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1.
Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine grapes   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
Fruits of 10 cultivars of muscadine grapes (five bronze skin and five purple skin) grown in southern Georgia were separated into skin, seed, and pulp. Each fruit part and the leaves from the corresponding varieties were extracted for HPLC analysis of major phenolics. Total phenolics were determined colorimetrically using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Total anthocyanins were determined according to a pH-differential method, using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. Antioxidant capacity was determined by the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. Gallic acid, (+)-catechin, and epicatechin were the major phenolics in seeds, with average values of 6.9, 558.4, and 1299.4 mg/100 g of fresh weight (FW), respectively. In the skins, ellagic acid, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and trans-resveratrol were the major phenolics, with respective average values of 16.5, 8.4, 1.8, 0.6, and 0.1 mg/100 g of FW. Contrary to previous results, ellagic acid and not resveratrol was the major phenolic in muscadine grapes. The HPLC solvent system used coupled with fluorescence detection allowed separation of ellagic acid from resveratrol and detection of resveratrol. Reported here for the first time are the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine leaves. Major phenolics in muscadine leaves were myricetin, ellagic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, and gallic acid, with average concentrations of 157.6, 66.7, 8.9, 9.8, and 8.6, respectively. Average total phenolics were 2178.8, 374.6, 23.8, and 351.6 mg/g gallic acid equivalent in seed, skin, pulp, and leaves, respectively. Total anthocyanin contents were 2.1 and 132.1 mg/100 g of FW in the skins of bronze and purple grapes, respectively, and 4.3 and 4.6 mg/100 g of FW in seeds and pulps, in that order. Antioxidant capacity values were, on average, 2.4, 12.8, 281.3, and 236.1 microM TEAC/g of FW for pulps, skins, seeds, and leaves, respectively.  相似文献   

2.
Phenolic compounds of 14 pomace samples originating from red and white winemaking were characterized by HPLC-MS. Up to 13 anthocyanins, 11 hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, and 13 catechins and flavonols as well as 2 stilbenes were identified and quantified in the skins and seeds by HPLC-DAD. Large variabilities comprising all individual phenolic compounds were observed, depending on cultivar and vintage. Grape skins proved to be rich sources of anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, and flavonol glycosides, whereas flavanols were mainly present in the seeds. However, besides the lack of anthocyanins in white grape pomace, no principal differences between red and white grape varieties were observed. This is the first study presenting comprehensive data on the contents of individual phenolic compounds comprising all polyphenolic subclasses of grapes including a comparison of several red and white pomaces from nine cultivars. The results obtained in the present study confirm that both skins and seeds of most grape cultivars constitute a promising source of polyphenolics.  相似文献   

3.
Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of strawberries   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Strawberries contain high levels of antioxidants, which have been correlated with a decreased risk of chronic disease. To more fully characterize the antioxidant profiles and possible associated health benefits of this fruit, the total free and bound phenolic, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin contents of eight strawberry cultivars (Earliglow, Annapolis, Evangeline, Allstar, Sable, Sparkle, Jewel, and Mesabi) were measured. Cultivar effects on phenolic contents were compared with antioxidant capacities, as measured by the total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay, and to antiproliferative activities, as measured by inhibition of HepG(2) human liver cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Free phenolic contents differed by 65% between the highest (Earliglow) and the lowest (Allstar) ranked cultivars. The water soluble bound and ethyl acetate soluble bound phenolic contents averaged 5% of the total phenolic content of the cultivars. The total flavonoid content of Annapolis was 2-fold higher than that of Allstar, which had the lowest content. The anthocyanin content of the highest ranked cultivar, Evangeline, was more than double that of the lowest ranked cultivar, Allstar. Overall, free phenolic content was weakly correlated with total antioxidant activity, and flavonoid and anthocyanin content did not correlate with total antioxidant activity. The proliferation of HepG(2) human liver cancer cells was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner after exposure to all strawberry cultivar extracts, with Earliglow exhibiting the highest antiproliferative activity and Annapolis exhibiting the lowest. No relationship was found between antiproliferative activity and antioxidant content.  相似文献   

4.
Extracts from fruit pulps of six female cultivars and two hermaphrodite Portuguese carob trees [(Ceratonia siliqua L., Fabaceae)] exhibited strong antioxidant activity and were rich in phenolic compounds. The extracts decreased the viability of different human cancer cell lines on a dose- and time-dependent manner. Gender and cultivar significantly influenced the chemical content and the biological activities of the extracts. Extracts from hermaphrodite trees had a higher content of phenolic compounds, and exhibited higher antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Among females, cv. Aida had the highest radical scavenging activity and total content of phenolics, Mulata the highest capacity to inhibit lipid oxidation and Gasparinha the strongest cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells. The decrease in cell viability was associated with apoptosis on HeLa and MDA-MB-231 lines. (+)-Catechin and gallic acid (GA) were the main compounds identified in the extracts, and GA contributed to the antioxidant activity. Our results show that the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of carob tree fruit pulps are strongly influenced by gender and cultivar, and provide new knowledge about the advantages of hermaphrodite trees over female cultivars, namely, as a source of compounds with biological interest, which may represent an increase of their agronomic interest.  相似文献   

5.
Phenolic profiles and antioxidant properties of a total of 30 soybean samples, including 27 grown in the North Dakota-Minnesota region and three soybeans from the other regions, were investigated. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), phenolic acids, flavonols, anthocyanins, and isoflavones were quantified. Antioxidant properties of soybean extracts were assessed using 2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) methods. Results showed that black soybean cultivars possessed significantly higher TPC, TFC, DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC values than all yellow soybean cultivars. However, black soybean cultivars did not exhibit significantly higher individual phenolic contents (except for anthocyanins), such as phenolic acids and isoflavones, than the yellow soybean cultivars. The isoflavone profiles of North Dakota soybean cultivars were similar to those of South Dakota, but average values of total isoflavone (TI) contents were higher than soybeans grown in the other states and Korea and Japan according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Iowa State University Database on the isoflavone contents of foods. Correlation assays showed that TPC, TI, total phenolic acids, daidzin, genistin, malonyldaidzin, daidzein, genistein, and trans-cinnamic acid significantly ( r = 0.73, 0.62, 0.49, 0.68, 0.59, 0.59, 0.56, 0.47, and 0.76, respectively, p < 0.0001) correlated with ORAC values of yellow soybeans. Both isoflavones and phenolic acids contributed to the ORAC values of yellow soybeans. These data suggest that some selected soybean cultivars may be used as high-quality food-grade soybeans for providing high phenolic phytochemicals and antioxidant activities.  相似文献   

6.
Polyphenols present in red table grape varieties Red Globe, Flame Seedless, Crimson Seedless, and Napoleon, and the white varieties Superior Seedless, Dominga, and Moscatel Italica were analyzed by HPLC-DAD-MS. The anthocyanins peonidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside (and their corresponding p-coumaroyl derivatives), malvidin 3-glucoside, petunidin 3-glucoside, and delphinidin 3-glucoside were found. In addition, caffeoyltartaric acid, p-coumaroyltartaric acid, and the flavonols quercetin 3-glucuronide, quercetin 3-rutinoside, quercetin 3-glucoside, kaempferol 3-galactoside, kaempferol 3-glucoside, and isorhamnetin 3-glucoside were detected. Flavan-3-ols were also detected, and were identified as gallocatechin, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B4, procyanidin C1, catechin, and epigallocatechin. These phenolics were present only in the skin, as the flesh of these grape cultivars was almost devoid of these compounds. Anthocyanins were the main phenolics in red grapes ranging from 69 (Crimson Seedless) to 151 (Flame Seedless) mg/kg fresh weight of grapes, whereas flavan-3-ols were the most abundant phenolics in the white varieties ranging from 52 (Dominga) to 81 (Moscatel Italica) mg/kg fresh weight of grapes. Total phenolics ranged from 115 (Dominga) to 361 (Flame Seedless) mg/kg fresh weight of grapes. This means that a serving of unpeeled table grapes (200 g) could provide up to 72 mg of total phenolics (Flame Seedless). These results indicate that the intake of unpeeled table grapes should be recommended in dietary habits as a potential source of antioxidant and anticarcinogenic phenolic compounds.  相似文献   

7.
Grape seeds and skins are good sources of phytochemicals such as gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin and are suitable raw materials for the production of antioxidative dietary supplements. The differences in levels of the major monomeric flavanols and phenolic acids in seeds and skins from grapes of Vitis vinifera varieties Merlot and Chardonnay and in seeds from grapes of Vitis rotundifolia variety Muscadine were determined, and the antioxidant activities of these components were assessed. The contribution of the major monomeric flavonols and phenolic acid to the total antioxidant capacity of grape seeds and skins was also determined. Gallic acid, monomeric catechin, and epicatechin concentrations were 99, 12, and 96 mg/100 g of dry matter (dm) in Muscadine seeds, 15, 358, and 421 mg/100 g of dm in Chardonnay seeds, and 10, 127, and 115 mg/100 g of dm in Merlot seeds, respectively. Concentrations of these three compounds were lower in winery byproduct grape skins than in seeds. These three major phenolic constituents of grape seeds contributed <26% to the antioxidant capacity measured as ORAC on the basis of the corrected concentrations of gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin in grape byproducts. Peroxyl radical scavenging activities of phenolics present in grape seeds or skins in decreasing order were resveratrol > catechin > epicatechin = gallocatechin > gallic acid = ellagic acid. The results indicated that dimeric, trimeric, oligomeric, or polymeric procyanidins account for most of the superior antioxidant capacity of grape seeds.  相似文献   

8.
Total and free phenolic contents of 16 commonly consumed fruits (comprising 9 apples, 4 pears, and one each of peach, plum, and kiwi fruit cultivars) were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Total phenol contents varied from 272 to 475 mg of CtE/100 g of fresh weight. Of the apple cultivars studied, Braeburn and Empire had the highest and lowest total phenol content, respectively. The apple cultivars ranked in the following decreasing order: Braeburn > Red Delicious > Crisp Pink > Granny Smith > Royal Gala > Bramley > Golden Delicious > Fuji > Empire. Among pear cultivars, the order was Forelle > Taylor's > Peckham's > Conference. Peach and plum equally had high contents. The percentage of conjugated phenolics ranged between 3 (Red Delicious) and 77% (Empire) of the total phenols. Comparison of different cultivars of the same fruit and between different fruits showed broad variations in both phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity; a weak correlation (R(2) = 0.58) was observed between the phenolic content of the fruits and the total antioxidant activity, as estimated by the FRAP assay. The calculated dietary intake of total, free, and conjugated phenols from average per capita consumption of apples and pears in different regions of the U.K. varied between 104-126, 53-64, and 51-62 mg of CtE/day, respectively.  相似文献   

9.
氮营养对青花菜花球酚类物质及抗氧化能力的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用无机基质盆栽,研究不同氮营养水平（5、10、15和20 mmol/L）对两品种青花菜花球生长、总酚、类黄酮含量及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,提高氮浓度水平,有利于青花菜株高、花球直径、花球鲜重和干重的增加;两品种花球的总酚含量随着氮浓度的增加呈降低的变化趋势,当供氮浓度高于10 mmol/L,总酚含量显著降低。花球中主要含有槲皮素和山萘黄素两种黄酮醇物质,而且山萘黄素含量是槲皮素的1.48倍;在低氮 （5 mmol/L）处理下,两品种花球的槲皮素含量和绿优2号的山萘黄素含量显著高于其他处理。增加供氮浓度,花球的二苯代苦味酰基（DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl）自由基清除率和铁还原抗氧化能力(FRAP, Ferric reducing /antioxidant power assay) 值呈下降趋势,限制了其抗氧化能力。相关性分析表明,两品种花球的FRAP值与酚类物质的正相关性显著高于DPPH自由基清除率。两品种相比较,中晚熟品种马拉松的花球直径、鲜重和干重显著高于中早熟品种绿优2号,而其总酚含量和抗氧化能力明显低于绿优2号。以上结果说明,通过氮营养水平能够调控青花菜酚类物质合成和抗氧化能力,从而为生产高营养品质的青花菜产品提供了可能的途径。  相似文献   

10.
The phenolic constituents of seeds of 12 different apple cultivars were fractionated by sequential extraction with aqueous acetone (30:70, v/v) and ethyl acetate after hexane extraction of the lipids. Low molecular weight phenolic compounds were individually quantitated by RP-HPLC-DAD. The contents of extractable and nonextractable procyanidins were determined by applying RP-HPLC following thiolysis and n-butanol/HCl hydrolysis, respectively. As expected, the results revealed marked differences of the ethyl acetate extracts, aqueous acetone extracts, and insoluble residues with regard to contents and mean degrees of polymerization of procyanidins. Total phenolic contents in the defatted apple seed residues ranged between 18.4 and 99.8 mg/g. Phloridzin was the most abundant phenolic compound, representing 79-92% of monomeric polyphenols. Yields of phenolic compounds significantly differed among the cultivars under study, with seeds of cider apples generally being richer in phloridzin and catechins than seeds of dessert apple cultivars. This is the first study presenting comprehensive data on the contents of phenolic compounds in apple seeds comprising extractable and nonextractable procyanidins. Furthermore, the present work points out a strategy for the sustainable and complete exploitation of apple seeds as valuable agro-industrial byproducts, in particular as a rich source of phloridzin and antioxidant flavanols.  相似文献   

11.
Ten bean cultivars grown in southern Manitoba in 2006 were evaluated for variability in phytate, phenolic, and mineral contents, phytase activity, and antioxidant properties to elucidate the relationship of these components. Phytic acid content and phytase activity varied significantly among cultivars and market classes, ranging from 16.7 to 25.1 g/kg and from 224 to 361 phytase activity unit/kg of sample, respectively. The bean cultivars with total phenolic content ranging from 2.2 to 5.6 g of catechin equiv/kg of sample exhibited significant variation in antioxidant capacity [1.6-11.2 microM Trolox equiv (TE)/g of dry matter] and peroxyl radical scavenging activity (72-158 microM TE/g) using photochemiluminescence and fluorescence assays, respectively. Multivariate data analysis performed on 22 components analyzed in this study using principal component analysis and cluster methods demonstrate that differences in phytase, antioxidant activity, mineral contents, and bioavailability are much larger within market class than among bean cultivars.  相似文献   

12.
为了筛选适宜在陕西省渭南地区栽培的优良鲜食葡萄品种,以优化当地现有鲜食葡萄品种的种植结构,对新郁、弗雷无核、紫脆无核、早黑宝、夏黑、紫甜无核、户太八号、巨玫瑰、阳光玫瑰、金手指共10个鲜食葡萄品种进行引种试验。试验采用田间观察与室内测试相结合的方法,包括观察记录各供试品种的物候期、植物学性状,测定果实的理化成分含量,评价果实的感官质量,最后利用主成分分析法对葡萄果实品质进行综合评价和排序。结果表明,在渭南地区简易避雨栽培条件下,10个鲜食葡萄品种在物候期、植物学性状、果实理化成分含量、感官评分等方面存在差异。综合评价发现新郁、户太八号的品质较好,早黑宝、阳光玫瑰、紫甜无核的品质中等,其余品种的品质较差。本研究为渭南地区鲜食葡萄引种栽培和品种结构优化提供了一定的理论依据。  相似文献   

13.
ABSTRACT

In this study, the physiological response of two cultivars of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Rotabi, and Thompson seedless) was investigated under manganese treatment (manganese sulfate) and water stress conditions. In this regard, foliar application of manganese sulfate (MnSO4) treatment such as: 0, 2 and 4 g/l and water stress (WS) treatment including: without water stress (field capacity), moderate (?1 Mpa), severe (?1.5 Mpa) and very severe (?2 Mpa) was studied. Under MnSO4 treatment, the adverse effect of drought stress on Rotabi and Thompson Seedless vines were ameliorated considering plant height, dry weight of roots, root length, leaf surface area and number of leaves. In both cultivars, manganese treatment under drought stress produced higher total chlorophyll content, carbohydrate, proline and protein contents in vines than those of untreated ones. Furthermore, manganese treatment diminished the level of lipid peroxidation (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in both cultivars. Also, it was found that the MnSO4 treatment could also increase the relative water content (RWC) in the grapevine leaves under water stress in Rotabi cultivar by 4% and Thompson seedless cultivar by 10% compared to control vines (0% MnSO4). The results obtained here suggest that foliar MnSO4 application can improve the growth parameters of grapevine under water stress and trigger protective mechanisms against water stress in grapevine, especially in Thompson seedless cultivar.  相似文献   

14.
Epidemiological studies have established a link between consumption of dry beans and lower incidence of degenerative diseases. This relationship is attributed in part to properties of natural antioxidants present in beans. The objective of this study was to determine if the hard-to-cook (HTC) phenomenon in beans had a negative effect on the content of free and bound phenolic antioxidants and antioxidant capacity. Folin-Ciocalteu, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and HPLC methods were used to quantify the content of phenolic acids and antioxidant capacity. Results showed that the HTC phenomenon did not equally affect the content and antioxidant capacity of phenolic acids in different bean cultivars. Black beans were most affected, the contents of free and acid hydrolyzable phenolic acids being reduced by 35 and 36%, respectively, and the antioxidant activity by 18 and 25%, respectively. This study showed that the HTC phenomenon affected a potential nutritive characteristic of dry beans.  相似文献   

15.
Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds.   总被引：47，自引：0，他引：47  
The antioxidative activity of a total of 92 phenolic extracts from edible and nonedible plant materials (berries, fruits, vegetables, herbs, cereals, tree materials, plant sprouts, and seeds) was examined by autoxidation of methyl linoleate. The content of total phenolics in the extracts was determined spectrometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and calculated as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Among edible plant materials, remarkable high antioxidant activity and high total phenolic content (GAE > 20 mg/g) were found in berries, especially aronia and crowberry. Apple extracts (two varieties) showed also strong antioxidant activity even though the total phenolic contents were low (GAE < 12.1 mg/g). Among nonedible plant materials, high activities were found in tree materials, especially in willow bark, spruce needles, pine bark and cork, and birch phloem, and in some medicinal plants including heather, bog-rosemary, willow herb, and meadowsweet. In addition, potato peel and beetroot peel extracts showed strong antioxidant effects. To utilize these significant sources of natural antioxidants, further characterization of the phenolic composition is needed.  相似文献   

16.
The antioxidant capacity of newly developed and highly popular pigmented rice cultivars (black rice, Galsaekchalmi, Jeoktomi, Hongchalmi, and Nogwonmi) in South Korea was analyzed. The rice grains were ground into powder, extracted with 70% ethanol, filtered, and concentrated with a rotary evaporator. The samples were analyzed for phenolic, flavonoid, and phytic acid contents, free radical scavenging activity, reducing power, ferrous ion chelating ability, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and superoxide dismutase‐like activity. The ethanolic extracts from pigmented rice cultivars showed greater antioxidant activity than that of the normal white rice. The black rice exhibited the highest free radical scavenging activity, ferrous chelating ability, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The reducing power and phytic acid content were found to be highest in Hongchalmi cultivar. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation was markedly higher in Jeoktomi compared with the other rice samples. The Nogwonmi rice showed the lowest antioxidant activity among the pigmented varieties analyzed. These findings provide valuable information on the antioxidant potential of newly developed pigmented rice varieties and may assist plant breeders in the selection of cultivars for the development of new lines of rice with enhanced functional quality.  相似文献   

17.
Seeds of the tropical tree Pangium edule Reinw. are widely eaten in Southeast Asia after some treatment or processing. Fermented seeds are a specialty in Indonesia and have been used as spices. Because the tree is wild and has not been cultivated commercially, the physiology of germinated seeds of this tree for food uses is not known. This study reports some biochemical changes during seed germination associated with antioxidant activity and the mobilization of lipids and phenolics. Lipid content decreased, whereas the dominant fatty acids did not change significantly. The dominant fatty acids were oleic acid (C(18:1(n-9))) and linoleic acid (C(18:2(n-6))). During germination, oleic acid decreased while linoleic acid increased proportionally. The hypocotyl synthesized chlorophyll and the tocol composition also changed substantially. The antioxidant activity of phenolic extract increased in proportion to the total phenolics. Guaiacol peroxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, selected enzymes association with phenolic metabolism, showed that the increased activities coincided with increased total phenolics and free proline.  相似文献   

18.
The detailed phenolic composition (anthocyanins, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, stilbenes, and flavan-3-ols) in the skin and flesh of the new BRS Clara and BRS Morena seedless table grapes has been studied using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. The two grapes, especially BRS Morena, contained high amounts of phenolic compounds, mainly located in their skins and qualitatively not different from those found in Vitis vinifera grapes. In addition, BRS Morena (a teinturier variety) showed qualitatively different phenolic compositions in its skin and flesh, mainly affecting the anthocyanin and flavonol profiles. Consistent with high phenolic contents, high antioxidant capacity values were registered for both grape varieties, especially for BRS Morena. Proanthocyanidins and hydroxycinnamoyl-tartaric acids were the major phenolic compounds found in BRS Clara and were also important in BRS Morena, although anthocyanins were the main phenolic compounds in the latter case. These results suggest that the entire grapes, including the skin, may potentially possess properties that are beneficial to human health. In this context, the BRS Morena grape can be considered as a high resveratrol producer.  相似文献   

19.
This study analyzed 11 Chinese cultivars of marigold to determine their major phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities. Dried marigold flowers were extracted with ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane and the extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemical methods to determine their lutein esters, phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity, respectively. The different cultivars of marigold showed considerable variations in their lutein ester contents, ranging from 161.0 to 611.0 mg/100 g of flower (dry basis). The lutein esters in marigolds consisted predominantly of six all trans-diesters, but small amounts of cis isomers of the respective diesters were also present. The different cultivars of marigold also showed marked variations in total phenols and flavonoids, as well as antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities. Ethanol was confirmed to be the best solvent for extracting both phenols and flavonoids from marigold flowers, while n-hexane was the worst. The ethanolic extracts also exhibited the highest antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities. The cultivar Xinhong had the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents and radical-scavenging activity, as well as one of the highest lutein contents and antioxidant activities.  相似文献   

20.
The effectiveness of extracting free and bound phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities from air‐classified corn bran was evaluated by various extracting methods. Free phenolic contents and antioxidant activities decreased significantly with increasing particle sizes for all methods used in the study. Also, the oil, protein, and ash contents were noticeably decreased with increasing particle sizes. By contrast, bound phenolic content and antioxidant activities increased with increasing particle sizes. Free phenolic contents were much lower than those of bound phenolic contents for the same fraction. The free antioxidant activities were similar to bound antioxidant activities for the same fraction. It suggests that some phenolic compounds may not exhibit antioxidant activity, and some antioxidant activities were not extractable or released during alkaline extraction. Considerable higher free antioxidant activities were found in both direct and double extractions when compared to the single neutral extraction using samples <30 μm. Similar free antioxidant activities were observed for directed extraction and double extraction. For corn bran fractions, the direct method may be suitable for free phenolic content and antioxidant activity, while the sequential method may be proper for bound phenolic content and antioxidant activity.  相似文献   

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