了解氧气在水稻生长中的作用,为中国中低产田--潜育性稻田的改良、水稻产量及氮肥利用效率进一步提高提供参考及理论依据。【方法】正式试验在2013年于中国水稻研究所网室进行。试验采用国际水稻所营养液配方进行水培,营养液中添加双氰胺抑制硝化作用,控制营养液铵硝比约为1﹕1;供试材料为常规籼稻中嘉早17和常规粳稻秀水134;移栽行间距为15 cm,移栽后10 d进行不同梯度的氧处理,通过安装水体循环泵将空气中的氧气带入营养液以控制营养液中的氧气含量,试验设置了对照(CK:氧气含量为0.3-2.5 mg·L-1)、中氧(MO:氧气含量为2.3-5.5 mg·L-1)、高氧(HO:氧气含量为6.5-8.0 mg·L-1)3个处理,处理时间为15 d。采用便携式溶氧仪(YSI550A,美泉,美国)测定营养液中溶氧量。【结果】(1)2个品种的根茎叶干物重及氮积累量均呈MO>HO>CK的趋势,并且MO处理与CK达到显著水平;(2)2个品种MO处理的叶面积指数、根系数、根系吸收面积,叶片氮光合利用效率和分蘖数均显著高于HO处理和CK,增氧处理MO和HO最长根长显著高于CK;(3)和秀水134相比,中嘉早17对根际氧含量比较敏感。相对于CK,中嘉早17 MO处理根茎叶干物重和氮积累量的增长幅度显著高于HO处理,且HO处理的根数、根系活力吸收面积及总吸收面积与CK之间差异不显著。虽然秀水134增氧处理的根茎叶干物质积累量、根叶氮积累量、根系体积和根系活力吸收面积均显著高于CK,但MO和HO处理之间没有显著的差异;(4)两品种氮代谢关键酶谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性在根系和叶片之间的变化趋势不一致,但两品种在3个处理间变化一致,MO处理两品种叶片氮光合利用效率显著高于HO处理和CK。【结论】适量的根际溶氧量促进地上分蘖、叶面积的形成,增加光能截获,同时促进根系形态建成,根系吸收面积增加,形成水稻早期快速生长势,同时显著增加叶片氮光合利用效率;但过高浓度的溶氧量将会减弱增氧对水稻生长的促进作用,不同品种对根际溶氧量的敏感程度也有所不同,相对于秀水134,中嘉早17对根际氧含量较敏感,较适的溶氧量范围为2.3-5.5 mg·L-1。  相似文献   

15.
通过对上海社区绿地常见27种园林植物进行夏季光合速率测定,比较分析其固碳释氧效应,同时对植物固碳释氧量与形态指标进行相关性分析,找出影响社区绿地植物固碳释氧量的主要因子。结果表明,27种供试树种单位叶面积、单位土地面积及单株植物固碳释氧量各有差异,其中单位叶面积固碳释氧量最大为女贞;单位土地面积固碳释氧量最大为垂柳;单株植物固碳释氧量最大为香樟。27种供试树种单位土地面积日固碳释氧量与叶面积指数、胸径具有极显著的正相关性,与树冠直径、树高没有相关性;单株植物日固碳释氧量与树冠直径、胸径、树高、叶面积指数具有极显著的正相关性。  相似文献   

16.
Chemotaxis in bacteria   总被引:87,自引:0,他引:87  
Motile Escherichia coli placed at one end of a capillary tube containing an energy source and oxygen migrate out into the tube in one or two bands, which are clearly visible to the naked eye and can also be demonstrated by photography, microscopy, and densitometry and by assaying for bacteria throughout the tube. The formation of two bands is not due to heterogeneity among the bacteria, since the bacteria in each band, when reused, will form two more bands. If an anaerobically utilizable energy source such as galactose is present in excess over the oxygen, the first band consumes all the oxygen and a part of the sugar and the second band uses the residual sugar anaerobically. On the other hand, if oxygen is present in excess over the sugar, the first band oxidizes all the sugar and leaves behind unused oxygen, and the second band uses up the residual oxygen to oxidize an endogenous energy source. The essence of the matter is that the bacteria create a gradient of oxygen or of an energy source, and then they move preferentially in the direction of the higher concentration of the chemical. As a consequence, bands of bacteria (or rings of bacteria in the case of agar plates) form and move out. These results show that E. coli is chemotactic toward oxygen and energy sources such as galactose, glucose, aspartic acid, threonine, or serine. The full repertoire of chemotactic responses by E. coli is no doubt greater than this, and a more complete list remains to be compiled. The studies reported here demonstrate that chemotaxis allows bacteria to find that environment which provides them with the greatest supply of energy. It is clearly an advantage for bacteria to be able to carry out chemotaxis, since by this means they can avoid unfavorable conditions and seek optimum surroundings. Finally, it is necessary to acknowledge the pioneering work of Englemann, Pfeffer, and the other late-19thcentury biologists who discovered chemotaxis in bacteria, and to point out that the studies reported here fully confirm the earlier reports of Beijerinck (4) and Sherris and his collaborators (5,6) on a band of bacteria chemotactic toward oxygen. By using a chemically defined medium instead of a complex broth, it has been possible to study this band more closely and to demonstrate in addition the occurrence of a second band of bacteria chemotactic toward an energy source. Beijerinck (4) did, in fact, sometimes observe a second band, but he did not offer an explanation for it.  相似文献   

17.
郭秀云  王胜  吴必文  石磊 《安徽农业科学》2007,35(24):7498-7499
分析了环境温度条件对水产养殖的作用,从而为生产实践借鉴。分别对自然池塘溶解氧以及人工增氧情况下的水体中溶解氧与水温进行观测,研究了水温与养殖水体溶解氧、pH值及氨氮量的关系。并分别以尼罗罗非鱼、中华鳖和文种金鱼为养殖对象,系统地分析了水温对养殖对象生长、摄食、繁殖机能的影响。水温与溶氧量关系符合等比级曲线模型,水温与氨氮总量整体上呈负相关。不同水产生物对水温具有不同的适应性,在适温范围,水温越高,养殖对象摄食量越大,生长速度越快,饵料系数越小。水温的高低直接决定着受精卵的孵化时间,在适温范围内,水温越高孵化时间越短。水温不仅影响养殖水体水质状况,还影响养殖对象的生长发育。  相似文献   

18.
大鳞鲃耗氧率和窒息点的测定   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
实验测定了不同温度、不同规格大鳞鲃(Barbuscapito)的耗氧率和窒息点。水温16~34℃范围内,大鳞鲃1龄鱼[(24.78±2.19)g]和2龄鱼[(185.94±5.53)g]的耗氧率和窒息点随温度的升高都表现出上升的趋势。水温26℃时,随着体重规格(10 g、30 g、180 g)的增大,大鳞鲃的耗氧量逐渐升高,耗氧率逐渐下降。1龄大鳞鲃[(34.61±3.75)g]白天的耗氧率显著高于夜间耗氧率,白天12:00~14:00最高,平均耗氧率为(0.195 8±0.037)mg/(g.h),夜间22:00~24:00最低,平均耗氧率为(0.145 9±0.029)mg/(g.h)。测得1龄大鳞鲃在水温26~32℃时的窒息点为0.180 5~0.525 2 mg/L,2龄大鳞鲃的窒息点为0.292 1~0.588 8 mg/L。  相似文献   

19.
共聚物水凝胶接触镜材料中氧气渗透及其影响因素   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以N-乙烯吡咯烷酮(NVP)、甲基丙烯酸2-羟乙酯(HEMA)以及甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、甲基丙烯酸乙酯(EMA)或甲基丙烯酸丁酯(BMA)为原料,制备共聚物水凝胶角膜接触镜材料,分析了氧气在水凝胶膜中的渗透机理,建立了氧气在水凝胶膜中的扩散模型,并采用等压渗透法测定了水凝胶膜的透氧性能.结果表明,氧气在水凝胶膜中的扩散过程同时受到水凝胶中结合水水分子、自由水水分子以及高聚物大分子链无规则热运动的影响,但水凝胶中结合水水分子和高聚物大分子链的无规则热运动对氧气分子扩散行为的影响可以忽略不计;氧气分子在水凝胶中的扩散行为主要受水凝胶中自由水水分子无规则热运动的影响;水凝胶膜的交联网络结构对氧气的扩散过程起过滤作用.在一定范围内,温度越高、含水量越大、交联密度越低,共聚物水凝胶接触镜材料的透氧性能越高.  相似文献   

20.
Rare earth element (REE) data from two ordinary chondrite chondrules show distinct negative chondrite-normalized concentration anomalies of samarium, europium, and ytterbium. The peculiar patterns may be the result of REE gas/solid fractionation at an oxygen fugacity lower than has been assumed for the canonical solar nebula. We suggest that the two ordinary chondrite chondrules acquired the fractionated REE patterns by incorporation of highly reduced, ultrarefractory condensates in their precursors. This interpretation implies that high-temperature condensation processes occurred in nebular environments with a strong deficit in oxygen, such as regions with an enhanced carbon/oxygen ratio.  相似文献   

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