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1.
Maja Vasiljević Vanja Krstić Sanja Stanković Petra Zrimšek Alenka Nemec Svete Alenka Seliškar 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(6):745-753
Objective
To investigate changes in serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations in dogs in which medetomidine was used for sedation or for premedication prior to anaesthesia with propofol and sevoflurane.Study design
Prospective clinical study.Animals
A total of 66 client-owned dogs.Methods
The dogs were sedated with medetomidine (0.04 mg kg?1) intravenously (IV) (group M; n = 20) and left to breath room air or anaesthetized with propofol (6.5 ± 0.76 mg kg?1 IV) and sevoflurane (4.5% vaporizer setting) in oxygen (group P + S; n = 20) or with medetomidine (0.04 mg kg?1 IV), propofol (1.92 ± 0.63 mg kg?1) and sevoflurane (3% vaporizer setting) in oxygen (group M + P + S; n = 26), respectively. After 35 minutes, medetomidine was antagonized with atipamezole (0.1 mg kg?1 intramuscularly). Blood samples for serum cTnI determination were taken before sedation or anaesthesia, 6 and 12 hours and 4 days thereafter. Serum cTnI concentrations were measured with the Architect STAT Troponin-I assay.Results
Before sedation or anaesthesia, cTnI concentrations were above the detection limit in 22 out of 66 (33%) of dogs. Compared to basal values, cTnI concentrations significantly increased at 6 and 12 hours in all groups and at day 4 in group M. There were no differences in cTnI concentration between groups at baseline, at 6 hours and at 4 days. At 12 hours, cTnI concentrations were significantly higher in groups M and P + S, respectively, compared to group M + P + S.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Oxygenation during anaesthesia and reduction of propofol and sevoflurane dose due to the sparing effects of medetomidine might have played a role in alleviation of myocardial hypoxic injury as indicated by the less severe and short-lived increase of cTnI in the M + P + S group. 相似文献2.
Jill K. Maney 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1184-1188
Objective
To describe the sedative and physiologic effects of two doses of alfaxalone administered intramuscularly in dogs.Study design
Randomized, blinded, crossover experimental trial.Animals
Ten adult mixed-breed dogs.Methods
Dogs were assigned randomly to be administered one of three intramuscular injections [saline 0.1 mL kg?1 (S), alfaxalone 1 mg kg?1 (A1) or alfaxalone 2 mg kg?1 (A2)] on three occasions. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR) and sedation score were assessed before injection (T0) and at 5 (T5), 10 (T10), 15 (T15), 20 (T20), 30 (T30), 45 (T45) and 60 (T60) minutes postinjection. Rectal temperature was determined at T0 and T60. Adverse events occurring between the time of injection and T60 were recorded.Results
Sedation scores were higher in group A2 at T15 and T30 compared with group S. There were no additional differences between groups in sedation score. The A2 group had higher sedation scores at T15, T20 and T30 compared with T0. The A1 group had higher sedation scores at T10 and T30 compared with T0. Temperature was lower in groups A1 and A2 compared with S at T60, but was not clinically significant. There were no differences between or within groups in HR or fR. Adverse effects were observed in both A1 and A2 groups. These included ataxia (17/20), auditory hyperesthesia (5/20), visual disturbance (5/20), pacing (4/20) and tremor (3/20).Conclusions and clinical relevance
While alfaxalone at 2 mg kg?1 intramuscularly resulted in greater median sedation scores compared with saline, the range was high and adverse effects frequent. Neither protocol alone can be recommended for providing sedation in healthy dogs. 相似文献3.
4.
Hsiao-Chun Huang Shih-Wei Huang Kuan-Hua Yu Jiann-Hsiung Wang Jui-Te Wu 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1035-1041
Objective
To investigate the sedative effects in dogs of tiletamine–zolazepam–acepromazine (TZA) or ketamine–flunitrazepam (KF) administered orally and to evaluate the effectiveness of encapsulated TZA for capturing free-roaming dogs.Study design
Experimental study followed by a field trial.Animals
Six research dogs and 27 free-roaming dogs.Methods
In a pilot study, six research dogs were administered liquid TZA (20 mg kg?1 tiletamine–zolazepam and 2 mg kg?1 acepromazine) or liquid KF (50 mg kg?1 ketamine and 2 mg kg?1 flunitrazepam) orally: treatment 1, forcefully squirting liquid medication into the mouth; treatment 2, encapsulating liquid medication for administration in canned food; treatment 3, administering liquid medication mixed with gravy. Sedation was scored. A follow-up field trial attempted capture of 27 free-roaming dogs.Results
In the pilot study, the median time (range) to lateral recumbency (% dogs) after TZA administration was: treatment 1, 47.5 (35–80) minutes (67%); treatment 2, 30 (15–65) minutes (83%); and treatment 3, 75 (45–110) minutes (100%). No dogs in KF treatment 2 or 3 achieved lateral recumbency. Based on these results, 20 free-roaming dogs were offered encapsulated TZA in canned food: TZ (20 mg kg?1) and acepromazine (2 mg kg?1). Of these, no further drugs to four dogs (one dog captured), 10 dogs were administered a second dose within 30 minutes (five dogs captured) and six dogs were administered TZ (5 mg kg?1) and xylazine (1.1–2.2 mg kg?1) intramuscularly by blow dart (six dogs captured). Seven dogs were initially offered twice the TZA dose (five dogs captured). In total, 63% free-roaming dogs were captured after administration of encapsulated TZA in canned food.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Oral administration of encapsulated TZA in canned dog food can aid in the capture of free-roaming dogs, but additional drugs may be required. The sedation onset time and medication palatability influenced the capture rate. 相似文献5.
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Grayson A. Doss Dustin M. Fink Kurt K. Sladky Christoph Mans 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1175-1183
Objective
To compare dexmedetomidine–midazolam with alfaxalone–midazolam for sedation in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius).Study design
Prospective, randomized, blinded, complete crossover study.Animals
Nine healthy adult leopard geckos.Methods
Geckos were administered a combination of dexmedetomidine (0.1 mg kg?1) and midazolam (1.0 mg kg?1; treatment D–M) or alfaxalone (15 mg kg?1) and midazolam (1.0 mg kg?1; treatment A–M) subcutaneously craniodorsal to a thoracic limb. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), righting reflex, palpebral reflex, superficial and deep pain reflexes, jaw tone and escape response were assessed every 5 minutes until reversal. Conditions for intubation and response to needle prick were evaluated. Antagonist drugs [flumazenil (0.05 mg kg?1) ± atipamezole (1.0 mg kg?1)] were administered subcutaneously, craniodorsal to the contralateral thoracic limb, 45 minutes after initial injection, and animals were monitored until recovery.Results
HR, but not fR, decreased significantly over time in both treatments. HR was significantly lower than baseline at all time points in D–M and for all but the 5 and 10 minute time points in A–M. HR was significantly higher in A–M at all time points after drug administration when compared with D–M. Sedation scores between protocols were similar for most time points. All animals in A–M lost righting reflex compared with seven out of nine (78%) geckos in D–M. Geckos in A–M lost righting reflex for significantly longer time. Mean ± standard deviation time to recovery after antagonist administration was 6.1 ± 2.2 minutes for D–M and 56 ± 29 minutes for A–M, and these times were significantly different.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Combination D–M or A–M provided sedation of a level expected to allow physical examinations and venipuncture in leopard geckos. A–M provided a faster onset of sedation compared with D–M. Recovery was significantly faster following antagonist reversal of D–M, compared with A–M. 相似文献7.
Bruno H. Pypendop M.G. Ranasinghe Kirby Pasloske 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(4):459-466
Objective
To compare the performance of an alfaxalone constant rate intravenous (IV) infusion versus a 3-step IV infusion, both following a loading dose, for the maintenance of a target plasma alfaxalone concentration of 7.6 mg L–1 (effective plasma alfaxalone concentration for immobility in 99% of the population) in cats.Study design
Prospective randomized crossover study.Animals
A group of six healthy, adult male neutered cats.Methods
Catheters were placed in a jugular vein for blood sampling and in a medial saphenous vein for drug administration. An IV bolus of alfaxalone (2 mg kg–1) was administered, followed by either 0.2 mg kg?1 minute?1 for 240 minutes (single infusion; SI) or 0.4 mg kg?1 minute?1 for 10 minutes, then 0.3 mg kg?1 minute?1 for 30 minutes, and then 0.2 mg kg?1 minute?1 for 200 minutes (3-step infusion; 3-step). Plasma alfaxalone concentration was measured at six time points during the infusions. Measures of performance were calculated for each infusion regimen and compared using the paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test.Results
Median (range) absolute performance error, divergence, median prediction error and wobble were 15 (8–19)%, ?8 (?12 to ?6)% hour?1, ?12 (?19 to ?7)% and 10 (8–19)%, respectively, in the SI treatment, and 6 (2–16)%, 0 (?13 to 2)% hour?1, 1 (?16 to 4)% and 4 (3–6)% respectively, in the 3-step treatment and were significantly smaller in the 3-step treatment than in the SI treatment.Conclusion and clinical relevance
After IV administration of a bolus dose, a 3-step infusion regimen can better maintain stable plasma alfaxalone concentrations close to the target concentration than a single constant rate infusion. 相似文献8.
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Setefilla Quirós-Carmona Rocío Navarrete Juan M. Domínguez María del Mar Granados Rafael J. Gómez-Villamandos Pilar Muñoz-Rascón Daniel Aguilar Francisco J. Funes Juan Morgaz 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):228-236
Objective
To determine the effects of two dexmedetomidine continuous rate infusions on the minimum infusion rate of alfaxalone for total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA), and subsequent haemodynamic and recovery effects in Greyhounds undergoing laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy.Study design
Prospective, randomized and blinded clinical study.Animals
Twenty-four female Greyhounds.Methods
Dogs were premedicated with dexmedetomidine 3 μg kg?1 and methadone 0.3 mg kg?1 intramuscularly. Anaesthesia was induced with IV alfaxalone to effect and maintained with a TIVA mixture of alfaxalone in combination with two different doses of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg kg?1 hour?1 or 1 μg kg?1 hour?1; groups DEX0.5 and DEX1, respectively). The alfaxalone starting dose rate was 0.07 mg kg?1 minute?1 and was adjusted (± 0.02 mg kg?1 minute?1) every 5 minutes to maintain a suitable depth of anaesthesia. A rescue alfaxalone bolus (0.5 mg kg?1 IV) was administered if dogs moved or swallowed. The number of rescue boluses was recorded. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure and arterial blood gas were monitored. Qualities of sedation, induction and recovery were scored. Differences between groups were tested for statistical significance using a Student’s t test or Mann–Whitney U test as appropriate.Results
There were no differences between groups in sedation, induction and recovery quality, the median (range) induction dose of alfaxalone [DEX0.5: 2.2 (1.9–2.5) mg kg?1; DEX1: 1.8 (1.2–2.9) mg kg?1], total dose of alfaxalone rescue boluses [DEX0.5: 21.0 (12.5–38.8) mg; DEX1: 22.5 (15.5–30.6) mg] or rate of alfaxalone (DEX0.5: 0.12 ± 0.04 mg kg?1 minute?1; DEX1: 0.12 ± 0.03 mg kg?1 minute?1).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Co-administration of dexmedetomidine 1 μg kg?1 hour?1 failed to reduce the dose rate of alfaxalone compared with dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg kg?1 hour?1 in Greyhounds undergoing laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy. The authors recommend an alfaxalone starting dose rate of 0.1 mg kg?1 minute?1. Recovery quality was good in the majority of dogs. 相似文献11.
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Julia Deutsch Colette Jolliffe Emma Archer Elizabeth A. Leece 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):794-802
Objective
To assess quality of sedation following intramuscular (IM) injection of two doses of alfaxalone in combination with butorphanol in cats.Study design
Prospective, randomized, ‘blinded’ clinical study.Animals
A total of 38 cats undergoing diagnostic imaging or noninvasive procedures.Methods
Cats were allocated randomly to be administered butorphanol 0.2 mg kg?1 combined with alfaxalone 2 mg kg?1 (group AB2) or 5 mg kg?1 (group AB5) IM. If sedation was inadequate, alfaxalone 2 mg kg?1 IM was administered and cats were excluded from further analysis. Temperament [1 (friendly) to 5 (aggressive)], response to injection, sedation score at 2, 6, 8, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes, overall sedation quality scored after data collection [1 (excellent) to 4 (inadequate)] and recovery quality were assessed. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR) and arterial haemoglobin saturation (SpO2) were recorded every 5 minutes. Groups were compared using t tests and Mann–Whitney U tests. Sedation was analysed using two-way anova, and additional alfaxalone using Fisher's exact test (p < 0.05).Results
Groups were similar for sex, age, body mass and response to injection. Temperament score was lower in group AB2 [2 (1–3)] compared to AB5 [3 (1–5)] (p = 0.006). Group AB5 had better sedation at 6, 8, 20 and 30 minutes and overall sedation quality was better in AB5 [1 (1–3)], compared to AB2 [3 (1–4)] (p = 0.0001). Additional alfaxalone was required for 11 cats in AB2 and two in AB5 (p = 0.005). Recovery quality, HR, fR and SpO2 were similar. Seven cats required oxygen supplementation. Complete recovery times were shorter in AB2 (81.8 ± 24.3 versus 126.6 ± 33.3 minutes; p = 0.009). Twitching was the most common adverse event.Conclusions and clinical relevance
In combination with butorphanol, IM alfaxalone at 5 mg kg?1 provided better quality sedation than 2 mg kg?1. Monitoring of SpO2 is recommended. 相似文献14.
Elizabeth A. Hoffman Turi K. Aarnes Carolina H. Ricco Pereira Phillip Lerche Richard M. Bednarski Mary A. McLoughlin 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(6):754-759
Objective
To determine the effect of oral trazodone on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in dogs.Study design
Prospective blinded, single-observer, randomized crossover experimental study.Animals
Six adult (age 6.8 ± 1.6 months) healthy dogs (three males and three females), weighing 24.8 ± 3.4 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Each dog was anesthetized twice with a minimum of 7 days between anesthetic episodes. Dogs were randomly assigned to be administered two treatments in a crossover design: premedication with trazodone (8 mg kg?1; TRAZ–ISO) orally 2 hours prior to an anesthetic episode or no (ISO). Dogs were anesthetized with intravenous propofol (6 mg kg?1) and isoflurane in >95% oxygen. Isoflurane MAC was determined using an iterative bracketing technique with electrodes placed in the buccal mucosa. Hemodynamic variables were compared at the lowest end-tidal isoflurane concentration at which each dog did not respond. A paired t test was used to assess the effect of treatment on outcome variables with significance set to a value of p < 0.05.Results
The MAC concentration (mean ± standard deviation) in dogs administered TRAZ–ISO was 0.85 ± 0.17% compared with 1.02 ± 0.11% in those administered ISO (p = 0.01, 95% confidence interval ?0.25 to ?0.05), resulting in a mean MAC reduction of 17 ± 12%. There were no differences in hemodynamic variables between treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Premedication of dogs with oral trazodone (8 mg kg?1) 2 hours prior to anesthetic induction has a significant isoflurane MAC sparing effect with no significant observed hemodynamic benefit. 相似文献15.
Brighton T. Dzikiti Patience S. Ndawana Loveness N. Dzikiti Frik G. Stegmann 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(3):285-294
Objective
To determine the minimum infusion rate (MIR) of alfaxalone required to prevent purposeful movement in response to standardized stimulation while co-administered with lidocaine at three different doses by constant infusion rate infusion (CRI) in goats.Study design
Prospective, blinded, randomized crossover, experimental.Animals
A total of eight healthy goats: four does and four wethers.Methods
Anaesthetic induction was with lidocaine at 1 mg kg?1 [low dose of lidocaine (L-Lid)], 2 mg kg?1 [moderate dose (M-Lid)] or 4 mg kg?1 [high dose (H-Lid)] and alfaxalone at 2 mg kg?1. Anaesthetic maintenance was with alfaxalone initially at 9.6 mg kg?1 hour?1 combined with one of three lidocaine treatments: 3 mg kg?1 hour?1 (L-Lid), 6 mg kg?1 hour?1 (M-Lid) or 12 mg kg?1 hour?1 (H-Lid). The MIR of alfaxalone was determined by testing for responses to a stimulation in the form of clamping on a digit with a Vulsellum forceps every 30 minutes during lidocaine CRI. Basic cardiopulmonary parameters were measured.Results
The alfaxalone MIRs were 8.64 (6.72–10.56), 6.72 (6.72–8.64) and 6.72 (6.72–6.72) mg kg?1 hour?1 during L-Lid, M-Lid and H-Lid, respectively, without any significant differences among treatments. Compared to the initial rate of 9.6 mg kg?1 hour?1, these reductions in MIR are equivalent to 10, 30 and 30%, respectively. Significant increases in heart rate (HR) and arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) and decreases in arterial haemoglobin saturation (SaO2), arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) and respiratory frequency (fR) immediately after induction were observed during all lidocaine treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Lidocaine reduces the alfaxalone MIR by up to 30% with a tendency towards a plateauing in this effect at high CRIs. Immediate oxygen supplementation might be required to prevent hypoxaemia. 相似文献16.
Tesh M. Smalle Marthinus J. Hartman Lynette Bester Roxanne K. Buck Geoffrey T. Fosgate Gareth E. Zeiler 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):427-434
Objective
To compare the effects of thiopentone, propofol and alfaxalone on arytenoid cartilage motion and establish the dose rates to achieve a consistent oral laryngoscopy examination.Study design
Randomised crossover study.Animals
Six healthy adult Beagle dogs.Methods
Each dog was randomly administered three induction agents with a 1-week washout period between treatments. Thiopentone (7.5 mg kg?1), propofol (3 mg kg?1) or alfaxalone (1.5 mg kg?1) was administered over 1 minute for induction of anaesthesia. If the dog was deemed inadequately anaesthetised, then supplemental boluses of 1.8, 0.75 and 0.4 mg kg?1 were administered, respectively. Continual examination of the larynx, using a laryngoscope, commenced once an adequate anaesthetic depth was reached until examination end point. The number of arytenoid motions and vital breaths were counted during three time periods and compared over time and among treatments. Data were analysed using Friedman and Mann–Whitney U tests, Spearman rho and a linear mixed model with post hoc pairwise comparison with Tukey correction.Results
The median (range) induction and examination times were 2.8 (2.0–3.0), 2.7 (2.0–3.3) and 2.5 (1.7–3.3) minutes (p = 0.727); and 14.1 (8.0–41.8), 5.4 (3.3–14.8) and 8.5 (3.8–31.6) minutes (p = 0.016) for thiopentone, propofol and alfaxalone, respectively. The median dose rates required to achieve an adequate anaesthetic depth were 6.3 (6.0–6.6), 2.4 (2.4–2.4) and 1.2 (1.2–1.2) mg kg?1 minute?1, respectively. There was no significant difference for the total number of arytenoid motions (p = 0.662) or vital breaths (p = 0.789) among induction agents.Conclusion and clinical relevance
The number of arytenoid motions were similar among the induction agents. However, at the dose rates used in this study, propofol provided adequate conditions for evaluation of the larynx with a shorter examination time which may be advantageous during laryngoscopy in dogs. 相似文献17.
Josiane Lauper Vincent Marolf Olivier Levionnois Esther Schelling Mireille Meylan Claudia Spadavecchia 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):281-286
Objective
To investigate whether an intravenous (IV) lidocaine bolus in calves premedicated with xylazine-butorphanol reduces the amount of ketamine required to allow endotracheal intubation.Study design
Randomized, prospective clinical study.Animals
In total, 41 calves scheduled for elective umbilical surgery.Methods
Calves were randomly assigned to one of two groups (L: lidocaine or S: saline). The calves were administered xylazine (0.07 mg kg?1) and butorphanol (0.1 mg kg?1) intramuscularly and 10 minutes later lidocaine (2 mg kg?1; group L) or saline (group S) IV over 1 minute. After 2 minutes, ketamine (2.5 mg kg?1) was injected IV. If the depth of anaesthesia was insufficient for intubation, additional ketamine (1 mg kg?1) was administered every minute until intubation was successful. The amount of ketamine required for intubation, respiratory rate, pulse rate, arterial pressures, the depth of sedation and conditions of endotracheal intubation after induction of anaesthesia were compared between the two groups.Results
The calves in group L were sedated more deeply than those in group S; however, neither the median (range) amount of ketamine required for intubation, 3.5 (2.5–4.5) mg kg?1 and 3.5 (2.5–3.5) mg kg?1, respectively, nor the induction quality differed significantly between the groups.Conclusion and clinical relevance
A bolus of lidocaine (2 mg kg?1) administered 10 minutes after xylazine-butorphanol in calves deepened the degree of sedation but did not decrease the requirement of ketamine for endotracheal intubation. No adverse effects were recorded in the physiological variables measured. 相似文献18.
Alexandru Tutunaru Julien Dupont Vincent Huberty Mostafa Ibrahim Didier Serteyn Charlotte Sandersen 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):910-914
Objective
To determine the dose of cis-atracurium needed to produce a moderate neuromuscular blockade (NMB) in pigs.Study design
Prospective experimental study.Animals
Seven pigs [five females and two males; median (range) body weight: 47 (36–64) kg].Methods
Pigs were premedicated with intramuscular midazolam (0.3 mg kg?1) and ketamine (7 mg kg?1). Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous (IV) propofol 3 (1–4) mg kg?1 and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Based on a preliminary study, the subjects were administered 0.3 mg kg?1 cis-atracurium followed by 0.48 mg kg?1 hour?1 constant rate infusion (CRI) IV. A moderate NMB was defined as a train-of-four (TOF) count of ≤2 by acceleromyography. When the TOF count was >2, 0.1 mg kg?1 cis-atracurium was administered and the CRI was increased. The cis-atracurium CRI was decreased when the TOF count was under 2 for more than 15 minutes. The total dose of cis-atracurium required to maintain a moderate NMB was calculated as the total amount of cis-atracurium used (both CRI and supplementary boluses) divided by the administration time.Results
The cis-atracurium CRI lasted for 87 (76–151) minutes. To induce and maintain a moderate neuromuscular blockade, the initial dose of cis-atracurium was 0.3 (0.3– 0.5) mg kg?1 and the CRI was 0.71 (0.37–0.98) mg kg?1 hour?1.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The doses described in our study may help researchers obtain a moderate NMB using cis-atracurium in pigs. 相似文献19.
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Matheus R. Ribeiro Carolina B. de Carvalho Ricardo H.Z. Pereira Gabriel M. Nicácio Rejane B. Brinholi Renata N. Cassu 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1236-1244