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1.
针对华北平原节水农业的方向,保障水资源和粮食及生态安全的目标,开展了高水分利用效率农业(简称高水效农业)微观和宏观等学科交叉研究。在微观研究方面,先后开展了小麦节水品种鉴定和选育、小麦水分高效利用生理遗传调控、相关基因克隆和功能及转基因、分子标记辅助选择育种研究,最近又向水分高效利用分子设计育种和基因编辑等新技术进军;选育出7个小麦品种,其中两个国审品种;出版代表性著作《小麦遗传学》和《作物抗旱节水的生理遗传育种基础》;获国家科技进步二等奖2项。在宏观研究方面,开展了旱地和高水效农业,水资源和粮食安全,作物适应气候变化,绿色农业,粮食丰产增效等研究;撰写了建设黄淮南片第二粮仓等重要咨询报告30多份,得到国家和地方政府采用和国家领导人批示;第二粮仓科技创新工程成为科技部2017年四大创新工程,中国科学院"十三五"重大突破项目;出版代表性著作《中国旱地和高水效农业的研究与发展》、《中国水资源和粮食安全与现代农业发展》、《应对气候变化与水资源高效利用以及粮食安全和绿色农业协同发展》和《中国第二粮仓发展战略与实践》等。在微观和宏观方面推动了我国高水效农业的深入发展,成为中国科学院在华北节水农业方面的一个特色学科领域。 相似文献
2.
农田水分利用效率研究进展及调控途径 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
农田水分利用效率是节水农业研究的关键指标。本文将农田水分利用效率分解为灌溉水利用率、降雨利用率和作物水分利用效率三个方面,分别论述其重要指标及其计算方法,构建农田水分利用效率的指标体系;同时,分别提出提高灌溉水利用率、降雨利用率和作物水分利用效率的措施,以提高整个农田生态系统内的用水有效性,为农业水资源的持续高效利用提供科学指导。 相似文献
3.
华北平原水资源供需与作物水分利用效率指征分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
水资源短缺,地下水位大面积下降,是限制华北平原农业可持续的重要原因,分析研究了可持续农业水资源利用的内涵,农田水分利用效率的指征和调控指标等方面内容,为华北平原地区农业水资源高效利用及其可持续管理提供科学依据。 相似文献
4.
华北平原水资源供需与作物水分利用效率指征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
水资源短缺,地下水位大面积下降,是限制华北平原农业可持续发展的重要原因。分析研究了可 持续农业水资源利用的内涵、农田水分利用效率的指征和调控指标等方面内容,为华北平原地区农业水资源高效利用及其可持续管理提供科学依据。 相似文献
5.
半湿润易旱区农业节水技术研究 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
根据１９９１～１９９３年在河南“商丘节水农业持续发展实验区”的田间试验观测结果,研究分析了抗旱作物品种、农田秸秆覆盖和化学调控等农业节水技术与水分利用效率间的关系及其在节水农业中的作用。结果表明,选用抗旱作物品种,在相同栽培条件下,作物水分利用效率提高０．５４～０．５６ｋｇ／ｍｍ;实施农田秸秆覆盖,１ｍ土体内较对照多储水１６９．５ｍ３,节省灌溉用水２１００ｍｍ／ｈｍ３土壤储水有效利用率提高２６．９％;应用抑蒸保墒化学药剂,麦田耕层土壤含水量增高４．７％,叶片含水率增加４．９％,农田水分利用效率提高１４．４％～２５．５％。充分显示,实施工程措施与生物措施相结合的农业节水技术,合理、有效地利用有限的环境水资源和最大限度地提高作物本身用水效率,发展节水农业,是我国半湿润易旱区农业可持续发展的重要途径之一。 相似文献
6.
提高农田水分利用效率的调控机制 总被引：10，自引：7，他引：10
张喜英 《中国生态农业学报》2013,21(1):80-87
提高作物水分利用效率是解决农业淡水资源匮乏的重要途径。本文从水氮调控作物叶片和群体耗水过程、根系调控提高土壤水分的有效性和遗传改良提升作物水分利用效率3个方面论述了国内外研究进展,并提出华北粮食作物生产中通过上述3个方面提升农田水分利用效率存在的问题及对策,为提升华北严重缺水区主要作物农田水分利用效率提供参考。主要包括:1)通过调控有限灌溉农田水分的时空分布,优化地上、地下干物质形成、分配,提高单位农田耗水的生产效率,是充分发挥农田节水潜力的一个重要途径;2)在华北对于压实严重且影响作物生长的土壤上,研究深耕深松结合轮作制度改良上层和下层土壤压实,促进根系生长,对改善长期大型机械耕种可能对作物产生的不利影响有重要意义;3)华北主要作物冬小麦和夏玉米通过品种更新来实现水分利用效率提高的幅度在减小,急需通过高水效品种选育突破,降低品种的生理需水量,实现进一步增产节水目标。 相似文献
7.
中国农业水问题: 若干研究重点与讨论 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3
刘昌明 《中国生态农业学报》2014,22(8):875-879
农业用水是水资源的主要消耗方式,尤其在华北地区,因地表水资源不足,大量农田灌溉导致地下水超采现象严重;而社会经济的快速发展和气候变化加剧了水资源的不足。水循环过程是农业节水的科学基础。从水循环过程出发,开展水量转化研究,在农田水文过程界面加以调控,进行系统的节水研究,是节水研究的重点。重视水资源的科学管理,提高水分利用效率,建立节水农业的市场机制,促进节水设施建设;同时深入开展水循环的基础研究,充分利用非传统水资源,是解决我国农业水问题的有效途径。 相似文献
8.
9.
水分利用效率与用水有效性: 基于气孔视角的稳定同位素应用研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
澳大利亚多年降水较少并且分布不均,同华北平原相似,水资源短缺是制约粮食生产和作物产量的限制因子,水资源消耗中,农业用水所占比例最大,提高植物(作物)的水分利用效率和用水有效性对于实现水资源和农业生产的可持续利用和发展具有重要意义。本文针对澳大利亚和华北平原的农业生产和水资源现状,基于植物气孔角度在以下3个方面进行论述:1水分利用效率与用水有效性的概念;2基于气孔视角的水分利用效率和用水有效性的分析;3不同作物品种水分利用状况的同位素判别与应用。除此之外,也对华北平原目前农业水分利用情况提出相应建议。 相似文献
10.
发展节水小麦 缓解北方水资源短缺——以河北省冬小麦为例 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
分析了我国北方水资源短缺的现状, 以河北省为例, 阐述了目前我国北方节水的关键。认为节水的关键在农业, 而农业节水的重点在小麦。提出在发展工程节水的同时, 注重发展生物节水和农艺节水, 以水分利用效率高的小麦品种为先导, 与配套的节水栽培技术相结合, 实现小麦生产的节水, 这对缓解北方水资源短缺现状具有重要意义。以河北省石家庄市农业科学院育成的“石麦15”和“石家庄8号”节水栽培实践论述了培育节水品种的可行性以及推广节水品种在农业节水中的巨大潜力。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
18.
Dhritiman Ghosh Velusamy Srinivasan Olli H. Tuovinen Aaron Peacock Mark Radosevich 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(6):1331-1334
We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg−1 buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg−1 in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation. 相似文献
19.
Pilar García Juan-Vicente Monte Carlos Casanova Consuelo Soler 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(1):103-109
Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed. 相似文献
20.
The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants. 相似文献