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1.
为明确温度、遗传背景和雌蜂日龄对孤雌产雌松毛虫赤眼蜂生殖表型和Wolbachia滴度的影响,在22℃和29℃下处理两种遗传背景（彰武、西丰）的孤雌生殖松毛虫赤眼蜂,逐日统计子代蜂生殖表型指标（雄性比,间体率）、适合度指标（日产卵量,羽化率）和Wolbachia滴度。结果发现,29℃下子代蜂雄性比和间体率显著高于22℃处理的子代蜂,但29℃下雌蜂体内Wolbachia滴度和日产卵量均显著低于22℃处理的雌蜂。彰武种群雄性比显著高于西丰种群,但其日产卵量显著低于西丰种群。随母代蜂日龄增加,子代蜂雄性比和间体率均上升,但日产卵量和羽化率均下降。结果表明温度、遗传背景和日龄均影响孤雌产雌松毛虫赤眼蜂生殖表型。研究结果将为改善孤雌产雌赤眼蜂规模化繁育和田间应用提供参考。 相似文献
2.
《中国生物防治学报》2015,(4)
室内以米蛾卵为寄主,观察了松毛虫赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂的产卵及个体发育。结果发现,2种赤眼蜂在米蛾卵内均产入多于1粒的卵量,玉米螟赤眼蜂在单粒米蛾卵内产入的卵量显著高于松毛虫赤眼蜂的卵量。随发育,单粒卵内的蜂幼虫数量逐渐下降,至羽化前,单粒米蛾卵内蜂个体数量低于2头,但松毛虫赤眼蜂数量仍少于玉米螟赤眼蜂数量。2种蜂的发育模式相似,体积随产入后时间延长而增大,在72 h处和144 h处有明显的下降,分别和发育进入预蛹期及蛹到羽化的发育阶段相对应。羽化前的发育阶段分为卵期、幼虫期、预蛹期、蛹期,羽化1 d后赤眼蜂成虫咬破寄主卵壳钻出。幼虫孵化及化蛹前各蜕1次皮,整个幼虫阶段仅有1个龄期。 相似文献
3.
对孤雌产雌的食胚赤眼蜂Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig进行25、28、30和35℃不同温度处理,统计F1、F2及F3代的寄生、羽化和性比,同时测定不同温度下食胚赤眼蜂对寄主米蛾卵的选择。结果表明,不同温度处理后,孤雌产雌食胚赤眼蜂的寄生数及雌蜂数随温度升高而下降,且随处理代数增加呈下降趋势。25~35℃下,单雌寄生数在F1代为64.3~69.6粒,而F3代在30和35℃仅为17.4和20.33粒。高温处理后,产雌孤雌生殖的食胚赤眼蜂出现雄蜂,雄蜂率随温度及处理代数增加而显著增加,在F2代35℃下雄蜂率达到了66.17%。温度对食胚赤眼蜂寄主选择有显著影响,在20~30℃寄主选择所用的时间随着温度的升高而缩短,与供试其他温度相比,30℃下赤眼蜂能够做出寄主选择且选择寄主的蜂数最多。研究结果为孤雌产雌赤眼蜂的生防应用提供理论指导。 相似文献
4.
为明确高温对松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi发育和寄生能力的影响,采用生物学观察法在室内监测米蛾Corcyra cephalonica卵内不同发育时期的松毛虫赤眼蜂在经历高温40℃处理1 h或35℃处理6 h后其当代和子代蜂的世代历期、羽化率、寄生率和雌蜂率并进行分析。结果表明,高温40℃处理1 h有利于松毛虫赤眼蜂的发育,于幼虫期处理后其当代蜂世代历期明显缩短,于胚胎期和蛹期处理后其当代成蜂羽化率显著提高;然而,高温35℃处理6 h对松毛虫赤眼蜂的发育和寄生能力具有显著的负面影响,各发育时期经历高温处理后当代成蜂羽化率均显著降低,幼虫期经历高温处理后其当代成蜂的雌蜂率、寄生率和子代成蜂的羽化率均显著降低。表明高温对松毛虫赤眼蜂具有显著影响,繁育时适当优化温度可以提高扩繁效率,但运输和释放时应避免高温暴晒以降低防控效率损失。 相似文献
5.
实验室条件下以感染沃尔巴克氏体的引进种卷蛾赤眼蜂、食胚赤眼蜂、短管赤眼蜂为材料,比较分析3种赤眼蜂连续3代喂食抗生素后子代雄蜂率、寄生和羽化情况。除卷蛾赤眼蜂F2代外,取食四环素后3种赤眼蜂各世代寄生率均降低,其中食胚赤眼蜂的寄生率与对照相比明显下降;3种赤眼蜂间寄生率没有明显差异。随着取食抗生素世代的增加,3种赤眼蜂子代雄蜂率逐渐增大,短管赤眼蜂F1代开始出现雄蜂,F3代雄蜂率高达54.54%,明显高于卷蛾赤眼蜂（20.58%）和食胚赤眼蜂（13.94%）;食胚赤眼蜂3个世代羽化雄蜂率均最低,说明其产雌孤雌生殖方式比较稳定,较适合作为赤眼蜂种间沃尔巴克氏体水平人工转染的供体。 相似文献
6.
为明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵和蛹经短时高温处理对其生长发育的影响,将草地贪夜蛾卵和蛹在34、38、42、46℃高温下分别处理2、4、6 h后,测定短时高温下草地贪夜蛾卵的孵化率、不同虫态的发育历期、蛹的羽化率和雌成虫及其子代的繁殖力等指标。结果表明:随着温度升高和高温持续时间延长卵的孵化率逐渐降低,卵在38℃及以上处理6 h或高温46℃处理2 h以上孵化率显著降低;46℃处理6 h的孵化率最低为12.21%,幼虫不能成活;在42℃处理4 h以上和46℃处理2 h以上卵的发育历期延长,与对照差异显著,幼虫的发育历期显著短于对照,蛹的发育历期与对照比无显著差异;38℃处理6 h、42℃处理6 h成虫的产卵量显著低于对照。短时高温处理蛹后,雌蛹和雄蛹在46℃处理2～6 h后羽化率分别为0～15.00%和0～6.75%,均显著低于对照,雌蛹在42、46℃下的羽化率高于雄蛹,蛹在38℃处理6 h和42℃处理2 h以上后羽化的成虫产卵量较低,为121.25～186.75粒。表明高温38℃以上持续6 h或42℃以上持续2 h以上草地贪夜蛾种群生长会受到抑制。 相似文献
7.
在20、25和30℃三个恒温与78%恒湿条件下,于室内比较了20代、80代的人工转染含沃尔巴克氏体的孤雌产雌品系和未感染的两性生殖品系松毛虫赤眼蜂的卵寄生数、羽化数、羽化率、成虫寿命、单雌产卵量,并对松毛虫赤眼蜂体内共生菌沃尔巴克氏体进行分子检测,以研究两个不同世代的孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂体内共生菌的遗传稳定性。结果表明,在20℃时,20代的孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂的羽化率低于两性品系松毛虫赤眼蜂;80代的孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂的羽化数和成虫寿命低于两性品系松毛虫赤眼蜂;在25℃时,80代的孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂的羽化率低于两性品系松毛虫赤眼蜂;其余温度条件下羽化数、羽化率、成虫寿命和单雌产卵量均无显著差异。在20和25℃时,两个不同世代的孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂羽化数、羽化率等指标均高于30℃时的孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂,但3个温度条件下各生物学指标差异均不显著。PCR分子检测显示20代和80代的孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂检测结果均为阳性。经室内数代繁殖生殖方式稳定。 相似文献
8.
于不同温度与不同相对湿度组合条件下,比较了两性生殖品系及人工转染含沃尔巴克氏体的孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂的羽化率、寿命、繁殖力等生物学特性,以及高温和滞育贮藏对其生殖行为的影响.结果表明,在20℃与RH45%、78%、92%,以及25℃与RH45%、92%的组合下两性生殖品系松毛虫赤眼蜂的羽化率高于孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂;在20℃与RH45%及30℃与RH92%的组合下两性生殖品系松毛虫赤眼蜂的寿命高于孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂;其余温湿度组合下羽化率、寿命和繁殖力二者均无显著差异.高温和滞育贮藏均会使已获及沃尔巴克氏体的孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂在第二代中出现少量雄性个体,但继续培养仍会恢复为完全孤雌产雌生殖. 相似文献
9.
10.
高温冲击对柞蚕卵繁殖赤眼蜂的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
研究了柞蚕卵繁殖的松毛虫赤眼蜂于蛹中期和蛹后期经历6h35、40℃高温单次冲击处理，对当代羽化出蜂率、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂率、寿命等4个指标和处理子代有效繁殖个体数、羽化率、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂率等4个指标的影响。研究结果表明，当松毛虫赤眼蜂处于蛹中期和蛹后期阶段，在处理当代易受高温冲击影响，尤以40℃高温不利影响明显，主要表现在羽化出蜂率、单卵出蜂数两指标明显降低。其中蛹后期经历6h40℃高温冲击后，几乎不能继续发育羽化；而总体来看高温冲击对子代蜂各指标未表现出明显影响。 相似文献
11.
芙新姬小蜂Neochrysocharis formosa是潜叶蝇类害虫的优势天敌。在中国已发现孤雌产雌品系(thelytokous strain)和两性品系(arrhenotokous strain)。以实验室连代饲养的芙新姬小蜂两种品系为研究对象,比较了两种品系在5个温度梯度(18、22、26、30和34℃)下未成熟期的生活史参数。结果表明:卵-幼虫历期、蛹历期和整个未成熟期均随温度升高而缩短;相同温度条件下,孤雌品系和两性品系雌蜂的未成熟期的发育历期,在18、22和30℃下均为孤雌品系显著短于两性品系,在26℃下,二者无显著差异,在34℃下则为前者显著长于后者;5个温度下,孤雌品系雌蜂个体大小和卵子数均分别显著低于两性品系雌蜂。综合分析表明,两种品系在未成熟期的生活史特征参数方面发生了较大程度的分化。 相似文献
12.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They
represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing
slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more
stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively).
Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were
significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles. 相似文献
13.
Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Antonio Logrieco Antonio Bottalico Giuseppina Mulé Antonio Moretti Giancarlo Perrone 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(7):645-667
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams. 相似文献
14.
M. Fortass S. Diallo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(4):219-226
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes. 相似文献
15.
B. Blanco-Urgoiti M. Tribodet S. Leclere F. Ponz C. Pérez de san román F.J. Legorburu C. Kerlan 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(8):811-819
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5
end within the PVYN strain. 相似文献
16.
L. Blommers H. Helsen F. Vaal 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1988,94(2):95-103
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed. 相似文献
17.
F. K. Crutcher M. A. Henry‐Gregory H. H. Wilkinson S. E. Duke T. Wheeler C. M. Kenerley 《Plant pathology》2018,67(4):839-847
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population. 相似文献
18.
Pedro W. Crous J.Z. Groenewald Walter Gams 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(8):841-850
Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov. 相似文献
19.
Dr. M. Schulte 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2005,57(2-3):37-46
Zusammenfassung Herbizidresistente Kulturpflanzen nehmen unter den derzeit weltweit angebauten gentechnisch veränderten Ackerbaukulturen Sojabohne, Baumwolle, Raps und Mais den weit überwiegenden Anteil ein. Als Ursachen für die rasche Zunahme der Anbauflächen herbizidresistenter Sorten sind unter anderem die Unzulänglichkeiten der für diese Kulturen bestehenden Herbizidlösungen sowie die Zunahme der pfluglosen Bestellverfahren zu sehen. Im Gegenzug hat die Minimalbodenbearbeitung aufgrund der Einführung der Herbizidresistenztechnologie, insbesondere in Sojabohne, ein ausgeprägtes Flächenwachstum erfahren.Als Entscheidungskriterien für die Wahl des Unkrautbekämpfungssystems unter Einbezug des Anbaus herbizidresistenter oder konventioneller Sorten lassen sich aus den Erfahrungen der vergangenen 8 Jahre anführen: Sortenleistung, erhöhte Kulturverträglichkeit und zeitliche Anwendungsflexibilität, Wirkungssicherheit einer Nachauflaufbehandlung in Trockenregionen, Wirkungsbreite, Wirkungsdauer und Bekämpfung resistenter Unkrautbiotypen. Aufgrund fehlender Zulassungen und Kennzeichnungsvorschriften in wichtigen Exportmärkten sind für den Anbau transgener Sorten in Übersee auch Vermarktungseinschränkungen sowie für den Anbau in Europa Haftungs- und Koexistenzregeln wichtige einzelbetriebliche Entscheidungsparameter.Fortschritte erfährt die Herbizidresistenztechnologie kurz- und mittelfristig in der Weiterentwicklung bereits praktizierter Spritzfolgen und Tankmischungen zu Fertigformulierungen der Komplementärherbizide mit residualen Partnern. Zur Bekämpfung und Vorbeugung der Ausbreitung neuer herbizidresistenter Biotypen werden die Komplementärherbizide mit Partnern anderer Wirkungsmechanismen kombiniert. Weitere Entwicklungen sind die Kombination verschiedener transgener Merkmale mit der Herbizidresistenz sowie die Ausweitung von den derzeit dominierenden Kulturen auf weltweit weniger bedeutsame Kulturen, in denen die Entwicklung neuer konventioneller Herbizidwirkstoffe bisher wenig erfolgreich war oder im Verhältnis zum Aufwand nur bedingt attraktiv ist. Für die langfristige Entwicklung könnte die Plastidentransformation zur Verhinderung einer unerwünschten Ausbreitung transgener Merkmale Bedeutung erlangen. 相似文献
20.
P. Oyarzun M. Gerlagh A. E. Hoogland 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(1):23-33
Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots.
F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization. 相似文献