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1.
Due to the occurrence of the infection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis among domestic ruminants and the rapid development of farmed deer industry and the market of cloven-hoofed game we have carried surveys of paratuberculosis, beginning in 1997, in the most common four species of wild ruminants in the Czech Republic [Pavlik et al., Vet. Microbiol. 77 (2000) 231-251]. From 1999 the prevalence of paratuberculosis has been slightly reduced in all three types of husbandry of wild ruminants. Nevertheless paratuberculosis has been diagnosed in wild ruminants in three districts, in four game parks and in five farms. M. a. paratuberculosis was isolated from 128 (5.3%) out of 2,403 wild ruminants of four animal species: 106 red deer, 2 roe deer, 4 fallow deer and 16 mouflons. In red deer farms, the highest number of clinical paratuberculosis cases was in yearling deer. RFLP type B-C1 of M. a. paratuberculosis predominated during the second period (1999-2001) in all types of husbandry with no relationship to wild ruminant species. New "cattle" RFLP types B-C5 and B-C16 of M. a. paratuberculosis were described in infected farmed red deer and one "intermediate" RFLP type R-I4 in fallow deer from one game park. The survival of M. a. paratuberculosis was found to be 4 months during winter in the pasture after destocking of all cattle infected with paratuberculosis. We found that non-vertebrates, wild ruminants or non-ruminant wildlife can be vectors and potentially become a risk factor in the spread of M. a. paratuberculosis infection.  相似文献   

2.
An outbreak of disease associated to a border disease virus was described in the Southern chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) in Spain in 2002. Sera and/or spleen samples from 57 mouflon, 15 red deer, 21 roe deer, 3 fallow deer, 55 sheep, 32 cattle, and 68 goats sharing the chamois habitat were studied. An antibody ELISA test yielded an inconclusive result in 2 mouflon and positive results in 5 goat sera. Comparative virus neutralization tests were performed on the 2 inconclusive mouflons, 3 of the 5 seropositive goats, 55 sheep and 32 cattle, using 6 pestivirus strains. Positive results were obtained in 1 mouflon, 2 goats, 69% of sheep and 78% of cattle. Virological investigations performed with an antigen ELISA test yielded negative results in 21 goats and 39 mouflons, the result in 1 mouflon being inconclusive. PCR performed on 12 goats and the inconclusive mouflon gave negative results. These results suggested that it is unlikely that chamois BDV is infecting wild and domestic ruminants.  相似文献   

3.
The authors have vaccinated 22 fallow deer (Dama dama) and 10 mouflons (Ovis ammon musimon) against rabies with an inactivated vaccine: 4 fallow deer with 1 ml, 14 fallow deer and 10 mouflons with 2 ml, 4 animals were kept as controls (fallow deer). The antibody responses were checked by fluorescent foci inhibition carried out on blood samples collected during a two-year period. All the animals developed antibody titres and were still protected after 24 months.  相似文献   

4.
Viscera obtained from 52 mouflons, Ovis ammon musimon, and 33 roe deer, Capreolus capreolus, from 1963 to 1974 were examined for the presence of endoparasites. The animals used in the study were of both sexes and various ages, and were collected from the Carst and Grandiorite regions near Brno. In the viscera of mouflons, five species of coccidia, one species of tremadote, two species of lungworm and 15 species of gastro-intestinal nematode were found. In roe deer, four coccidal species, one species of cestode, two of lungworm and 15 species of nematode of the digestive tract were isolated. Eimeria superba, E. pondera, E capreoli, E. panda and Cooperia pectinata are reported for the first time in roe deer in Czechoslovakia. Neostronglupus lineairs, Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia oncophora, C. bisonis, C. curticei, C. pectinata and Oesphagostomum, columbianium are reported in the mouflon, also for the first time there. Eight species of nematode of the digestive tract were found in both game species.  相似文献   

5.
Kidney and spleen antigens from cow, sheep, goat, European moose, reindeer, deer and roe deer were prepared by boiling and ethanol precipitation and tested against rabbit and caprine anti-bovine kidney sera. Two different levels of antigen concentration were used for immunizing animals in the various groups. In the group using high antigen concentrations, the precipitation reaction obtained initially disappeared after further inoculations, probably due to immunological tolerance. Sera tested from animals inoculated with low level antigen concentration showed a variation in the immunological response. The caprine antibovine sera showed distinct species specific reaction, while rabbit antisera showed either species specific or organ specific reaction, with a limited degree of cross reaction. In the production of species specific antisera against ruminant tissue antigens, goat seems to be preferable to rabbit.  相似文献   

6.
Numerous species of mammals are susceptible to Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (TB). Several wildlife hosts have emerged as reservoirs of M. bovis infection for domestic livestock in different countries. In the present study, blood samples were collected from Eurasian badgers (n=1532), white-tailed deer (n=463), brushtail possums (n=129), and wild boar (n=177) for evaluation of antibody responses to M. bovis infection by a lateral-flow rapid test (RT) and multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA). Magnitude of the antibody responses and antigen recognition patterns varied among the animals as determined by MAPIA; however, MPB83 was the most commonly recognized antigen for each host studied. Other seroreactive antigens included ESAT-6, CFP10, and MPB70. The agreement of the RT with culture results varied from 74% for possums to 81% for badgers to 90% for wild boar to 97% for white-tailed deer. Small numbers of wild boar and deer exposed to M. avium infection or paratuberculosis, respectively, did not cross-react in the RT, supporting the high specificity of the assay. In deer, whole blood samples reacted similarly to corresponding serum specimens (97% concordance), demonstrating the potential for field application. As previously demonstrated for badgers and deer, antibody responses to M. bovis infection in wild boar were positively associated with advanced disease. Together, these findings suggest that a rapid TB assay such as the RT may provide a useful screening tool for certain wildlife species that may be implicated in the maintenance and transmission of M. bovis infection to domestic livestock.  相似文献   

7.
Consumption of game in Germany has increased during the past 10 years. Wild boar (Sus scrofa), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) are the most frequently hunted and consumed game animals in Germany, yet information on the occurrence of zoonotic pathogens in these animal species is scarce. To better estimate the public health risk emanating from handling and consumption of game, this study investigated seroprevalences of Toxoplasma gondii in game hunted in the German federal state of Brandenburg during two hunting seasons from 2017 to 2019. Toxoplasma gondii‐specific antibodies were detected in 24.4% (44/180, 95% CI: 18.4%–31.4%) of wild boar, 12.8% (16/125, 95% CI: 7.5%–20%) of roe deer and 6.4% (3/47, 95% CI: 1.3%–17.5%) of red deer using a commercial ELISA kit. Seroprevalences were similar in the two hunting seasons. Correlation between sex and seropositivity could not be observed. A rise in seroprevalence was seen with increasing age in all studied game species. Observed seroprevalences suggest that T. gondii is endemic in the sylvatic environment in the German federal state of Brandenburg and imply that game could represent a relevant source for human T. gondii infection.  相似文献   

8.
Intensification of game management may increase the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in wildlife despite eradication programs implemented in cattle herds in the same areas. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the association between wild game management practices and the presence of tuberculosis in red deer populations in Southwestern Spain. Five hundred and fifty-one animals were examined by necropsy to detect tuberculosis-like lesions in the main lymph nodes. Prevalence, as determined by TB-like lesions, was estimated to be 5.1% of animals, with 77% of TB-like lesions confirmed by PCR. Our results suggest that population density, in addition to factors which promote the local aggregation of animals, is factors associated with increased prevalence of TB in red deer populations. We suggest that management practices including supplementary feeding, fencing, water ponds and interaction with domestic livestock should be revised in order to prevent TB in wild deer both.  相似文献   

9.
Leishmania infantum is a causative agent of endemic zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in regions of South America and the Mediterranean. Dogs are the major reservoirs for L. infantum in these regions, and control of disease in dogs could have a significant impact on human disease. Although dogs share many symptoms of VL with humans as a result of L. infantum infection, they also show some unique clinical manifestations, which are often a combination of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, suggesting different mechanisms of disease development in dogs and humans. Here, we compare antibody responses of dogs and humans with VL to various defined leishmanial antigens. Parasite lysate and K39, the two most commonly used antigens for serodiagnosis of VL, detected the highest levels of antibodies in both humans and dogs with VL, whereas the recognition patterns of these antigens were distinct between the hosts. Among other defined antigens tested, LmSTI1 and CPB detected higher levels of antibodies in dogs and humans, respectively. These results indicate there is a difference between humans and dogs in antigen recognition patterns during VL. We infer that different strategies may need to be used in development of vaccines and diagnostics for humans and for dogs. In addition, we show a correlation between antibody titers to several antigens and severity of clinical symptoms during canine VL.  相似文献   

10.
In the present study, the validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serodiagnosis of canine brucellosis is described. Two different antigenic extracts, obtained by heat or ultrasonic homogenization of microbial antigens from a wild isolate of Brucella canis bacteria, were compared by ELISA and Western blot (WB). A total of 145 canine sera were used to define sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the ELISA as follows: (1) sera from 34 animals with natural B. canis infection, confirmed by blood culture and PCR, as well as 51 sera samples from healthy dogs with negative results by the agar–gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test for canine brucellosis, were used as the control panel for B. canis infection; and (2) to scrutinize the possibility of cross reactions with other common dog infections in the same geographical area in Brazil, 60 sera samples from dogs harboring known infections by Leptospira sp., Ehrlichia canis, canine distemper virus (CDV), Neospora caninum, Babesia canis and Leishmania chagasi (10 in each group) were included in the study. The ELISA using heat soluble bacterial extract (HE-antigen) as antigen showed the best values of sensitivity (91.18%), specificity (100%) and accuracy (96.47%). In the WB analyses, the HE-antigen showed no cross-reactivity with sera from dogs with different infections, while the B. canis sonicate had various protein bands identified by those sera. The performance of the ELISA standardized with the heat soluble B. canis antigen indicates that this assay can be used as a reliable and practical method to confirm infection by this microorganism, as well as a tool for seroepidemiological studies.  相似文献   

11.
The prevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis between wild boar (Sus scrofa) and fallow deer (Dama dama) bred in one game reserve was investigated using the nested PCR method. In the study, 88 clinically healthy wild boars of different age categories and two fallow deer bagged in the game reserve were examined. Lawsonia intracellularis was demonstrated in the mucous membrane of the intestine of eight (9.1%) wild boars and one fallow deer. Of the nine wild boar whose tissues of corresponding lymph nodes were examined in addition to the mucous membrane of the ileum, one tested positive for the microorganism. A relationship between the occurrence of L. intracellularis and age of wild boar was demonstrated. Because wild boar and fallow deer are bred together in one game reserve, the possibility of inter-species transfer of L. intracellularis should be borne in mind.  相似文献   

12.
Canine angiostrongylosis, caused by the nematode Angiostrongylus vasorum, is an emerging cardiopulmonary disease in Europe which can be fatal if left untreated. We determined the diagnostic value of the specific detection of antibodies against A. vasorum adult somatic antigen, adult excretory/secretory (E/S) antigen and first stage larvae (L1) somatic antigen in ELISAs. Also, A. vasorum adult somatic antigen purified by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) was evaluated in a sandwich-ELISA. Among the crude antigens, the best sensitivities when testing 21 naturally infected dogs were obtained using adult E/S and somatic antigen (85.7% and 76.2%, respectively), which were comparable with the results of the sandwich-ELISA based on mAb-purified antigens (81%). The ELISA performed with L1 antigen had the lowest sensitivity (42.9%). In experimentally inoculated dogs, the sensitivities ranged from 97.7% to 100% with all test settings. The specificity was 98.8% (92.5-99.9%, 95% CI) with all ELISAs using sera of 82 randomly selected dogs. Cross-reactions using adult somatic, adult E/S and L1 somatic antigen were observed in sera of dogs infected with Crenosoma vulpis, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, and Eucoleus aerophilus. In contrast, using the mAb-purified antigens, the cross-reactions were minimal. Depending on the antigens used, specific antibodies were detected starting between 13 and 21 days post experimental inoculation (dpi), and at latest between 35 and 48 dpi, thus before or around the onset of patency. The serological follow-up of four A. vasorum-infected dogs after anthelmintic treatment at 88 dpi showed a decrease of antibody levels after drug administration, and the animals became seronegative 2-9 weeks later. Two untreated dogs remained seropositive. In four dogs treated 4 dpi, virtually no antibody-reaction was detectable, with the exception of the ELISA performed with L1 antigen. The early detection of specific antibodies against A. vasorum by ELISA represents a valid alternative for a reliable diagnosis and for follow-up investigations after anthelmintic treatment.  相似文献   

13.
Lyme borreliosis (LB) and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) are co-endemic in some parts of Europe, however, their distribution differs despite a common tick vector and comparable animal hosts. A serosurvey of game and small mammals was made in a highly endemic area and compared with historical data in human cases; the epidemiologic risk and the population density of game were modelled using a geographic information system. While LB-risk corresponded with an overall population density of game (red deer, roe deer, mouflon, wild boar) regardless of mouse abundance, TBE-risk suggested a dependence on the abundance of mice on the one hand, and game, particularly roe deer, on the other. While the prevalence of TBE-antibodies generally grew with the game’s age, it was virtually constant at about 65% in LB irrespective of species. It implies a cumulation of scarce TBE-infection histories during the game’s lifetime, and thus a limited size of TBE-foci relative to the living space of these animals, as well as omnipresent LB-foci, in which the animals became continuously re-infected. More ecological prerequisites seem necessary to keep TBE circulating in nature which may be responsible for its confined distribution.  相似文献   

14.
In 2007–2008, a canine distemper virus (CDV) epidemic occurred among wild animals in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, and many mammals, including the wild boar and deer, were infected. In this study, CDV prevalence among wild animals was surveyed before and after the epidemic. At first, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated protein A/G was established to detect CDV antibodies in many mammalian species. This established ELISA was available for testing dogs, raccoons and raccoon dogs as well as virus-neutralization test. Next, a serological survey of wild mammalians was conducted, and it was indicated that many wild mammalians, particularly raccoons, were infected with CDV during the epidemic, but few were infected before and after the epidemic. On the other hand, many raccoon dogs died during the epidemic, but CDV remained prevalent in the remaining population, and a small epidemic occurred in raccoon dogs in 2012–2013. These results indicated that the epidemic of 2007–2008 may have been intensified by transmission to raccoons.  相似文献   

15.
Antigen isolated from the large-particle fraction of the muscle Trichinella spiralis larvae (PAW), excretory/secretory (E/S) and crude worm extract (CWE) antigens were evaluated in a seroepizootiological survey of trichinellosis by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA using PAW antigen yielded 16 positive animals (1.6%), E/S antigen revealed 21 (2.1%) positive, and the highest number of positive (23 or 2.3%) were obtained using CWE antigen. Parasitological post-mortem examination of all seropositive animals showed five and seven false-positive animals when E/S and CWE antigens were used, respectively.  相似文献   

16.
The Cd-determination of 10 different winter grazings for wild ruminants in seven different biotopes showed significant differences of the habitats resulting from the previous Cd-emission of metallurgy smelting non-ferrous metals. The winter grazing of the Tharandt Forest and the Harz mountains contained significantly more Cd than that of the Lower Flaming hills, the western Erzgebirge and the northern agrarian areas. The bark and the tips of conifer twigs, twigs of oak and mountain ash, bilberry and heather plants, i. e. perennial plants resp. parts of plants proved to be particularly rich in Cd. On an average, wild ruminants consume more Cd than domesticated ruminants, which do not consume parts of perennial plants. The rumen contents of all wild ruminants contained, with 0.20 to 0.25 mg/kg dry matter more Cd than could be expected from the content of the grazing. In the Cd-contaminated areas the amount of Cd in the rumen contents too showed the Cd-load. The kidneys, livers and the covering hair of a total of 172 head red deer, roes and mouflons reflected the Cd-load and the dependence of the Cd-level on the age. The Cd-concentration ascertained in the organs of the wild ruminants was compared with that of sheep and cattle. The, on an average, higher Cd-load of the wild ruminants was confirmed. The kidneys of wild ruminants older than five years should, as a general principle, not be eaten and neither should the livers of animals from Cd-contaminated biotopes. The limb defects of mouflons from Cd-contaminated areas are discussed in connection with Cd-induced secondary Cu-deficiency resp. Mn- and Zn-deficiency. A reference is made to further works.  相似文献   

17.
Brucella infections in wildlife originate either from contact with infected livestock or from a natural sustainable reservoir in wildlife populations. As South Korea has set a goal of brucellosis eradication by 2013, it is necessary to determine the prevalence of Brucella in wildlife and wild rodents. This information will play an important role in the control of brucellosis. Because of the absence of prominent clinical signs, direct and indirect laboratory tests are essential for diagnosing brucellosis. In this study, tissue and blood samples were taken from wild animals, abandoned dogs, a cat and wild rodents, and they were tested for Brucella or Brucella-specific antibodies by isolation, PCR and serology. Results showed that 18.6% (33/177) of blood samples were positive by PCR, and 5.7% (11/194) were positive by C-ELISA. However, none of these samples yielded culturable bacteria. Of the tissue samples, 9.7% (8/82) were positive by PCR. Brucella was isolated from only one tissue culture from a Chinese water deer carcass. This Brucella species was identified as Brucella abortus biovar 1 by biotyping, 16S rRNA PCR and the Bruce-ladder PCR assay. In this study, we reported the prevalence of Brucella in wildlife, dogs, a cat and rodents by using serological and molecular methods, and we report the first isolation of B. abortus in wild Chinese water deer in South Korea.  相似文献   

18.
In the spring of 2007, seven raccoon dogs and a weasel were captured near the city of Tanabe in Wakayama prefecture, Japan. The causative agent of the animals' death 1-2 days after capture was identified as canine distemper virus (CDV) by virus isolation, immunostaining with an anti-CDV polyclonal antibody, and a commercially available CDV antigen-detection kit. Sequence analysis of hemagglutinin genes indicated the isolated viruses belong to genotype Asia-1 and possess the substitution from tyrosine (Y) to histidine (H) at position 549 that is associated with the spread of CDV to non-canine hosts. A serosurvey for CDV was then conducted among wild animals in the region. The animals assayed consisted of 104 raccoons, 41 wild boars, 19 raccoon dogs, five Sika deer, two badgers, one weasel, one marten, one Siberian weasel and one fox. Virus-neutralization (VN) tests showed that, except for fox and weasel, all of the species assayed had VN antibodies to CDV. Interestingly, 11 of the 41 wild boars (27%) and two of the five Sika deer assayed possessed VN antibodies to CDV. These findings indicate that CDV infection was widespread among wild mammals during this epizootic.  相似文献   

19.
The aim of this study was to evaluate by serology and PCR analyses the prevalence of Coxiella burnetti infection in ungulates in Spain. Sera were collected from red deer (Cervus elaphus; n=116), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus; n=39), fallow deer (Dama dama; n=13) and cattle (n=79). Sera were tested for anti-C. burnetii antibody detection by means of an immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFA) and C. burnetii DNA was amplified by PCR in samples from ungulates that had antibodies to phase II antigens. Twenty-nine, 15 and 39 percent of the red deer, roe deer and cattle had antibodies against C. burnetii, respectively. None of the fallow deer sera tested positive. Seroprevalence was statistically higher in farmed than in wild red deer and higher in northern than in southern populations, whereas an inverse pattern was observed for the roe deer. Most of the seropositive animals had only anti-C. burnetii phase II antibodies, thus showing the acute nature of infections in the sampled ungulates. These results show that C. burnetii circulates in wild ungulates in Spain and suggest that they can act as pathogen reservoirs for both domestic animals and humans.  相似文献   

20.
Antisera prepared in mice by injection of antigens from Dirofilaria immitis, Toxocara canis, Dipylidium canium and Fasciola hepatica and sera from Dirofilaria-infected and non-infected dogs were tested at different dilutions using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For this ELISA, adult D. immitis antigen was fractionated by gel filtration methods and then absorbed with immunoadsorbent-fixed IgG fractions from mouse sera immunized with various parasites. The results indicated satisfactory discrimination between antisera to D. immitis and those to other parasites. A significant ELISA O.D. value was considered to be greater than or equal to 0.30 with a 1 : 250 dilution of the dog sera. However, the lack of significant differences between the O.D. value of microfilaraemic and amicrofilaraemic infections was observed. These facts suggest that the use of immunoadsorbent chromatography for canine dirofilariasis is especially useful for purifying antigens and eliminating cross-reactions against other parasitic infections, when immunological methods are used for serodiagnosis.  相似文献   

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