共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
能量相似是降雨模拟的基本原则。通过对雨滴粒径、雨滴击溅速度、降雨均匀度等能量相似要素的分析和探讨,提出实现降雨模拟能量相似的重要手段,即在降雨高度、雨滴发生器等条件不变的情况下,通过调节雨强来实现降雨能量的相似;通过加大供水压力等手段可提高降雨动能,所以在降雨模拟实践中,降雨高度不一定需要达到使所有粒径的雨滴均达到终速所需的高度。 相似文献
2.
Sílvia C. P. Carvalho Joo L. M. P. de Lima M. Isabel P. de Lima 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2016,27(4):1295-1302
Rainfall simulators are an important tool in studying soil erosion, which is a key process contributing to land degradation. The kinetic energy of simulated rain is central to these studies and it is used as an indicator of the raindrops' ability to detach particles from the soil surface. The main purpose of this experimental work was to explore the usefulness of incorporating meshes underneath pressurised nozzles' rain simulators that intercept the drops sprayed out by the nozzles and change the simulated rain characteristics, namely by increasing the rainfall kinetic energy. The laboratory experiments included testing four types of spray nozzles (discharge from 2·3 to 11·9 L min−1), combined with a high‐density polyethylene mesh (square aperture of 20 mm). The effect of the mesh was studied for three vertical distances between the nozzle and the mesh (0·20, 0·40 and 0·60 m). A laser disdrometer was used to measure the diameter and fall speed of the simulated raindrops. For the mesh‐free simulations, the nozzles produced drops having on average a mean equivalent diameter of around 0·6 mm and a mean fall speed of about 1·5 m s−1. The mesh increased the formation of bigger drops (>2·5 mm) and, consequently, increased the rainfall kinetic energy of the simulated rain; the magnitude of this increase varied with the spray produced by the nozzles. Results show that meshes can be useful for increasing the kinetic energy of the rainfall simulated by nozzles within soil erosion studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
The utility, vehicle required, the time needed for assembly and relocation and the costs associated with six different rainfall simulators were studied. The results can be summarized as follows:
- 1 The simulator designed by Kainz & Eicher (1990) is the least expensive to operate. This simulator also has excellent experimental versatility. Its only restriction is a short slope length.
- 2 The rainfall simulator of Karl & Toldrian (1973) is also inexpensive to operate, but because of disadvantages such as low falling height, wind susceptibility, and the need for more workers than other simulators, it should be used mainly where other simulators are not practical (forests, steep slopes, or long slopes).
- 3 The rainfall simulator of Richter et al. (1988) has limited mobility in the field and is highly susceptible to wind drift. Moreover, its narrow plots do not cover a representative unit of a cultivated field.
- 4 The modified Swanson-type simulator (Auerswald, (1986) is suitable for large plots if a sufficient water supply is available.
- 5 The simulator of Kromer & Vöhringer (1988) has the highest fixed costs, but labour is used efficiently.
- 6 The simulator of Schmidt (1983) can only be considered for stationary use because of its long assembly time. Other disadvantages are narrow plot size and high wind susceptibility.
4.
Spatial variability of throughfall under a single tree: Experimental study of rainfall amount, raindrops, and kinetic energy 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Kazuki Nanko Yuichi OndaAkane Ito Hiromu Moriwaki 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2011,151(9):1173-1182
To evaluate the spatial variability of throughfall amount, raindrops, and erosivity under a single canopy during calm meteorological conditions, indoor experiments were conducted using a 9.8-m-tall transplanted Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and a large-scale rainfall simulator. Drop size distribution, drop velocity, and kinetic energy of throughfall varied spatially under a single canopy as did throughfall amount and rain rate. Compared with throughfall rain rate, the variability was similar in drop size distribution, lower in drop velocity, and higher in kinetic energy. The results suggest that the spatial distribution of throughfall amount was dominated by the canopy shape and position of branches inside the canopy, and thus the spatial distribution was correlated with the radial distance from the trunk. Throughfall amount and rate were lower at the midway point between the trunk and the canopy edge. Throughfall drop size indices (drop size distribution, drop velocity, and unit kinetic energy) varied spatially while did not differ significantly. On the other hand, time-specific throughfall kinetic energy was correlated with the radial distance from the trunk. The dependence the throughfall kinetic energy on the radial distance from the trunk was dominated by the spatial distribution of throughfall amount. The trend in the spatial distribution of throughfall revealed in this study will aid in modelling canopy water processes and in predicting soil erosion on the bare forest floor. 相似文献
5.
K. Nanko T. W. Giambelluca R. A. Sutherland R. G. Mudd M. A. Nullet A. D. Ziegler 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2015,26(3):218-226
This study provides evidence that Miconia calvescens has the potential to accelerate surface erosion in stands where it invades by (i) reducing under‐canopy light levels, thereby reducing the establishment of ground cover vegetation, and (ii) producing highly erosive throughfall drops on large leaves in a single‐layer canopy. The throughfall energy in a stand of invasive miconia on the Island of Hawai‘i (USA), assessed by measuring the drop size and drop velocity distributions with a laser disdrometer, was significantly higher than that in a stand of native ‘ōhi‘a (Metrosideros polymorpha) and ambient rainfall. Median throughfall drop size for miconia (3·83 mm) was twice that of ambient rainfall (1·62 mm). Highly erosive throughfall resulted from large drops forming on large miconia leaves and relatively high fall velocities associated with the single‐story miconia canopy. In contrast, multi‐storied natural ‘ōhi‘a had a larger median drop size; however, a lower fall height reduced throughfall effective kinetic energy. Furthermore, the effective kinetic energy for miconia was high because large drops (> 3·8 mm) with high kinetic energy accounted for 60 per cent of the total energy (versus 30–40 per cent for other vegetation types). Consequently, unit kinetic energy of throughfall was 28 J m−2 mm−1 under miconia, compared with <24 J m−2 mm−1 for rainfall and <20 J m−2 mm−1 under ‘ōhi‘a . These data, combined with the observation of limited protective ground cover under miconia, show the potential for accelerated erosion occurring on forest floors in stands of invasive miconia. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
述评悬线式、针头式、管网式、喷头式4种降雨模拟器的特性及其应用现状与前景。悬线式和针头式降雨模拟器具有降雨强度下限低、均匀性好等优点,但在模拟降雨时,控制面积小,雨滴粒径偏大而且单一,所以应用渐少。管网式与喷头式降雨模拟器所产生的雨滴粒径与能量分布与天然降雨更为接近,广泛应用于土壤侵蚀试验研究中。目前,智能化、自动化、大型化的降雨模拟大厅不断涌现,同时根据雨滴发生基本原理搭建的手控、简易的降雨模拟器仍有其强大的生命力。 相似文献
7.
《国际水土保持研究(英文)》2014,2(2):67-78
Rainfall simulators have been used for many years contributing to the understanding of soil and water conservation processes. Nevertheless, rainfall simulators’ design and operation might be rather demanding for achieving specific rainfall intensity distributions and drop characteristics and are still open for improvement. This study explores the potential of combining spray nozzle simulators with meshes to change rainfall characteristics, namely drop properties (drop diameters and fall speeds). A rainfall simulator laboratory set-up was prepared that enabled the incorporation of different wire meshes beneath the spray nozzles. The tests conducted in this exploratory work included different types of spray nozzles, mesh materials (plastic and steel), square apertures and wire thicknesses, and positions of the meshes in relation to the nozzles. Rainfall intensity and drop size distribution and fall speed were analysed. Results showed that the meshes combined with nozzles increased the mean rainfall intensity on the 1 m2 control plot below the nozzle and altered the rain drops’ properties, by increasing the mass-weighted mean drop diameter, for example. 相似文献
8.
To study and model the interrill erosion process in an unmanaged Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) plantation, soil splash detachment rates were estimated based on the quantification of throughfall raindrop indices. Throughfall drops and soil splash detachment were simultaneously observed in the field, and observed data were compared with estimates produced by previous models. Observations took place over five months in 2005, during six observation periods. Raindrop indices of kinetic energy (KE), momentum (M), and momentum multiplied by the drop diameter (MD) were calculated from drop diameters and velocities. The median volume diameter of 1.99 mm for the overall observation period was well bounded by those from other Japanese cypress plantations. Throughfall consisted of large drops, generated as drips, exceeding 3 mm in diameter. The fall height was insufficient for the drops to attain terminal velocity, with 91% of the drops reaching less than 90% terminal velocity. The observed throughfall raindrop indices had strong correlation with throughfall rainfall intensity, even though throughfall raindrops occurred in seven rainfall events with different meteorological conditions. The values of observed KE and M were lower than previous model-derived estimations. Earlier models tended to overestimate throughfall KE and M, partly because the expected velocity was greater than that observed, and partly because they did not consider the effect of the splash water component during throughfall. The splash detachment rate in forests was weakly correlated with the total-amount raindrop indices but strongly correlated with the maximum value of raindrop indices over a short time scale such as 1 h. This result indicates that continuous and concentrated raindrop impacts over a short time duration cause splash detachment in the forest floor. Development of a comprehensive model of the process of forest floor soil surface erosion requires more detailed measurement of actual throughfall drops. 相似文献
9.
10.
为了探究沈阳地区天然降雨雨滴特征与产沙量的关系,在天然降雨条件下,使用滤纸色斑法计算雨滴特征,利用野外径流小区（长8 m,宽1 m）采集沙样。运用相关分析法、灰色关联分析法和模糊贴近度分析法分析了降雨强度、雨滴动能、雨滴中值粒径、雨滴终点最大速度和雨滴质量与产沙量的关系。结果表明:经过相关分析和灰色关联分析,影响坡面产沙量的顺序为降雨强度 > 雨滴动能 > 雨滴中值粒径 > 最大雨滴终点速度 > 雨滴质量,模糊贴近度分析表明降雨强度对坡面产沙量的影响最大,降雨动能其次,雨滴质量影响最小。坡面产沙量分别与降雨强度、雨滴中值粒径、雨滴动能呈幂函数关系;天然降雨雨滴中值粒径与降雨强度呈幂函数关系;雨滴中值粒径和雨滴质量是雨滴动能的主要影响因子。 相似文献
11.
Tams Lassu Manuel Seeger Piet Peters Saskia D. Keesstra 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2015,26(6):604-612
The set‐up and characterisation of an indoor nozzle‐type rainfall simulator (RS) at Wageningen University, the Netherlands, are presented. It is equipped with four Lechler nozzles (two nr. 460·788 and two nr. 461·008). The tilting irrigation plot is 6 m long and 2·5 m wide. An electrical pump supplies the constant flow during the experiments. The spatial distribution of the rainfall was measured with 60 rain gauges equally distributed on the experimental plot. Thies® Laser Precipitation Monitor was used to measure the size and falling velocity of the raindrops. Four different flow rates were applied (Q1–4). From the collected data, spatial rainfall intensity and spatial kinetic energy distribution maps were created; Christiansen uniformity coefficient was calculated for each flow rate. The results of the experiments revealed that the rainfall parameters (spatial rainfall intensity, kinetic energy, raindrop size distribution and fall velocity) in the RS are not homogeneous (Christiansen uniformity ranges from 68·5% to 83·2%). Accordingly, the whole plot can only be irrigated irregularly applying a wide range of intensities and rainfall energies. The RS offers a good opportunity to study great variety of process intensities such as splash erosion, runoff generation, soil aggregate stability, organic matter migration and scaled landscape development. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
基于粒子成像瞬态测量技术的雨滴微物理特性及降雨动能研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
雨滴微物理特性及降雨动能是揭示降雨物理本质的重要特征量,亦是开展侵蚀定量分析与建立侵蚀量预报模型的基础。采用粒子成像瞬态测量可视化技术观测自然降雨雨滴,结合计算机视觉识别技术解算雨滴微物理特性参数,同时采用虹吸式自记雨量计记录自然降雨降雨强度。研究表明:该次降雨雨滴以中等粒子为主,雨滴直径均值为1.52 mm,降落末速度均值为3.47 m/s,其中直径在1.00~3.00 mm范围内的雨滴占样本总数的87.21%。雨滴直径和降落末速度呈显著的对数关系。基于实测的雨滴微物理特性和降雨强度估算降雨动能,该结果与传统的经验模型估算结果相对误差均值为7.28%。该方法得到的降雨动能较以往的经验模型能更真实的反应雨滴降落过程中的做功大小,为准确计算降雨过程中雨滴所造成的溅蚀量奠定基础。 相似文献
13.
滇中高原常绿阔叶林对天然降雨雨滴动能的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探究滇中高原优势群落常绿阔叶林植被对降雨雨滴动能的影响,于2016年和2017年5—9月,在天然降雨条件下运用自计雨量计和滤纸色斑法,通过定位监测磨盘山常绿阔叶林林外降雨和林内穿透雨特征及其雨滴特性,针对不同降雨条件研究了常绿阔叶林对雨滴动能等特征的影响。结果表明:林外的雨滴个数比林内降雨的雨滴个数多61.7%;随着雨量的增大,雨滴直径分布规律也呈逐渐增大的趋势;在小雨条件下,0.5mm林外降雨雨滴直径数量占总雨滴数的40.85%,而同径级雨滴林内仅占总数的12.22%,且以0.5~3.5mm的雨滴数量所占比例较大;当林外降雨雨滴直径超过4.5mm,雨滴终点速度稳定在9.34m/s;林内降雨雨滴直径超过4.1mm,雨滴终点速度稳定在7.05m/s;同一雨滴径级下,暴雨条件下的雨滴动能比小雨时的动能大98.29%,且随降雨量的增大而增大,林内累积雨滴动能的峰值达到林外降雨的20.68%。随着雨滴直径的增大,穿透雨势能、降雨总势能及林冠截留势能均呈逐渐增大的趋势,缓冲势能比穿透雨势能大46.59%,占总势能的65.18%。林冠层对小雨具有截持和增大林内降雨雨滴直径的作用,且造成林内降雨的滞后性,林冠对天然降雨的降雨速度、势能及动能起到明显的缓冲作用。 相似文献
14.
Volker Prasuhn 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1993,156(1):33-37
Comparison of German and Swiss Rainfall Simulators - Influence of Rainfall Characteristics on Soil Surface Roughness Six different field rainfall simulators were compared. Soil surface roughness was tested by a simple field method before and after rainfall simulation. Preparation of the test site with a rotary cultivator inadvertently entailed spatial variability of roughness and aggregate size. Thus, the plots with finer seedbed showed higher runoff and soil loss. The relative decrease of roughness could best be correlated with the total kinetic energy as well as with the R factor of the different simulators (r = 0.87 resp. 0.91). Thus, the degree of soil surface leveling was shown to be due to the rainfall characteristics of the different simulator types. However, there was no relation between change of soil surface roughness and runoff. The relative classification of the kinetic energy of the rainfall simulators explained the leveling of the soil surface better than the classifications previously used in many studies (r = 0.91 as against r = 0.73). 相似文献
15.
A mathematical model for evaluating the effect of wind on downward-spraying rainfall simulators 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Rainfall simulators are used to study a variety of different processes (e.g., water erosion, infiltration, overland flow, irrigation, movement of agrochemicals, etc.). Wind affects field experiments that make use of rainfall simulators. Water-drop trajectories and velocities are altered, affecting water application and kinetic energy distributions.In this study, a three-dimensional numerical model was developed from the movement of individual drops after their release from the nozzle of a downward-spraying rainfall simulator. Drag forces, wind and gravity affect the original momentum of a single drop. Water application and kinetic energy were estimated from the coupling of a hydrodynamic model for drop movement, a drop generator representing a single full-cone spray nozzle, and an appropriate interception algorithm at the soil surface.The mathematical model should facilitate the selection of single full-cone spray nozzles and the size and configuration of the spray area for rainfall simulation in order to achieve high application uniformity values on the plot area. It can contribute to the adequate choice of nozzles as well as operating conditions necessary for laboratory and field purposes. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the adequacy of the proposed methodology. 相似文献
16.
人工模拟降雨装置的设计及其参数率定 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
[目的]针对水环境领域中地表径流的水质研究所需的降雨特点,设计了一种人工模拟降雨装置。[方法]该模拟降雨装置采用3个规格不同的喷嘴式喷头,利用不同喷头的启闭与组合实现不同雨强的模拟。[结果]经率定,此装置降雨强度可达0.3~2.0mm/min,在此范围内降雨均匀系数均在85%以上,雨滴中数直径的范围为1.09~2.25mm,最大雨滴直径不超过6mm,雨滴终点速度可达到2~2.9mm/s。[结论]该装置模拟降雨与天然降雨的相似程度较高,可用于模拟真实的降雨情况。 相似文献
17.
泾河南小河沟流域自然降雨特性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用德国HSC-OTT Persivel32激光雨滴谱探测仪监测南小河沟流域自然降雨的雨滴谱,分析不同雨型自然降雨雨滴特征及其分布规律,并分析了降雨特性各要素间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)该区自然降雨雨滴直径集中在0.3~1.5mm,与黄土高原利用传统的滤纸色斑法测定结果基本一致,但略小于东北和闽南地区。当雨强I10mm/h时,雨滴中数直径随雨强的增大而增大;当I≥10mm/h时,雨滴中数直径骤然下降,这在一定程度上和雨强增大后大雨滴破裂有关。该地区雨谱随雨强的变化可用Best分布拟合。(2)普通型降雨雨滴数量随直径的分布曲线较平缓,其动能与雨强呈线性相关;而短阵型降雨的雨滴数量随直径的分布曲线较陡峭,其动能与雨强呈幂函数关系。两种雨型的降雨动能均随雨强的增大而增大,但短阵型降雨动能增大的更快,因此短阵型降雨的侵蚀力更大。 相似文献
18.
Hans H. Becher 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1990,153(6):409-414
Using a drop impact transducer, the relative energy and distribution of rains simulated by five different field simulators at almost the same rainfall intensity were monitored along runoff plots. Evaluation of the impact pulses registered with a highly-resolving X-t-recorder indicated that the rainfall energies of all simulators varied with time and position. Despite this variability, in many cases differences between the different rainfall simulators were significant. It was also found that the energy of one simulator was not typical for natural rainstorms and that that of another one was sensitive to wind conditions. Rainfall simulators with moving nozzles as dropformers showed characteristic periodicities in their energy distribution. 相似文献
19.
在人工降雨条件下,采用色斑法对黄土地区4个主要树种幼树进行林冠降雨观测。结合AutoCAD、Excel数据处理软件,在0．1mm径级下分析不同树种的林冠降雨特性,并对比研究林外降雨和不同树种的林下降雨动能。结果表明：1）不同树种林冠降雨雨谱基本不受空旷地降雨强度影响;2）用正态分布函数和类卡方分布函数对林冠降雨雨谱描述和分析容易失真,应寻求更好的数学形式对林冠降雨雨谱进行表达;3）林冠降雨雨滴直径—体积分布密度图是双峰曲线,表明Best函数同样未能对林冠降雨大雨滴作出准确描述,而利用多项式函数直接表达累积体积效果更好;4）不同树种单位水体（1L）的林冠降雨动能大小为侧柏（28．18J）〉油松（26．74J）〉元宝枫（25．75J）〉刺槐（20．07J）,此结论也为在充分降雨条件下判断植被冠层是否增加了降雨动能提供了可比条件。 相似文献
20.
《国际水土保持研究(英文)》2022,10(3):407-413
Applying constant precipitation intensity, which does not occur in natural events, is one of the main limitations concerning rainfall simulators in soil erosion studies. The present work evaluated the InfiAsper rainfall simulator operating with a new control panel to program rainfalls with different precipitation intensities (PI). Infiltration rates and soil and water losses were evaluated in a Distrophic Acrisol (clay loam texture) with simulated rainfalls of 30 mm and duration of 40 min, considering advanced (AD), intermediate (IN), delayed (DE), and inverted intermediate (II) patterns, all with PI peaks of 110 mm h?1, and a constant (CT) pattern. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with five treatments (rainfall patterns) and experimental units measuring 2.5 × 2.5 m. The simulator worked satisfactorily, applying the rainfall according to the preconfigured programs. The simulated rainfall with the CT and II patterns did not promote runoff nor soil loss. Infiltration and runoff rates varied according to the applied rainfall pattern, reaching 97.8 and 27.3 mm h?1 (AD), 82.1 and 39.5 mm h?1 (IN), and 76.2 and 49.7 mm h?1 (DE), respectively. Soil loss and surface runoff totaled each 4.77 g m?2 and 3.9 mm (AD), 6.70 g m?2 and 6.8 mm (IN), and 6.03 g m?2 and 7.0 mm (DE). The InfiAsper simulator modified enables varying precipitation intensity besides obtaining satisfactory results in the field and information consistent with the expected characteristics of natural rainfall patterns. In the intermediate and delayed rainfall patterns, soil and water losses are higher than in the advanced. 相似文献